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US3030203A - Process of producing steel - Google Patents

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Publication number
US3030203A
US3030203A US6170460A US3030203A US 3030203 A US3030203 A US 3030203A US 6170460 A US6170460 A US 6170460A US 3030203 A US3030203 A US 3030203A
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Prior art keywords
bath
vertical
oxygen
lance
slag
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English (en)
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Glenn E Hilliard
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Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp
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Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp
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Priority to US6170460 priority Critical patent/US3030203A/en
Priority to GB3611061A priority patent/GB934645A/en
Priority to DEA38521A priority patent/DE1291344B/de
Priority to BE608952A priority patent/BE608952A/fr
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Publication of US3030203A publication Critical patent/US3030203A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/30—Regulating or controlling the blowing
    • C21C5/32—Blowing from above
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/005—Manufacture of stainless steel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method or refining iron base metal to a low carbon content, and in particular to a method of producing electrical grade silicon iron ingots capable of being processed into grain oriented silicon steel strip.
  • the bath lacks the necessary fluidity and elfervescence to permit ready attainment of a slag-metal equilibrium since the very nature of the process reacts to enhance the formation of a slag-metal emulsion; thus particles of slag remain entrapped and are present as inclusions when the refined metal is solidified in the form of ingots.
  • Such inclusions are particularly detrimental Where a silicon iron alloy is to be produced from the refined metal since such inclusions are entrapped in such a form that when the refined metal is alloyed with silicon a considerable portion of the inclusions is retained or entrapped in the steel and the resulting solidified ingot.
  • inclusions in the refined metal, or in a resulting silicon iron ingot where such refined metal is alloyed with silicon, is highly undesirable.
  • Such inclusions in particular have a detrimental effect on the final quality of grain oriented strip that is to be made from the silicon iron alloy that is produced from such refined metal.
  • the inclusions can alter the process of secondary grain growth in such silicon iron steel and the development of texture therein with the result that the watt loss values and permeability of the final strip are impaired.
  • Silicon iron alloy to which reference has been previously made and which is often commonly called silicon steel in the industry, has heretofore been produced by the open hearth process which, in general, has made use of oxygen as described in Patent 2,580,164 issued January 1, 1952, to Slottman. While such open hearth melting has made possible the production of refined metal used for producing silicon iron ingots that can be processed into grain, oriented silicon steel strip, the time delay encountered in effecting the melting and refining of the steel by the open hearth process is a distinct disadvantage which must be overcome in the commercial production of silicon steel.
  • the known LD process is unsatisfactory for producing silicon steel so that up to the time of the present invention there has existed no known process which will have the advantages, but not the disadvantages, of both the known LD process and the known open hearth practice for the production of silicon steel ingots.
  • An object of this invention is to provide for refining ferrous base metal by utilizing oxygen-blowing techniques to effect the refining and to lower the carbon content of such metal to not more than 0.035% without an accompanying entrapment of slag inclusions or the absorption of nitrogen in the resulting metal.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide for the production of silicon iron ingots by utilizing oxygenblowing techniques to refine a molten iron bath to a carbon content of less than 0.035 Without an accompanying entrapment of slag inclusions and the absorption of nitrogen in the resulting metal.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide for refiining a bath of molten ferrous metal by direct vertical blowing of oxygen until the carbon content of the bath is reduced to between 0.06% and 0.20% and thereafter enlarging the surface of the molten bath and continuing the refinement'by submerged'blowing of the bath with bath is reduced to between 0.06% and 0.20% and thereafter enlarging the surface of the molten bath and continuing the refinementby a submerged blowing of the bath with oxygen at a rate less than the direct vertical blowing to reduce the carbon content thereof to not more than 0.035% without the entrapment of slag or pick-up of nitrogen and thereafter alloying the resulting refined ferrous metal with predetermined amounts of silicon to produce a silicon iron ingot of predetermined composition capable of being processed to produce grain oriented silicon iron strip.
  • FIGURE 1 is a view of a typical converter in the vertical position as utilized in practicing a portion of the process of this invention.
  • the process to be described is particularly advantageous in the production of silicon iron alloys which have a silicon content in general of about 2.5% to 4% and preferably in the range of about 2.9% to 3.4%
  • silicon iron alloys which have a silicon content in general of about 2.5% to 4% and preferably in the range of about 2.9% to 3.4%
  • the refining of the metal to be described up to the point wherealloying additions are made to the refined ferrous base metal, is applicable to the production of other refined ferrous base metals.
  • hot molten ferrous metal such as is produced in a blast furnace or a hot blast cupola and which has a carbon content of around 4%, along with a quantity of steel scrap or iron ore, is introduced. into the converter '10 illustrated in FIG. 1 by conventional means, the converter. being provided with a refractory lining (not shown).
  • the proportions of molten iron and scrap and/or iron ore will he usually determined by the metalloid constituents of the molten iron.
  • an oxygen lance 12 having an inner diameter of about one inch or larger is so introduced into the open top of the converter as to directly impinge a vertical flow of oxygen from such lance onto the hot metal 14, it being noted that as the oxygen is ignited, burnt lime additions, and in some instances fluorspar, are made for the purpose of producing a slag layer '16 in an amount ranging from about 150 to 300 pounds of slag per ton of metal. Burnt lime is preferably used in order to obtain low phosphorus contents, although some fluorspar can be used where it is desired to speed up the formation of slag and thus promote dephosphorization.
  • the vertical blow with oxygen is preferably accomplished at the central portion of the surface layer of the molten bath so as to maintain the resulting reaction zone in the bath in a substantially localized zone spaced a substantial distance from the refractory lining of the converter 10, which reaction will impart a substantial cirreaction zone.
  • the temperature of the molten bath can be controlled to maintain a temperature of about 2875 F. to about 2915 F. by adding roll scale or pellets, and, in some instances scrap, to the metal bath.
  • the free end of the vertically disposed oxygen lance 12 is maintained at a distance of about 6 to 'inches above the surface of the slag cover formed on the molten bath, and the oxygen is supplied through the lance at a rate of from 2500 to 5000 cubic feet per minute and under a pressure of from about to about 175 pounds per square inch and preferably about pounds per square inch so that the oxygen penetrates the slag layer 16 and the surface of the molten metal 14 beneath the slag.
  • the oxygen readily reacts with the oxidizable elements in the molten metal, and the oxygen blow is continued until the carbon content of the molten bath is reduced to within the range of 0.06% to 0.20%, at which level suflicient quantities of oxidizable elements remain in the molten bath to be effective as the oxygen blow is continued, as will be described hereinafter, to prevent a pick-up of nitrogen while maintaining the necessary degree of fluidity and eifervescence to meet a desired slagmetal equilibrium.
  • the theory of the reactions effected by the direct vertical blow of oxygen is explained in U.S. Patelnt No.
  • the vertical oxygen blow is maintained until: the carbon content of the molten bath is reduced to an amount ranging from 0.08% to 0.10%, such a reduc-- tion being accomplished ona 3'7-ton bath in a time of about 20' minutes.
  • the blow-- ing time will vary in accordance with variations in the size of the metal bath to be refined and the amount of oxygen utilized during the vertical blow, but in any event in' accordance with this invention such vertical blow is; discontinued when the carbon content of the bath has: reached a predetermined amount in the range of 0.06%: to 0.20% and preferably in the range of 0.08 to 0.10%..
  • a submerged lance 20 having an inner diameter of about one inch is then introduced into the molten metal at an angle to the surface thereof to supply oxygen beneath the surface thereof at a pressure of from 60 tot 120 pounds per square inch at a distance from the re-- fractory lining of the converter 10.
  • oxygen is supplied to the metal bath through the submerged lance at a pressure of about 90' pounds per square inch, which corresponds to about 695' cubic feet per minute, or 57.3 pounds of oxygen per' minute. Under such conditions an oxygen blow for about 17 minutes is effective to reduce the carbon content to about 0.02% without increasing the nitrogen content of the metal bath, it being noted that such metal bath will have a nitrogen content in the range of from 0.002% to 0.004%.
  • the converter 10 Since the converter 10 is tilted to in effect provide a more shallow bath having a larger surface area during the submerged lance blow, the reaction products resulting from the reaction of the oxygen with the oxidizable elements have a relatively shorter distance to travel to the slag cover, and the larger surface area of the bath, together with the decrease in depth thereof, permits a more rapid rise of slag inclusions from the metal upwards into the slag cover.
  • the blowing time utilizing the submerged lance will also vary in accordance with variations in the size of the metal bath and the amount of oxygen utilized during the submerged lance blow to effectively reduce the carbon content to a predetermined amount below 0.035%.
  • the flow of oxygen through the submerged lance 20 is at a rate lower than the flow rate during the vertical oxygen blow in order to slow down the reaction in the metal bath so as to permit slag inclusions to rise therefrom to the slag cover.
  • the heat of the metal bath is maintained by the reactions during such reduction of carbon so that it is possible to maintain a temperature in the molten bath of 2900 F., plus or minus 30".
  • the refined metal can be alloyed with various alloying elements, or, where it is desired to have an extremely pure iron, such refined metal can be poured from the converter through suitable ladles into ingot molds.
  • the converter 10 containing the refined metal is tilted about its tilting axis 18 to a position where the refined metal is poured through the tapping hole 22 into a receiving ladle (not shown) or is poured therefrom through a series of ladles where predetermined amounts of ferro-silicon and ferromanganese are added to obtain the desired silicon and manganese analysis.
  • ferro-silicon and ferro-manganese additions that are required to be made either directly to the molten metal in the converter or in the receiving ladle or ladles to impart predetermined silicon and m-anganese contents to the resulting alloy can be readily ascertained since the manganese is frequently sampled as the carbon content is being reduced, and a quick analysis of such samples of refined metal will give, not only the carbon content, but also the silicon and manganese contents of such refined metal.
  • ferro-silicon and fcrro-manganese are utilized to produce a silicon content of from 2.5 to 4% and preferably 2.9 to 3.4%, and a manganese content of from 0.035 to 0.10% in the resulting metal.
  • ferro-silicon and ferro-m-anganese are added in the converter or in the receiving ladles, as soon as the refined metal is alloyed with such predetermined quantities of silicon and manganese the resulting metal composition is poured in accordance with standard mill practice into ingot molds to produce ingots of predetermined shape and size as required for later mill processing.
  • the silicon iron metal ingots produced from the refined metal described hereinbefore will have an analysis in the general range given hereinbefore in Table I, it being appreciated that the copper, nickel and tin present in the resulting alloy will depend upon the contents of such elements in the scrap metal utilized during the refining process. Since the resulting ingots are free of inclusions that would suppress secondary grain growth, such ingots or slabs or hot bands formed therefrom can be readily processed into grain oriented silicon steel strip by utilizing the processes taught in the hereinbefore identified Goss patents and the Littmann et al, patent or the Crede et al. patent. Such grain oriented silicon steel strip of 14 mil gauge will have a watt loss at 15 kilogausses of 60 cycles per second of less than .660 Watt per pound and a permeability at 10 oersteds of about 18,000.
  • the low carbon refined iron and silicon iron alloy steel produced in accordance with this invention are more highly refined metals than can be produced in accordance with the LD process as known to the industry.
  • silicon iron alloy steel produced in accordance with this invention compares favorably with silicon iron alloy steel produced heretofore by the open hearth practice, but has the advantage that considerable economies are effected in the production of such steel since a considerable amount of time is saved in producing the ultimate ingot over the time required by the open hearth practice.
  • This invention can be readily practiced by those skilled in the trade, for the rates of flow of oxygen and time thereof, as well as the maintenance of the heat balance in the metal being refined for any given size converter and a given bath therein, can be readily calculated.
  • a method of refining molten iron which comprises the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance vertically within the vertically extending vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to inches above the slag cover on said molten iron, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at substantially the central portion thereof to effect a reaction of the oxygen with said bath so as to efliect the oxidation of carbon and the oxidizable impurities of said bath, continuing said vertical blowing to reduce the carbon content of said molten iron to within the range of 0.06 to 0.20%, interrupting the flow of oxygen through the vertical lance, tilting the vessel to a predetermined angle away from the vertical to enlarge the surface area of the mol.
  • -A method of refining molten iron which comprises the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance vertically within the vertically extending vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to 80 inches above the slag cover on said molten iron, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at substantially the central portion thereof to effect a reaction of the oxygen with said bath so as to efiect the oxidation of carbon and the oxidizable impurities of said bath in a localized reaction zone and impart a circulatory movement in the bath to bring those portions of the molten bath remote.
  • a method of producing a refined iron base metal composition which comprises the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted about an axis through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance vertically within the vertically extending vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to 80 inches above the slag cover on said molten iron, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at the central portion thereof to eitect a reaction of the oxygen with said bath so as to effect the oxidation of carbon and the oxidizable impurities of said bath, said vertical blowing of oxygen entraining a portion of said slag cover into said molten iron to form an emulsion therein, continuing said vertical blowing to reduce the carbon content of said molten iron containing the emul sion to within the range
  • method of producing silicon iron alloy capable of being processed into grain oriented silicon iron strip and sheet comprising the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted about an axis through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance Vertically within the vertically extending vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to inches above the slag cover on said molten iron, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at substantially the central portion thereof to effect a reaction of the oxygen with said bath so as to effect the oxidation of carbon and the oxidizable impurities of said bath, continuing said vertical blowing to reduce the carbon content of said molten iron to within the range of 0.06% to 0.20%, interrupting the How of oxygen through the vertical lance, tilting the vessel about its axis to a predetermined angle away from
  • a method of producing silicon iron ingots capable of being processed into grain oriented silicon iron strip and sheet comprising the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance vertically within the vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to 80 inches above the slag cover on the molten metal bath, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at substantially the central portion thereof while the vessel is maintained in a vertical position to effect an oxidation of the impurities of the bath and to reduce the carbon content thereof, continuing said vertical blowing until the carbon content is reduced to within the range of 0.06% to 0.20%, interrupting the flow of oxygen and removing said vertical lance, tilting the vessel to a predetermined angle away from the vertical to enlarge the surface areas of the bath and s
  • a method of producing silicon iron ingots capable of being processed into grain oriented silicon iron strip and sheet comprising the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance vertically within the vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to 80 inches above the slag cover on the molten metal bath, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at substantially the central portion thereof while the vessel is maintained in a vertical position to effect an oxidation of the impurities of the bath and to reduce the carbon content thereof, continuing said vertical blowing until the carbon content is reduced to within the range of 0.06% to 0.20%, interrupting the flow of oxygen and removing said vertical lance, tilting the vessel to a predetermined angle away from the vertical to enlarge the surface areas of the bath and s
  • a method of producing silicon iron ingots capable of being processed into grain oriented silicon iron strip and sheet comprising the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vertically extending vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted through a plurality of positions from the vertical, inserting a lance vertically within the vertically extending vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to 80 inches above the slag cover on the molten metal bath, blowing oxygen through said lance at a pressure of from 120 to 175 pounds per square inch vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface of the bath at substantially the central portion thereof while the vessel is maintained in a vertical position to effect an oxidation of the impurities of the bath and to reduce the carbon content thereof, continuing said vertical blowing until the carbon content is reduced to within the range of 0.06% to 0.20%, interrupting the flow of oxygen and removing said vertical lance, tilting the vessel to a predetermined angle
  • a method of producing silicon iron ingots capable of being processed into grain oriented silicon iron strip 1 1 and sheet comprising the steps of, preparing a bath of molten impure iron in the presence of a slag in a vessel having a refractory lining and disposed to be tilted through a plurality of positions including a vertical position, positioning the vessel in a vertical position, inserting a lance vertically within the vessel with the lower end of the lance terminating from 6 to 80 inches above the slag cover on the molten metal bath, blowing oxygen through the vertical lance vertically downwardly through the slag cover onto and below the surface or" the bath at the central portion thereof while the vessel is maintained in a vertical position to efiect a reaction of the oxygen with a portion of the iron and with the oxidizable impurities of the bath in a localized reaction zone spaced a substantial distance from the refractory lining whereby said reaction imparts a circulatory movement in the bath to bring those portions of the molten metal

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
US6170460 1960-10-10 1960-10-10 Process of producing steel Expired - Lifetime US3030203A (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US6170460 US3030203A (en) 1960-10-10 1960-10-10 Process of producing steel
GB3611061A GB934645A (en) 1960-10-10 1961-10-06 Improvements in or relating to a process of producing refined molten iron and producing alloy steel therefrom
DEA38521A DE1291344B (de) 1960-10-10 1961-10-09 Verfahren zum Frischen von geschmolzenem Eisen in einem Konverter
BE608952A BE608952A (fr) 1960-10-10 1961-10-09 Procédé de production d'acier.

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US6170460 US3030203A (en) 1960-10-10 1960-10-10 Process of producing steel

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GB (1) GB934645A (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3227434A (en) * 1962-04-10 1966-01-04 Koninklijke Hoogovens En Staal Converter
US3438820A (en) * 1965-04-02 1969-04-15 Dominion Foundries & Steel Silicon steel process
US4270949A (en) * 1979-01-24 1981-06-02 United Refractories, Inc. Making of steel by the BOF process

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR933098A (fr) * 1945-06-15 1948-04-09 John Miles & Partners Procédé d'affinage des métaux
US2490990A (en) * 1948-01-23 1949-12-13 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Method of blowing bessemer steel
GB642084A (en) * 1945-05-03 1950-08-30 John Miles & Partners London L Improvements in and relating to the refining of metals
US2580614A (en) * 1947-02-15 1952-01-01 Air Reduction Manufacture of open-hearth steel
US2800631A (en) * 1955-11-16 1957-07-23 Voest Ag Method of carrying out melting processes

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE500874A (fr) *
BE515691A (fr) *
AT168590B (de) * 1949-01-07 1951-06-25 Linde Eismasch Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung stickstoffarmen Stahls
FR1040608A (fr) * 1950-01-31 1953-10-16 Procédé pour l'exécution d'opérations de fusion
GB712616A (en) * 1950-01-31 1954-07-28 Theodor Eduard Suess Improvements in or relating to the refining of molten metals
FR1066697A (fr) * 1951-11-22 1954-06-09 Voest Ag Procédé de production d'acier par affinage de fonte
AT175586B (de) * 1951-12-20 1953-07-25 Oesterr Alpine Montan Verfahren zum Verblasen von Roheisen
AT175589B (de) * 1952-03-07 1953-07-25 Oesterr Alpine Montan Verfahren zum Verblasen von Metallbädern, insbesondere von Roheisenbädern
US2752235A (en) * 1952-05-27 1956-06-26 Ethel M Burke Method and apparatus for making steel
FR1152673A (fr) * 1955-08-26 1958-02-21 Voest Ag Perfectionnements apportés aux procédé d'affinage des métaux
FR1152683A (fr) * 1955-11-25 1958-02-21 Oesterr Alpine Montan Perfectionnements apportés aux procédés d'affinage des métaux

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB642084A (en) * 1945-05-03 1950-08-30 John Miles & Partners London L Improvements in and relating to the refining of metals
FR933098A (fr) * 1945-06-15 1948-04-09 John Miles & Partners Procédé d'affinage des métaux
US2580614A (en) * 1947-02-15 1952-01-01 Air Reduction Manufacture of open-hearth steel
US2490990A (en) * 1948-01-23 1949-12-13 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp Method of blowing bessemer steel
US2800631A (en) * 1955-11-16 1957-07-23 Voest Ag Method of carrying out melting processes

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3227434A (en) * 1962-04-10 1966-01-04 Koninklijke Hoogovens En Staal Converter
US3438820A (en) * 1965-04-02 1969-04-15 Dominion Foundries & Steel Silicon steel process
US4270949A (en) * 1979-01-24 1981-06-02 United Refractories, Inc. Making of steel by the BOF process

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Publication number Publication date
BE608952A (fr) 1962-04-09
GB934645A (en) 1963-08-21
DE1291344B (de) 1969-03-27

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