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US3470347A - Method for shielding a gas effluent - Google Patents

Method for shielding a gas effluent Download PDF

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Publication number
US3470347A
US3470347A US698268A US3470347DA US3470347A US 3470347 A US3470347 A US 3470347A US 698268 A US698268 A US 698268A US 3470347D A US3470347D A US 3470347DA US 3470347 A US3470347 A US 3470347A
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Prior art keywords
arc
gas
shielding
annular
coating
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Expired - Lifetime
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US698268A
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English (en)
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John E Jackson
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Union Carbide Corp
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Union Carbide Corp
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Assigned to MORGAN GUARANTY TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, AND MORGAN BANK ( DELAWARE ) AS COLLATERAL ( AGENTS ) SEE RECORD FOR THE REMAINING ASSIGNEES. reassignment MORGAN GUARANTY TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK, AND MORGAN BANK ( DELAWARE ) AS COLLATERAL ( AGENTS ) SEE RECORD FOR THE REMAINING ASSIGNEES. MORTGAGE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STP CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE.,, UNION CARBIDE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS CO., INC., A CORP. OF PA.,, UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, A CORP.,, UNION CARBIDE EUROPE S.A., A SWISS CORP.
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Assigned to UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, reassignment UNION CARBIDE CORPORATION, RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MORGAN BANK (DELAWARE) AS COLLATERAL AGENT
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/24—Features related to electrodes
    • B23K9/28—Supporting devices for electrodes
    • B23K9/29—Supporting devices adapted for making use of shielding means
    • B23K9/291—Supporting devices adapted for making use of shielding means the shielding means being a gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
    • B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
    • B05B7/22—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc
    • B05B7/222—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc
    • B05B7/226—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed electrically, magnetically or electromagnetically, e.g. by arc using an arc the material being originally a particulate material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/341—Arrangements for providing coaxial protecting fluids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
    • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
    • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
    • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
    • H05H1/34—Details, e.g. electrodes, nozzles
    • H05H1/3478—Geometrical details

Definitions

  • the gas efiluent is protected from contamination by its surrounding environment by surrounding such effluent with a coaxial annular stream of gas having a width which is in the range of from 0.25 to about 4.0 times the square root of the diameter of the nozzle orifice, and which has a flow rate value for the square root of the longitudinal momentum flux that is greater than 2.0 lb. per sec. ft. as given by the equation (Q/A) wherein Q is the flow rate in ft. sec. of the annular gas stream; A is the annular area in ft. and p is gas density in lb./ft.
  • This invention relates to a method for shielding a gas effluent from the environment around such gas effluent and more particularly to a method wherein such gas efiluent is an arc efiiuent.
  • Gas flowing out of a nozzle has been used in many processes particularly in metal fabrication, welding, and coating processes.
  • gas effluent gas flowing out of a nozzle
  • oxy-fuel gas efiiuents with and without powder entrainment have been used to cut and treat metals.
  • Gases have been used to shield electric arcs.
  • Gases have also been introduced into electric arcs so that at least some of the gas becomes part of the arc and becomes an arc effluent. In many cases it is desirable to protect the gas or are efiiuent from contamination by the natural environment around the gas or are effiuent.
  • This invention in its broadest aspects relates to a novel method for preventing contamination of a gas efiluent by the natural environment around such gas effluent. Therefore, it should be understood that the teachings hereinafter set forth are applicable to all processes typified by the above referred to examples, while for sake of simplicity of describing those teachings and presenting a preferred embodiment of the invention the greater part of this specification will refer hereinafter to are coating processes wherein arc effluents are utilized.
  • One of the most useful of the arc coating processes is a process wherein an arc is established between two electrodes and a gas in introduced into such are and passed through a nozzle having a constricting orifice.
  • the material to be deposited as a coating usually in powder form, is introduced into the arc and carried to the work-to-becoated by the arc effiuent.
  • Another object is to provide a method for are coating wherein oxidation of the material entrained in an arc eifiuent is minimized.
  • a further object is to provide a method for producing substantially oxygen-free arc coatings on a substrate.
  • Yet another object is to prevent oxidation of powdered material entrained in an arc efiluent.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating the concept of the invention
  • FIGURE 1A is a partial cross-section view of the front and of typical torch apparatus for practicing the inven- FIGURE 2 is a curve illustrating the effect of the annular shielding gas stream flow rate on oxygen concentration in the gas efiluent being shielded for various annulus areas and shielding gases;
  • FIGURE 3 is a curve illustrating the effect of the parameters of the annular shielding gas stream on oxygen concentration
  • FIGURES 4 and 5 are curves illustrating the effect of the ratio W/D on oxygen concentration at different standoff distances.
  • the objects of the invention are accomplished in a general way by a method wherein the gas effluent, which is to be protected from contamination by its natural environment, is surrounded with an annular shielding gas stream the width of which, measured in inches, should be in the range of from 0.25 to about 4.0 times the square root of the diameter of the orifice (measured in inches) in the nozzle through which said effluent passes.
  • the gas flowing in the annular shielding gas stream is coaxial with the gas efiluent and the square root of the momentum flux of the annular stream is at least 2.0 lbs. /sec. ft as given by the equation (Q/A) p wherein Q is the flow rate in ft. /sec. of the annular gas stream; A is the annular area in ft. and p is gas density in lb./ft.
  • This invention is predicated on the discovery that an annular shielding gas stream having a width and forward momentum flux within limits herein defined and which has uniform turbulent flow will remarkably shield a gas effluent so that the oxygen concentration in the gas eflluent is essentially equal to that of the annular shielding gas stream.
  • the width of the annular gas stream is between 0.25 and 4.00 times the square root of the diameter of the orifice in the nozzle from which the gas effluent emerges, both measured in inches, and when the square root of the forward momentum flux of such gas stream is greater than 2.0 lb. /sec. ft. as defined by the equation (Q/A) 2
  • the Reynolds number (Re) of the gas flow is usually greater than 2000. While it is possible to practice the invention with a Re less than 2000, the corresponding marginal shielding performance achieved is improved by increasing Re while keeping the ratio W/D within the limits defined.
  • This invention is admirably suited to and useful for the shielding of an arc efiluent wherein a powdered coating material is entrained and carried in a heated state to a workpiece which is to be coated with such material.
  • the oxygen content of deposits made with the invention is substantially and remarkably lower than that obtained with conventional coating, i.e., without coaxial jet shielding, and in most cases is equal to or even less than the oxygen content in the starting powder.
  • FIG. 1 A schematic representation of typical equipment for carrying out the invention is shown in FIG. 1.
  • Attached to a conventional arc torch device 1 of the type mentioned above and shown in US. Patent 3,016,447 is a coaxial jet shielding device 3 so that the arc efiiuent from the nozzle orifice 5 having a diameter D in torch 1 passes through the center of the device 3.
  • the coaxial jet shielding device 3 is selected so that the width measured in inches of the annular shielding gas stream is between 0.25 and 4.00 times the square root of the dimension D measured in inches.
  • the width W of the device 3 is the width of the annular shielding gas stream.
  • the diameter D of device 3A is selected and correlated with the diameter D of the nozzle A orifice so that the width of the annular gas stream which in this case is falls within the range given below.
  • the inner surface 7A of device 3A does not restrict the jet discharging from nozzle orifice 5A but merely provides a passage through which the arc efiluent emerges from device 3A.
  • surface 7A were made sufiiciently small so that substantial constriction of the eflluent jet resulted, then the inner diameter of this constriction becomes the orifice diameter for computation of the width parameter.
  • FIGURE 4 indicates that at a 1 inch standoff distance, that is distance of the arc torch from the work, the effectiveness of the annular shielding gas stream increases for a given how rate up to a maximum or preferred ratio of about 1.2 in.” and then begins to decrease until a ratio of about 4.0 inf is reached at which point the effectiveness is marginal.
  • FIGURE 5 is a curve similar to FIGURE 4 indicating that the effects illustrated in FIGURE 4 are more pronounced when the standoff distance is /2 inch. It has been found that the invention herein described is useful in proceses where the standoff distance, measured from the end of the device, is up to about 40 to 50 times the nozzle orifice diameter.
  • the curve of FIGURE 2 illustrates that the molecular weight of the gas used has an effect on the resultant oxygen contamination of the arc effluent. It is evident that argon is more eifective than helium and that at the same flow rate, it is more desirable to use a smaller annulus and achieve higher velocities.
  • FIGURE 1 the area A is the cross sectional area of the annulus through which the shielding gas passes.
  • the area is computed by 1r/4 [DJ-D
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates that in order to achieve a significant reduction in oxygen content in the arc effluent the value of (Q/A) should be greater than 2 1b sec. ft.
  • FIGURE 2 indicates that argon gas for example is a better shielding gas for purposes of this invention than is helium.
  • an arc torch having a tungsten electrode and nozzle with an /8 in. orifice diameter was adapted to receive a coaxial jet shielding device of the type shown in FIGURE 1A having a diameter at D of 1 inch.
  • the annulus in the shielding device is preferably covered with porous metal, screens or other material to insure uniform flow around the cross section without velocity disturbances caused by the gas inlets.
  • the invention is most useful when uniform turbulent flow is achieved as opposed to smooth laminar flow.
  • An arc is established between the tungsten electrode and a second electrode in the arc torch.
  • Powdered coating material is introduced into the arc and carried to a workpiece in the arc effluent.
  • Shielding gas preferably argon, is introduced into the coaxial jet shielding device 3 or 3A to produce a flow rate capable of providing the necessary momentum flux.
  • the coaxial jet shielding device has an annulus which is too wide, very high flow rates are needed to achieve the desired momentum flux and the process becomes less attractive commercially.
  • the annulus is too narrow, the annular shielding gas stream becomes too thin and unstables and does not perform its function of reducing the amount of gas entrained by the central gas efiluent.
  • the are conditions such as arc amperage and are gas flow rate have a negligible effect on the effectiveness of the annular shielding gas stream.
  • the arc gas was varied from 200 c.f.h. to 600 c.f.h. with very little change in the oxygen content in the arc efiluent.
  • Example I An arc torch having a tungsten electrode surrounded by a nozzle having /8 in. diameter and in. length was used as the coating device.
  • Argon gas was introduced into the arc torch as an arc gas at a flow of 450 c.f.h.
  • the are current was amperes at 78 volts.
  • the torch standoff distance was /2 in.
  • Nickel powder having an oxygen analysis of .172% was introduced into the arc torch at the rate of 24 g.p.m. (grams per minute).
  • the rate of deposition of the powder on the substrate was 15 g.p.m.
  • a coaxial jet shielding device similar to that shown in FIG. 1A was attached to the arc torch.
  • the annular coaxial gas stream surrounding the arc eflluent had a width of 0.312 in.
  • Argon gas was introduced into the device at a flow rate of 2000 c.f.h. to produce a value for the square root of the momentum flux of 60 lb. sec. ft.
  • the oxygen analysis of the coating formed was .150%, a reduction of 022%.
  • the coating was very clean with excellent machinability.
  • Example II Apparatus similar to that used in Example I was used in this test with the exception that the nozzle length was V8 in.
  • Argon gas was introduced into the arc torch at a flow rate of 450 c.f.h.
  • the arc current was 100 amperes at 80 volts.
  • the standoff distance was /2 in.
  • Titanium powder having an oxygen analysis of .651% was introduced into the arc torch at the rate of 20 g.p.m.
  • the rate of deposition of the powder on the substrate was 13 g.p.m.
  • the coaxial jet had a width of 0.312 in.
  • Argon was introduced into the coaxial jet at the ilow rate of 2000 c.f.h. to produce a value for the square root of the momentum flux of 60 lbfi /sec. ft.
  • the oxygen analysis of the coating formed was .730%.
  • the machinering characteristics and ability to take a high surface finish was outstanding.
  • Example III All apparatus was the same in this example as in Example H.
  • the nozzle length in this example was in.
  • the are conditions were the same as in Example II.
  • Molybdenum powder having an oxygen analysis of .419% was introduced at the rate of 33 g.p.m. into the arc torch.
  • the rate of deposition was 20 g.p.m.
  • the coaxial jet had a width of 0.312 in.
  • Argon was introduced into the coaxial jet at the [How rate of 2000 to produce a value for the square root of the momentum flux of 60 lb. /sec. ft.”.
  • the oxygen analysis of the coating was .155.
  • the reduction in oxygen was a remarkable 264%.
  • Example IV The conditions here were the same as in Example III.
  • the arc current was 150 amperes at 80 volts.
  • Tungsten powder having an analysis of .027 oxygen was introduced at the rate of .68 g.p.m. into the arch torch.
  • the deposition rate was 51 g.p.m.
  • the width of the coaxial jet was 0.312 in. and its square root of the momentum flux was 60 lb. ft. sec. ft).
  • the oxygen analysis of the coating was .030%.
  • the coating retained substantially the low oxygen level of the original tungsten powder making it more suitable for applications requiring high strength at room and high temperatures.
  • a method for producing substantially oxygen-free coating on a substrate which comprises:
  • width of the annular coaxial gas stream is about 1.2 times the square root of the diameter of the orifice in said nozzle when both dimensions are measured in inches.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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US698268A 1968-01-16 1968-01-16 Method for shielding a gas effluent Expired - Lifetime US3470347A (en)

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BE (1) BE726980A (nl)
CH (1) CH506363A (nl)
FR (1) FR1600052A (nl)
GB (1) GB1253298A (nl)
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Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3526362A (en) * 1968-01-16 1970-09-01 Union Carbide Corp Method for shielding a gas effluent
US3900639A (en) * 1972-11-07 1975-08-19 Siemens Ag Method for coating surfaces of a workpiece by spraying on a coating substance
US4121082A (en) * 1977-04-27 1978-10-17 Metco, Inc. Method and apparatus for shielding the effluent from plasma spray gun assemblies
US4121083A (en) * 1977-04-27 1978-10-17 Metco, Inc. Method and apparatus for plasma flame-spraying coating material onto a substrate
USRE31018E (en) * 1980-11-13 1982-08-24 Metco Inc. Method and apparatus for shielding the effluent from plasma spray gun assemblies
US4505945A (en) * 1983-04-29 1985-03-19 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Process and apparatus for coating a member by plasma spraying
WO1989007016A1 (en) * 1988-02-01 1989-08-10 Nova-Werke Ag Device for producing an inert gas envelope for plasma spraying
US4869936A (en) * 1987-12-28 1989-09-26 Amoco Corporation Apparatus and process for producing high density thermal spray coatings
EP0379119A1 (en) * 1989-01-17 1990-07-25 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Shrouded thermal spray gun and method
WO1993009261A1 (en) * 1991-11-01 1993-05-13 Opa (Overseas Publishers Association) Methods and apparatus for treating a work surface
US5220150A (en) * 1991-05-03 1993-06-15 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Plasma spray torch with hot anode and gas shroud
FR2691477A1 (fr) * 1992-05-22 1993-11-26 Neyrpic Revêtements métalliques à base d'alliages amorphes résistant à l'usure et à la corrosion, procédés d'obtention et applications aux revêtements antiusure pour matériel hydraulique.
DE4339345A1 (de) * 1993-11-18 1995-05-24 Difk Deutsches Inst Fuer Feuer Verfahren zum Auftragen einer Hartstoffschicht mittels Plasmaspritzen
US5486383A (en) * 1994-08-08 1996-01-23 Praxair Technology, Inc. Laminar flow shielding of fluid jet
US5518178A (en) * 1994-03-02 1996-05-21 Sermatech International Inc. Thermal spray nozzle method for producing rough thermal spray coatings and coatings produced
US5662266A (en) * 1995-01-04 1997-09-02 Zurecki; Zbigniew Process and apparatus for shrouding a turbulent gas jet
US5858469A (en) * 1995-11-30 1999-01-12 Sermatech International, Inc. Method and apparatus for applying coatings using a nozzle assembly having passageways of differing diameter
US20050026001A1 (en) * 2003-07-31 2005-02-03 Taylor Thomas A. Shielded ceramic thermal spray coating
US20050048217A1 (en) * 2003-07-31 2005-03-03 Taylor Thomas A. Method of shielding effluents in spray devices
US20130337173A1 (en) * 2001-09-04 2013-12-19 The Trustees Of Princeton University Methods and Apparatus for Depositing Material Using a Dynamic Pressure

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2117731B2 (nl) * 1967-10-11 1974-08-23 Anvar
SE8305891L (sv) * 1983-10-27 1985-04-28 Icab Ind Coating Ab Forfarande vid sprutmunstycke jemte anordning for genomforande av forfarandet
SE8306107D0 (sv) * 1983-11-07 1983-11-07 Skf Steel Eng Ab Tetningsanordning

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US3016447A (en) * 1956-12-31 1962-01-09 Union Carbide Corp Collimated electric arc-powder deposition process
US3071678A (en) * 1960-11-15 1963-01-01 Union Carbide Corp Arc welding process and apparatus
US3075066A (en) * 1957-12-03 1963-01-22 Union Carbide Corp Article of manufacture and method of making same
US3246114A (en) * 1959-12-14 1966-04-12 Matvay Leo Process for plasma flame formation
US3312566A (en) * 1962-08-01 1967-04-04 Giannini Scient Corp Rod-feed torch apparatus and method
US3313908A (en) * 1966-08-18 1967-04-11 Giannini Scient Corp Electrical plasma-torch apparatus and method for applying coatings onto substrates
US3358114A (en) * 1962-08-07 1967-12-12 Inoue Kiyoshi Method of and apparatus for the electric spray-coating of substrates
US3387110A (en) * 1962-08-25 1968-06-04 Siemens Ag Apparatus for uniform feeding of powder into a plasma spray gun

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3016447A (en) * 1956-12-31 1962-01-09 Union Carbide Corp Collimated electric arc-powder deposition process
US3075066A (en) * 1957-12-03 1963-01-22 Union Carbide Corp Article of manufacture and method of making same
US3246114A (en) * 1959-12-14 1966-04-12 Matvay Leo Process for plasma flame formation
US3071678A (en) * 1960-11-15 1963-01-01 Union Carbide Corp Arc welding process and apparatus
US3312566A (en) * 1962-08-01 1967-04-04 Giannini Scient Corp Rod-feed torch apparatus and method
US3358114A (en) * 1962-08-07 1967-12-12 Inoue Kiyoshi Method of and apparatus for the electric spray-coating of substrates
US3387110A (en) * 1962-08-25 1968-06-04 Siemens Ag Apparatus for uniform feeding of powder into a plasma spray gun
US3313908A (en) * 1966-08-18 1967-04-11 Giannini Scient Corp Electrical plasma-torch apparatus and method for applying coatings onto substrates

Cited By (33)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3526362A (en) * 1968-01-16 1970-09-01 Union Carbide Corp Method for shielding a gas effluent
US3900639A (en) * 1972-11-07 1975-08-19 Siemens Ag Method for coating surfaces of a workpiece by spraying on a coating substance
US4121082A (en) * 1977-04-27 1978-10-17 Metco, Inc. Method and apparatus for shielding the effluent from plasma spray gun assemblies
US4121083A (en) * 1977-04-27 1978-10-17 Metco, Inc. Method and apparatus for plasma flame-spraying coating material onto a substrate
DE2818303A1 (de) * 1977-04-27 1978-11-02 Metco Inc Verfahren und vorrichtung zum plasmaspritzen eines ueberzugmaterials auf eine unterlage
DE2818304A1 (de) * 1977-04-27 1978-11-16 Metco Inc Verfahren und vorrichtung zum plasmaspritzen eines ueberzugmaterials auf eine unterlage
USRE31018E (en) * 1980-11-13 1982-08-24 Metco Inc. Method and apparatus for shielding the effluent from plasma spray gun assemblies
US4505945A (en) * 1983-04-29 1985-03-19 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Process and apparatus for coating a member by plasma spraying
US4869936A (en) * 1987-12-28 1989-09-26 Amoco Corporation Apparatus and process for producing high density thermal spray coatings
US5019429A (en) * 1987-12-28 1991-05-28 Amoco Corporation High density thermal spray coating and process
US5151308A (en) * 1987-12-28 1992-09-29 Amoco Corporation High density thermal spray coating
WO1989007016A1 (en) * 1988-02-01 1989-08-10 Nova-Werke Ag Device for producing an inert gas envelope for plasma spraying
US5154354A (en) * 1988-02-01 1992-10-13 Nova-Werke Ag Device for the production of a protective gas mantle in plasma spraying
EP0379119A1 (en) * 1989-01-17 1990-07-25 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Shrouded thermal spray gun and method
US4964568A (en) * 1989-01-17 1990-10-23 The Perkin-Elmer Corporation Shrouded thermal spray gun and method
US5220150A (en) * 1991-05-03 1993-06-15 Regents Of The University Of Minnesota Plasma spray torch with hot anode and gas shroud
WO1993009261A1 (en) * 1991-11-01 1993-05-13 Opa (Overseas Publishers Association) Methods and apparatus for treating a work surface
US5562841A (en) * 1991-11-01 1996-10-08 Overseas Publishers Association (Amsterdam) Bv Methods and apparatus for treating a work surface
FR2691477A1 (fr) * 1992-05-22 1993-11-26 Neyrpic Revêtements métalliques à base d'alliages amorphes résistant à l'usure et à la corrosion, procédés d'obtention et applications aux revêtements antiusure pour matériel hydraulique.
EP0576366A1 (fr) * 1992-05-22 1993-12-29 Gec Alsthom Neyrpic Revêtements métalliques à base d'alliages amorphes résistant à l'usure et à la corrosion, procédé d'obtention et applications aux revêtements anti-usure pour matériel hydraulique
DE4339345A1 (de) * 1993-11-18 1995-05-24 Difk Deutsches Inst Fuer Feuer Verfahren zum Auftragen einer Hartstoffschicht mittels Plasmaspritzen
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BE726980A (nl) 1969-07-16
NL6900571A (nl) 1969-07-18
FR1600052A (nl) 1970-07-20
AT293131B (de) 1971-08-15
DE1815386B2 (de) 1972-12-28
NL163447B (nl) 1980-04-15
SE379661B (nl) 1975-10-20
NL163447C (nl) 1980-09-15
GB1253298A (en) 1971-11-10
DE1815386A1 (de) 1969-07-31
CH506363A (fr) 1971-04-30

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