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US20170050966A1 - Inhibiting the transient receptor potential a1 ion channel - Google Patents

Inhibiting the transient receptor potential a1 ion channel Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170050966A1
US20170050966A1 US15/305,892 US201515305892A US2017050966A1 US 20170050966 A1 US20170050966 A1 US 20170050966A1 US 201515305892 A US201515305892 A US 201515305892A US 2017050966 A1 US2017050966 A1 US 2017050966A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
alkyl
alkenyl
alkynyl
pain
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US15/305,892
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Inventor
Blaise S. Lippa
Xinyuan Wu
Qingyi Li
Iwona Wrona
Andrew J. Jackson
Bertrand L. Chenard
Christopher Matthew Liu
Guohua Liang
Matthew F. Baevsky
Richard Alan Earl
Lisa Mcqueen
Jared Smit
Brett A. Cowans
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Polycarbon Industries Inc
Hydra Biosciences LLC
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Polycarbon Industries Inc
Hydra Biosciences LLC
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Publication of US20170050966A1 publication Critical patent/US20170050966A1/en
Assigned to MERCK & CO., INC. reassignment MERCK & CO., INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LI, QINGYI, JACKSON, ANDREW J., LIPPA, Blaise S., LIU, CHRISTOPHER M., WRONA, Iwona
Assigned to POLYCARBON INDUSTRIES, INC. reassignment POLYCARBON INDUSTRIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LIANG, Guohua, BAEVSKY, MATTHEW F., EARL, RICHARD ALAN
Assigned to AMRI SSCI, LLC reassignment AMRI SSCI, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: McQUEEN, Lisa, COWANS, BRETT A., SMIT, JARED
Assigned to HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. reassignment HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHENARD, BERTRAND L., WU, XINYUAN
Assigned to HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. reassignment HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AMRI SSCI, LLC
Assigned to HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. reassignment HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: POLYCARBON INDUSTRIES, INC.
Assigned to HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. reassignment HYDRA BIOSCIENCES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MERCK & CO., INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D473/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems
    • C07D473/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6
    • C07D473/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two oxygen atoms
    • C07D473/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two oxygen atoms with radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached in position 1 or 3
    • C07D473/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing purine ring systems with oxygen, sulphur, or nitrogen atoms directly attached in positions 2 and 6 two oxygen atoms with radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached in position 1 or 3 with methyl radicals in positions 1 and 3, e.g. theophylline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/14—Antitussive agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
    • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compounds of the Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutical preparation, or pharmaceutical composition thereof, and their use for the treatment of pain, inflammatory disease, neuropathy, dermatological disorders, pulmonary conditions, and cough, as well as inhibiting the Transient Receptor Potential A1 ion channel (TRPA1).
  • TRPA1 Transient Receptor Potential A1 ion channel
  • TRPA1 Transient Receptor Potential A1
  • TRPA1 is a non-selective cation channel related to pain sensation in humans.
  • TRPA1 is found in sensory neurons and functions as a detector that helps link detection of noxious chemicals, tissue damage, and inflammation to pain.
  • Activation of TRPA1 is believed to cause pain by inducing firing of nociceptive neurons and driving central sensitization in the spinal cord.
  • TRPA1 stimulation can also increase firing of sensory neurons, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides such as NK-A, substance P and CGRP, which induce vasodilation and help recruit immune cells.
  • TRPA1 A variety of endogenous reactive compounds produced during inflammation activate TRPA1, including 4-hydroxynonenal released during liposome peroxidation; cyclopentane prostaglandins synthesized by COX enzymes; hydrogen peroxide produced by oxidative stress. Activation of TRPA1 also sensitizes TRPA1 to cold. Furthermore, a gain-of-function mutation in TRPA1 causes familial episodic pain syndrome; patients suffering from this condition have episodic pain that may be triggered by cold. Thus, TRPA1 is considered to play a role in pain related to nerve damage, cold allodynia, and inflammatory pain.
  • compositions that inhibit TRPA1 can be useful, for example, in treating conditions ameliorated, eliminated, or prevented by inhibition of the TRPA1 ion channel.
  • pharmaceutical compositions that inhibit TRPA1 can be used to treat pain.
  • Inhibition of TRPA1 e.g., by genetic ablation and chemical antagonism
  • Knockout mice lacking functional TRPA1 have diminished nociceptive responses to TRPA1 activators, including AITC, formalin, acrolein, 4-hydroxynonenal, and, in addition, have greatly reduced thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in response to the inflammatory mediator bradykinin (e.g., Kwan, K. Y. et al.
  • TRPA1 inhibitor compounds are effective in a variety of rodent pain models.
  • TRPA1 inhibitors have been shown to reduce mechanical hypersensitivity and cold allodynia following inflammation induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant without altering normal cold sensation in na ⁇ ve animals and also to improve function in the rat mono-iodoacetate osteoarthritis model (see, e.g., Materazzi, S et al., Eur J Physiol (2012), 463(4):561-9; Wei H et al., Anesthesiology 2012, 117(1):137-48; Koivisto, A et al., Pharmacol Res (2012), 65(1):149-58).
  • TRPA1 inhibitor compounds have demonstrated reduced pain behavior in rodents injected with AITC (mustard oil), formalin, cinnamaldehyde, acrolein, and other TRPA1 activators. TRPA1 inhibitor compounds have also demonstrated efficacy in rodent models for post operative pain, (see, e.g., Wei et al., Anesthesiology (2012), 117(1):137-48); chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (see, e.g., Trevisan, et al., Cancer Res (2013) 73(10):3120-31), and painful diabetic neuropathy (see, e.g., Koivisto et al., Phannacol Res (2011) 65:149-158).
  • a compound described herein can be useful in the treatment of disorders wherein inhibition of the TRPA1 ion channel is beneficial, for example, in the treatment of pain.
  • a compound described herein has preferable properties over other compounds in the art that inhibit TRPA1.
  • a compound described herein inhibits the TRPA1 ion channel without elevating serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity.
  • a compound as described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I) has desirable aqueous solubility (including compounds with aqueous solubility suitable for pharmaceutical compositions formulated for intravenous administration) relative to other compounds in the art that inhibit TRPA1.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein can be used to treat various disorders in a subject.
  • methods of treatment such as a method of treating a TRPA1 mediated disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Methods of treating pain in a subject, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are also described herein.
  • neuropathic pain e.g., painful diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, lower back pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, sciatica, and complex regional pain syndrome
  • inflammatory pain e.g., from rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, temperomandibular disorder; PDN or CIPN
  • visceral pain e.g., from pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, pelvic pain, and angina
  • pain from hyperalgesia or allodynia neuropathic pain, e.g., painful diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, lower back pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herp
  • the methods include treating inflammatory disease in a subject, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the methods include treating neuropathy in a subject, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the neuropathy is from diabetes, chemical injury, chemotherapy, and or trauma.
  • the methods include treating a dermatogological disorder in a subject, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a dermatogological disorder include atopic dermatitis, acute pruritus, psoriasis, hives, eczema, dyshidrotic eczema, mouth ulcers, and diaper rash.
  • the methods include treating a pulmonary condition in a subject, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • exemplary pulmonary conditions include obstructive diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additional exemplary pulmonary conditions include asthma and cough.
  • a compound as described herein e.g., a compound of Formula (I) are useful in the manufacture of a pharmaceutical composition formulated for oral administration.
  • a compound described herein can be formulated into a composition for intravenous administration.
  • a compound or composition described herein can be used to treat pain
  • a compound as described herein, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), can include molecules having one or more chiral centers.
  • a composition of Formula (I) can contain various amounts of stereoisomers of Formula (Ia), (Ib), (IIa) and (IIb).
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula (Ia) or (IIa) preferably contains a therapeutically effective amount of the compound having the stereochemistry indicated in Formula (Ia) or (IIa) (e.g., an enantiomeric excess or a diastereomeric excess of a particular isomer of Formula (Ia) or (IIa) over the corresponding stereoisomer of Formula (Ib) or (IIb)).
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I) contains a therapeutically effective amount of the compound having the stereochemistry indicated in Formula (Ib) or (IIb) (e.g., an enantiomeric excess or a diastereomeric excess of a particular isomer of Formula (Ib) or (IIb) over the corresponding stereoisomer of Formula (Ia)).
  • compounds of Formula (I) can include one or more isotopes of the atoms present in Formula (I).
  • compounds of Formula (I) can include: those in which H (or hydrogen) is replaced with any isotopic form of hydrogen including 1 H, 2 H or D (Deuterium), and 3 H (Tritium); those in which C is replaced with any isotopic form of carbon including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; those in which O is replaced with any isotopic form of oxygen including 16 O, 17 O and 18 O; those in which N is replaced with any isotopic form of nitrogen including 13 N, 14 N and 15 N; those in which P is replaced with any isotopic form of phosphorous including 31 P and 32 P; those in which S is replaced with any isotopic form of sulfur including 32 S and 35 S; those in which F is replaced with any isotopic form of fluorine including 19 F and 18 F; and the like.
  • compounds represented by Formula (I) comprise isomers of the atoms therein in their naturally occurring abundance.
  • FIG. 1 is a spectrum depicting the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern of a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form A) after slurry treatment in ethanol.
  • XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
  • FIG. 2 is a spectrum depicting the X-ray powder diffraction pattern of an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form B) after slurry treatment in 97% ethanol/3% water and drying under vacuum ( ⁇ 80° C. for one day).
  • FIG. 3 is a graph depicting the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis on an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form B).
  • FIG. 4 is a graph depicting the results of thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) on an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form B).
  • FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the results of dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) analysis on an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form B).
  • FIG. 6 is a spectrum depicting the overlaid results of XRPD analysis of the anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form B) before (light gray trace) and after (dark gray trace) microionization to a d 90 value of less than 10 microns.
  • FIG. 7 is a graph depicting the effect of varying dosage amounts of Compound 2 administered orally in the CFA-induced cold hyperalgesia model in the rat.
  • FIG. 8 is a chart depicting the duration of formalin-mediated pain behaviors post oral administration of Compound 2.
  • Compound 2 was dosed at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, or 24 hours prior to formalin injection to assess the persistence of the benefit provided by treatment.
  • FIG. 9 is a chart depicting an exemplary profile of CYP450 reaction phenotyping with Compound 2, also referred to herein as Example 2.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph depicting the solubility of a micronized formulation of Compound 2 over the pH range of 2.00 to 8.00.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph depicting plasma levels of Compound 2 (i.e., Example 2) in rat, dog, or monkey models after administration of a 10 mg/kg oral dose.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph depicting a comparison of the pharmacokinetic profile of Compound 2 (i.e., Example 2) in capsule and suspension formulations in fed and fasted monkeys.
  • FIG. 13 is a chart depicting the analgesic effects observed upon low doses of orally administered Compound 2 (i.e., Example 2) and a control (Compound A, i.e., Comparator A) in the CFA model.
  • FIG. 14 is a chart depicting the dose response observed upon oral administration of Compound 2 (i.e., Example 2) in the formalin model.
  • FIG. 15 is a chart depicting the efficacy observed with doses of intravenously administered Compound 1 (i.e., Example 1) in the formalin model.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph depicting the change in lung resistance (early and late asthmatic response) in sheep challenged with allergen after administration of Compound 2.
  • FIG. 17 is a chart depicting the effect of Compound 2 (i.e., Example 2) on measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness in the sheep model of allergic asthma.
  • FIG. 18 is a chart depicting the serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity in beagle dogs before and after receiving a once daily oral dose of Compound 2 over 5 days.
  • FIG. 19 is a chart depicting the change in serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity between a control and Compound 2 (orally administered) in beagle dogs on Day 5 after receiving a once daily oral dose of Compound 2 over 5 days.
  • FIG. 20 is a chart depicting the change in serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity in sprague-dawley rats after receiving a once daily oral dose of Compound 2 over 28 days.
  • FIG. 21 is a chart depicting the change in serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity between a control and Compound 2 (orally administered) in sprague-dawley rats on day 28 after receiving a once daily oral dose of Compound 2 over 28 days.
  • FIG. 22 is a chart depicting the serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity in cynomolgus monkeys after receiving a once daily oral dose of Compound 2 over 28 days.
  • FIG. 23 is a chart depicting the change in serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity between a control and Compound 2 (orally administered) in cynomolgus monkeys on day 28 after receiving a once daily oral dose of Compound 2 over 28 days.
  • the articles “a” and “an” refer to one or to more than one (e.g., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article.
  • “About” and “approximately” shall generally mean an acceptable degree of error for the quantity measured given the nature or precision of the measurements. Exemplary degrees of error are within 20 percent (%), typically, within 10%, and more typically, within 5% of a given value or range of values.
  • an amount of a compound or combination effective to treat a disorder refers to an amount of the compound or combination which is effective, upon single or multiple dose administration(s) to a subject, in treating a subject, or in curing, alleviating, relieving or improving a subject with a disorder (e.g., a disorder as described herein) beyond that expected in the absence of such treatment.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to a compound or carrier (e.g., excipient) that may be administered to a subject, together with a compound described herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I)), and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the compound.
  • certain embodiments of the present compounds may contain a basic functional group, such as amino or alkylamino, and are thus capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of compounds disclosed herein. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed.
  • Representative salts include the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts and the like.
  • lactate lactate
  • phosphate tosylate
  • citrate maleate
  • fumarate succinate
  • tartrate napthylate
  • mesylate mesylate
  • glucoheptonate lactobionate
  • laurylsulphonate salts and the like See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J Pharm Sci 66:1-19.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically acceptable salts with pharmaceutically acceptable bases.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds disclosed herein. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like.
  • Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like.
  • treat refers to the application or administration of a compound, alone or in combination with, an additional agent to a subject, e.g., a subject who has a disorder (e.g., a disorder as described herein), a symptom of a disorder, or a predisposition toward a disorder, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disorder.
  • a disorder e.g., a disorder as described herein
  • a symptom of a disorder e.g., a disorder as described herein
  • predisposition toward a disorder e.g., a disorder as described herein
  • the term “subject” is intended to include human and non-human animals.
  • exemplary human subjects include a human subject having a disorder, e.g., a disorder described herein.
  • non-human animals of the invention includes all vertebrates, e.g., non-mammals (such as chickens, amphibians, reptiles) and mammals, such as non-human primates, domesticated and/or agriculturally useful animals, e.g., sheep, dog, cat, cow, pig, etc.
  • TRPA1 inhibitors include inhibitors having any combination of the structural and/or functional properties disclosed herein.
  • an “effective amount” of, e.g., a TRPA1 antagonist, with respect to the subject methods of inhibition or treatment refers to an amount of the antagonist in a preparation which, when applied as part of a desired dosage regimen brings about a desired clinical or functional result.
  • an effective amount of a TRPA1 antagonist for use in the methods of the present invention includes an amount of a TRPA1 antagonist effective to decrease one or more in vitro or in vivo functions of a TRPA1 channel. Exemplary functions include, but are not limited to, membrane polarization (e.g., an antagonist may prevent depolarization of a cell), ion flux, ion concentration in a cell, outward current, and inward current.
  • an effective amount is an amount sufficient to inhibit a TRPA1-mediated current and/or the amount sufficient to inhibit TRPA1 mediated ion flux.
  • hydrate refers to a compound formed by the union of water with the parent compound.
  • prevention of cancer when used in relation to a condition, such as a local recurrence (e.g., pain), a disease such as cancer, a syndrome complex such as heart failure or any other medical condition, is well understood in the art and includes administration of a composition which reduces the frequency of, or delays the onset of, symptoms of a medical condition in a subject relative to a subject which does not receive the composition.
  • prevention of cancer includes, for example, reducing the number of detectable cancerous growths in a population of patients receiving a prophylactic treatment relative to an untreated control population, and/or delaying the appearance of detectable cancerous growths in a treated population versus an untreated control population, e.g., by a statistically and/or clinically significant amount.
  • Prevention of an infection includes, for example, reducing the number of diagnoses of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population, and/or delaying the onset of symptoms of the infection in a treated population versus an untreated control population.
  • Prevention of pain includes, for example, reducing the magnitude of, or alternatively delaying, pain sensations experienced by subjects in a treated population versus an untreated control population.
  • prodrug is intended to encompass compounds that, under physiological conditions, are converted into the therapeutically active agents of the present invention.
  • a common method for making a prodrug is to include selected moieties that are hydrolyzed under physiological conditions to reveal the desired molecule.
  • the prodrug is converted by an enzymatic activity in the host animal.
  • solvate refers to a compound formed by solvation (e.g., a compound formed by the combination of solvent molecules with molecules or ions of the solute).
  • TRPA1 refers to an ion channel (e.g., a polypeptide) comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 5 of WO 2007/073505, or an equivalent polypeptide, or a functional bioactive fragment thereof.
  • the term refers to a polypeptide comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of, the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, or SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • TRPA1 includes polypeptides that retain a function of TRPA1 and comprise (i) all or a portion of the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5; (ii) the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5 with 1 to about 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 50, 75 or more conservative amino acid substitutions; (iii) an amino acid sequence that is at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5; and (iv) functional fragments thereof.
  • Polypeptides of the invention also include homologs, e.g., orthologs and paralogs, of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3 or SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • enantiomeric excess or “% enantiomeric excess” of a composition can be calculated using the equation shown below.
  • a composition contains 90% of one enantiomer, e.g., the S enantiomer, and 10% of the other enantiomer, i.e., the R enantiomer.
  • composition containing 90% of one enantiomer and 10% of the other enantiomer is said to have an enantiomeric excess of 80%.
  • the “diastereomeric excess” or “% diastereomeric excess” of a composition can be calculated using the equation shown below. In the example shown below a composition contains 90% of one diastereomer, and 10% of another enantiomer.
  • composition containing 90% of one diastereomer and 10% of the other diastereomer is said to have a diastereomeric excess of 80%.
  • substituents of compounds of the invention are disclosed in groups or in ranges. It is specifically intended that the invention include each and every individual subcombination of the members of such groups and ranges.
  • C 1-6 alkyl is specifically intended to individually disclose methyl, ethyl, C 3 alkyl, C 4 alkyl, C 5 alkyl, and C 6 alkyl.
  • each variable can be a different moiety selected from the Markush group defining the variable.
  • the two R groups can represent different moieties selected from the Markush group defined for R.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, and can have a number of carbon atoms optionally designated (i.e., C 1 -C 6 means one to six carbons).
  • saturated hydrocarbon groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, and the like.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent alkyl, e.g., —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, and —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • alkenyl can be a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain, containing at least one double bond, and having from two to six carbon atoms (i.e. C 2 -C 6 alkenyl).
  • alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as ethenyl (i.e., vinyl), prop-1-enyl (i.e., allyl), but-1-enyl, pent-1-enyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, and the like.
  • alkoxy can be a straight chain or branched alkoxy group having from one to six carbon atoms (i.e., C 1 -C 6 alkoxy).
  • alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, isopropyloxy, butyloxy, isobutyloxy, tert-butyloxy, pentyloxy, or hexyloxy, and the like.
  • alkynyl can be a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain, containing at least one triple bond, having from two to six carbon atoms (i.e. C 2 -C 6 alkynyl).
  • alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, and the like.
  • amino or “amine” refers to a —NH 2 radical group.
  • aryl refers to a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon moiety which can be a single ring or multiple rings (e.g., 1 to 2 rings) which are fused together or linked covalently, having from six to twelve carbon atoms (i.e. C 6 -C 12 aryl).
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, and 4-biphenyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic radical that contains only carbon and hydrogen, and may be saturated, or partially unsaturated.
  • Cycloalkyl groups include groups having from 3 to 10 ring atoms (i.e. C 3 -C 10 cycloalkyl). Examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloseptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclononyl, cyclodecyl, norbornyl, and the like.
  • halo or “halogen,” independently or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
  • halide by itself or as part of another substituent, refers to a fluoride, chloride, bromide, or iodide atom.
  • haloalkyl and haloalkoxy can include alkyl and alkoxy structures that are substituted with one or more halo groups or with combinations thereof.
  • fluoroalkyl and fluoroalkoxy include haloalkyl and haloalkoxy groups, respectively, in which the halo is fluorine.
  • heteroalkyl can include an optionally substituted alkyl, which has one or more skeletal chain atoms selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or combinations thereof.
  • a numerical range may be given, e.g. C 1 -C 6 heteroalkyl which refers to the number of carbons in the chain, which in this example includes 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • a —CH 2 OCH 2 CH 3 radical is referred to as a “C 3 ” heteroalkyl. Connection to the rest of the molecule may be through either a heteroatom or a carbon in the heteroalkyl chain.
  • heteroaryl refers to a 5- to 14-membered aromatic radical (e.g., C 2 -C 13 heteroaryl) that includes one or more ring heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and which may be a monocyclic or bicyclic ring system.
  • Bivalent radicals derived from univalent heteroaryl radicals whose names end in “-yl” by removal of one hydrogen atom from the atom with the free valence are named by adding “-idene” to the name of the corresponding univalent radical, e.g., a pyridyl group with two points of attachment is a pyridylidene.
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic group in which at least one of the skeletal atoms of the ring is a nitrogen atom.
  • the polycyclic heteroaryl group may be fused or non-fused.
  • the heteroatom(s) in the heteroaryl radical is optionally oxidized.
  • One or more nitrogen atoms, if present, are optionally quaternized.
  • the heteroaryl is attached to the rest of the molecule through any atom of the ring(s).
  • heteroaryl groups include without limitation, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, furyl (furanyl), quinolyl, isoquinolyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, indolyl, pyrryl, oxazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, benzthiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, indazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, benzothienyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, benzimidazolyl, indolinyl, and the like.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocycloalkyl” can be a stable 3- to 18-membered non-aromatic mono, di, or tricyclic heterocycle ring radical that comprises two to twelve carbon atoms and from one to six heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as dioxolanyl, thienyl[1,3]dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thia
  • hydroxy or “hydroxyl” refers to —OH.
  • cyano refers to —CN
  • nitro refers to —NO 2 .
  • the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, any of which may itself be further substituted), as well as halogen, carbonyl (e.g., aldehyde, ketone, ester, carboxyl, or formyl), thiocarbonyl (e.g., thioester, thiocarboxylate, or thioformate), amino (e.g., —N(R b )(R c ), wherein each R b and R c is independently H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl),
  • Illustrative substituents include, for example, those described herein above.
  • the permissible substituents can be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organic compounds.
  • the heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. This invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds.
  • substitution or “substituted with” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is in accordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound, e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as by rearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.
  • Me, Et, Ph, Tf, Nf, Ts, Ms represent methyl, ethyl, phenyl, trifluoromethanesulfonyl, nonafluorobutanesulfonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl and methanesulfonyl, respectively.
  • a more comprehensive list of the abbreviations utilized by organic chemists of ordinary skill in the art appears in the first issue of each volume of the Journal of Organic Chemistry ; this list is typically presented in a table entitled Standard List of Abbreviations. The abbreviations contained in said list, and all abbreviations utilized by organic chemists of ordinary skill in the art are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Contemplated equivalents of the compounds described above include compounds which otherwise correspond thereto, and which have the same general properties thereof (e.g., the ability to inhibit TRPA1 activity), wherein one or more simple variations of substituents are made which do not adversely affect the efficacy of the compound.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by the methods illustrated in the general reaction schemes as, for example, described below, or by modifications thereof, using readily available starting materials, reagents and conventional synthesis procedures. In these reactions, it is also possible to make use of variants which are in themselves known, but are not mentioned here.
  • hydrocarbon is contemplated to include all permissible compounds having at least one hydrogen and one carbon atom.
  • permissible hydrocarbons include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic organic compounds which can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Described herein are compounds, which can be useful in the treatment of a disorder where inhibition of TRPA1 is beneficial. Such disorders are described herein.
  • the compounds include compounds of Formula (I)
  • R 1 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 1 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 2 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 1 -C 6 alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more R 5 groups;
  • R 3 is H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkenyl, or C 1 -C 6 alkynyl;
  • R 4 is halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, thiol, alkylthio, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cyano, nitro, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, thioyl, sulfonyl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, optionally substituted at one or more positions with 1-4 R 6 groups;
  • R 5 is independently H, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxy, amino, amido, phosphonate, carboxyl, ether, alkylthio, haloalkyl, and cyano;
  • R 6 is independently H, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxy, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, alkehyde, ester, heterocycle, an aromatic or heteroaromatic ring, haloalkyl, and cyano.
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 . In some embodiments, R 1 is H.
  • R 2 is H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 , —CD 3 , or —CHF 2 .
  • each R 1 and R 2 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 . In some embodiments, each R 1 and R 2 is independently —CH 3 and R 3 is H.
  • R 3 is H. In some embodiments, R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 .
  • each of R 1 and R 2 and R 3 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 .
  • the compound of the Formula (I) is the compound of the Formula (Ia):
  • each of R 1 and R 2 and R 3 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 .
  • the compound of the Formula (I) of claim 1 is the compound of the Formula (Ib):
  • each of R 1 and R 2 and R 3 is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl, for example, —CH 3 .
  • R 4 is heterocyclyl, for example, a 4 to 8-membered ring. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is linked through a nitrogen atom. In some embodiments, R 4 is substituted heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, R 4 is selected from the group:
  • R 4 is selected from the group:
  • R 4 is selected from the group:
  • R 4 is selected from the group:
  • R 4 is selected from the group:
  • n is 0. In some embodiments, m is 1.
  • R 6 is, alkyl, haloalkyl, or cyano, for example, alkyl or haloalkyl, such as —CF 3 .
  • R 4 is selected from the group:
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of the Formula (II):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 4.
  • n is selected from an integer from 0 to 4.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of the Formula (IIa):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 4.
  • n is selected from an integer from 0 to 4.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is of the Formula (IIb):
  • n is an integer from 0 to 4.
  • n is selected from an integer from 0 to 4.
  • the compound is selected from the following group:
  • the compound is selected from the following group:
  • a compound of Formula (I) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 100° C. In some embodiments, said compound of Formula (I) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., or about 180° C. In some embodiments, said compound of Formula (I) has a melting point in the range of about 180° C. to about 205° C. In some embodiments, said compound of Formula (I) has a melting point in the range of about 190° C. to about 200° C. In some embodiments, said compound of Formula (I) has a melting point in the range of about 190° C. to about 196° C.
  • a solid crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I) is produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof).
  • a solid crystalline form (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form) of a compound of Formula (I) is produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof) followed by an additional treatment (e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C. for one day).
  • a solid crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I) (e.g., produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent, e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof, and optionally followed by an additional treatment, e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C. for one day) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 100° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., or about 180° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I) has a melting point in the range of about 180° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I) has a melting point in the range of about 190° C. to about 200° C. In some embodiments, said solid crystalline form of a compound of Formula (I) has a melting point in the range of about 190° C. to about 196° C.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is:
  • a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., Form A) is produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof).
  • a suitable solvent e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., Form A) has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks, expressed in terms of 2 ⁇ , at one or more of the following angles: about 7.67°, about 12.52°, about 13.49°, and about 19.31°.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., Form A) has characteristic peaks as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) is produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof) followed by an additional treatment (e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C. for one day).
  • a suitable solvent e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof
  • an additional treatment e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C. for one day.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks, expressed in terms of 2 ⁇ , at one or more of the following angles: about 9.78°, about 12.98°, about 19.20°, and about 19.67°.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has characteristic peaks as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 100° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 125° C., about 150° C., about 175° C., or about 180° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a melting point in the range of about 180° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a melting point in the range of about 190° C. to about 200° C. In some embodiments, said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a melting point in the range of about 190° C. to about 196° C. In some embodiments, said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a differential scanning calorimetry trace as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) is produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof) followed by an additional treatment (e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C. for one day) wherein said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) has a melting point greater than or equal to about 150° C.
  • a suitable solvent e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof
  • an additional treatment e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C. for one day
  • a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B) is produced upon slurry treatment with a suitable solvent (e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof) followed by an additional treatment (e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C.
  • a suitable solvent e.g., ethanol, water, or a combination thereof
  • an additional treatment e.g., vacuum treatment, e.g., ⁇ 80° C.
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 e.g., an anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, e.g., Form B
  • said solid crystalline form of Compound 2 has a melting point in the range of 185° C. to about 205° C. and an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks, expressed in terms of 2 ⁇ , at one or more of the following angles: about 9.78°, about 12.98°, about 19.20°, and about 19.67°.
  • Certain embodiments of the present invention comprise a purified pharmaceutical preparation comprising a compound of Formula (I).
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a diastereomeric excess of greater than or equal to about 55% (e.g., about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 99%, or about 99.5%) of one diastereomer over another diastereomer.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a diastereomeric excess of greater than or equal to about 95% of one diastereomer over another diastereomer.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a diastereomeric excess of greater than or equal to about 99% of one diastereomer over another diastereomer.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises less than or equal to about 10% moisture content (e.g., water content). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises less than or equal to about 9%, about 8%, about 7%, about 6%, about 5%, about 4%, about 3%, about 2%, about 1%, about 0.5%, about 0.1%, about 0.05%, about 0.01%, or about 0.001% moisture content (e.g., water content). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation is substantially free of moisture (e.g., water).
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a compound of Formula (I), wherein the compound is:
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a compound of Formula (I), wherein the compound is Compound 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the preparation has a diastereomeric excess of Compound 2 greater than or equal to about 99%.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a compound of Formula (I), wherein the compound is Compound 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the preparation has a moisture content (e.g., water content) of less than or equal to about 0.1%.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a compound of Formula (I), wherein the compound is Compound 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the preparation has a diastereomeric excess of Compound 2 greater than or equal to about 99% and a moisture content (e.g., water content) of less than or equal to about 0.1%.
  • a moisture content e.g., water content
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., Form A) that has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks, expressed in terms of 2 ⁇ , at one or more of the following angles: about 7.67°, about 12.52°, about 13.49°, and about 19.31°, and the preparation has a diastereomeric excess of Compound 2 greater than or equal to about 99% and a moisture content (e.g., water content) of less than or equal to about 0.1%.
  • a moisture content e.g., water content
  • the pharmaceutical preparation comprises a solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (e.g., Form B) that has a melting point in the range of 185° C. to about 205° C. and an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks, expressed in terms of 2 ⁇ , at one or more of the following angles: about 9.78°, about 12.98°, about 19.20°, and about 19.67°, and the preparation has a diastereomeric excess of Compound 2 greater than or equal to about 99% and a moisture content (e.g., water content) of less than or equal to about 0.1%.
  • a moisture content e.g., water content
  • Compounds of Formula (I) include molecules having an aqueous solubility suitable for oral or parenteral (e.g., intravenous) administration leading to or resulting in the treatment of a disorder described herein, for example the treatment of pain.
  • the compound is formulated into a composition suitable for oral administration.
  • the potency in inhibiting the TRPA1 ion channel of compounds of Formula (I) described herein was measured using the method of Example 33.
  • Table 14 discloses the TRPA1 inhibition in vitro potency of exemplary compounds (measured by the method of Example 33).
  • Preferred compounds of Formula (I) include compounds that inhibit the TRPA1 ion channel with a IC 50 value obtained by the method of Example 33 of less than about 100 nM (preferably, less than about 75 nM, more preferably less than about 25 nM).
  • Compounds of Formula (I) can inhibit the TRPA1 ion channel.
  • a compound of Formula (I) can be administered as part of an oral or parenteral (e.g., intravenous) pharmaceutical composition to treat a disorder described herein (e.g., pain) in a therapeutically effective manner.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
  • the present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention.
  • the invention includes racemic mixtures, enantiomerically enriched mixtures, and substantially enantiomerically or diastereomerically pure compounds.
  • the composition can contain, e.g., more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, or more than 99% of a single enantiomer or diastereomer. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
  • the compounds described herein may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
  • the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium ( 3 H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds disclosed herein, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. For example, deuterated compounds and compounds incorporated 13 C are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention.
  • Certain compounds disclosed herein can exist in unsolvated forms as well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds disclosed herein may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • compositions containing compounds described herein such as a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be used to treat or ameliorate a disorder described herein, for example, a disorder responsive to the inhibition of the TRPA1 ion channel in subjects (e.g., humans and animals).
  • the amount and concentration of compounds of Formula (I) in the pharmaceutical compositions, as well as the quantity of the pharmaceutical composition administered to a subject, can be selected based on clinically relevant factors, such as medically relevant characteristics of the subject (e.g., age, weight, gender, other medical conditions, and the like), the solubility of compounds in the pharmaceutical compositions, the potency and activity of the compounds, and the manner of administration of the pharmaceutical compositions.
  • medically relevant characteristics of the subject e.g., age, weight, gender, other medical conditions, and the like
  • solubility of compounds in the pharmaceutical compositions e.g., the solubility of compounds in the pharmaceutical compositions
  • the potency and activity of the compounds e.g., the solubility of compounds in the pharmaceutical compositions
  • the potency and activity of the compounds e.g., the solubility of compounds in the pharmaceutical compositions
  • the manner of administration of the pharmaceutical compositions e.g., administration of the pharmaceutical compositions.
  • a compound disclosed herein While it is possible for a compound disclosed herein to be administered alone, it is preferable to administer the compound as a pharmaceutical formulation, where the compound is combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.
  • the compounds disclosed herein may be formulated for administration in any convenient way for use in human or veterinary medicine.
  • the compound included in the pharmaceutical preparation may be active itself, or may be a prodrug, e.g., capable of being converted to an active compound in a physiological setting.
  • phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: (1) sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; (2) starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; (3) cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; (4) powdered tragacanth; (5) malt; (6) gelatin; (7) talc; (8) excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; (9) oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; (10) glycols, such as propylene glycol; (11) polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; (12) esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; (13) agar; (14) buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; (15) algin
  • antioxidants examples include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), le
  • Solid dosage forms can include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; (7) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol
  • Liquid dosage forms can include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such
  • Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • Ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to an active compound, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
  • Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration.
  • the amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
  • the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres.
  • compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions that can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
  • These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
  • the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that may be required.
  • the formulations disclosed herein can be delivered via a device.
  • Exemplary devices include, but are not limited to, a catheter, wire, stent, or other intraluminal device. Further exemplary delivery devices also include a patch, bandage, mouthguard, or dental apparatus.
  • Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound disclosed herein to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • Ophthalmic formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • the absorption of the drug in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
  • Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissue.
  • the compounds disclosed herein are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5 to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the formulations can be administered topically, orally, transdermally, rectally, vaginally, parenterally, intranasally, intrapulmonary, intraocularly, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraarterially, intrathecally, intracapsularly, intraorbitally, intracardiacly, intradermally, intraperitoneally, transtracheally, subcutaneously, subcuticularly, intraarticularly, subcapsularly, subarachnoidly, intraspinally, intrasternally or by inhalation.
  • One specific embodiment is an antitussive composition for peroral administration comprising an agent that inhibits both a TRPA1-mediated current with an IC 50 of 1 micromolar or less, and an orally-acceptable pharmaceutical carrier in the form of an aqueous-based liquid, or solid dissolvable in the mouth, selected from the group consisting of syrup, elixer, suspension, spray, lozenge, chewable lozenge, powder, and chewable tablet.
  • Such antitussive compositions can include one or more additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptom selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, expectorants, and NK1, NK2 and NK3 tachykinin receptor antagonists.
  • additional agents for treating cough, allergy or asthma symptom selected from the group consisting of: antihistamines, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, leukotriene inhibitors, H3 inhibitors, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, xanthine derivatives, ⁇ -adrenergic receptor agonists, mast cell stabilizers, expectorants, and NK1, NK2 and NK3 tachykinin receptor antagonists.
  • Still another embodiment is a metered dose aerosol dispenser containing an aerosol pharmaceutical composition for pulmonary or nasal delivery comprising an agent that inhibits a TRPA1-mediated current with an IC 50 of 1 micromolar or less.
  • an agent that inhibits a TRPA1-mediated current with an IC 50 of 1 micromolar or less can be a metered dose inhaler, a dry powder inhaler or an air-jet nebulizer.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound disclosed herein employed, or the ester, salt or amide thereof, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the particular compound being employed, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • the physician or veterinarian could start doses of the compounds of the invention employed in the pharmaceutical composition at levels lower than that required in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and gradually increase the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.
  • a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect. Such an effective dose will generally depend upon the factors described above.
  • intravenous, intracerebroventricular, intrathecal and subcutaneous doses of the compounds described herein for a subject will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.
  • the dose can be 1-50, 1-25, or 5-10 mg/kg.
  • oral doses of the compounds described herein for a subject will range from about 1 to about 1,000 mg/day (e.g., from about 5 to about 500 mg/day.
  • the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms.
  • the compounds described herein can be used to treat or prevent a disorder described herein.
  • compounds with TRPA1 inhibitory activity are provided herein for the prevention, treatment, or alleviating symptoms of a disease or condition associated with TRPAL
  • Compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of Formula (I) can be administered to treat disorders, conditions, or diseases described herein such as those treatable by the inhibition of TRPAL
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful as a perioperative analgesic, for example in the management of mild to moderate acute post-operative pain and management of moderate to severe acute pain as an adjunct to opioid analgesics.
  • compositions comprising a therapeutically-effective dose of compounds of Formula (I) can be administered to a patient for treatment of pain in a clinically safe and effective manner, including one or more separate administrations of the pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of Formula (I). Additional exemplary methods include the treatment of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) and chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN).
  • PDN peripheral diabetic neuropathy
  • CIPN chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective dose of compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can be administered (e.g., intravenously) to a subject in need thereof multiple times per day (e.g., BID) over a course of treatment of one or more days to treat pain in the subject.
  • compositions comprising compounds of Formula (I) can also be used to treat or ameliorate pulmonary conditions, such as obstructive diseases, e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma (e.g., cold induced asthma, exercise-induced asthma, allergy-induced asthma, and occupational asthma), and cough.
  • obstructive diseases e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • asthma e.g., cold induced asthma, exercise-induced asthma, allergy-induced asthma, and occupational asthma
  • a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound that is the lowest dose able to produce a therapeutic effect.
  • Such an effective dose will generally depend upon various factors.
  • oral, sublingual, rectal, intravenous, topical, transdermal, inhaled and intracerebroventricular doses of the compounds of this invention for a patient will range from about 0.0001 to about 100 mg per kilogram of body weight per day.
  • the dose can be 1-50, 1-25, or 5-10 mg/kg.
  • a therapeutically effective dose will be from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg per kg of body weight, more preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg per kg of body weight of the patient to be treated. It may be appropriate to administer the therapeutically effective dose in the form of two or more sub-doses at appropriate intervals throughout the day. Said sub-doses may be formulated as unit dosage forms, for example each containing from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, more particularly from about 1 to about 500 mg, of the active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • the exact dosage and frequency of administration depends on the particular compound of formula (I) used, the particular condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the age, weight and general physical condition of the particular patient as well as the other medication the patient may be taking, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Furthermore, said “therapeutically effective amount” may be lowered or increased depending on the response of the treated patient and/or depending on the evaluation of the physician prescribing the compounds of the instant invention.
  • the effective daily amount ranges mentioned hereinabove are therefore only guidelines. A physician or veterinarian having ordinary skill in the art can readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) that are useful in the modulation of TRPA1 can be used in the formulation of analgesic pharmaceuticals suitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain in mammals, especially in humans.
  • Endogenous activators of TRPA1 are produced during many pathological conditions including tissue injury, inflammation, and metabolic stress.
  • Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered to treat pain resulting from activation of TRPA1 including neuropathic pain.
  • Relevant neuropathic pain conditions include, but are not limited to, painful diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, lower back pain, trigeminal neuralgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, sciatica, and complex regional pain syndrome
  • compositions and methods provided herein may also be used in connection with treatment of in the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory pain.
  • disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, temperomandibular disorder.
  • the compositions and methods provided herein may be used to treat headache pain, e.g., migraine.
  • Disclosed compounds also may be useful in the treatment of visceral pain and inflammation.
  • Relevant diseases include pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, pelvic pain, and angina.
  • Additional exemplary pain indications for which compounds disclosed herein can be used include temperomandibular disorder, cancer pain (resulting either from the underlying disease or from the treatments), burn pain, oral pain, oral pain due to cancer treatment, crush and injury induced pain, incisional pain, bone pain, sickle cell disease pain, fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal pain.
  • TRPA1 has been show to play a role in cancer related pain (see, e.g., Trevisan et al., Cancer Res (2013) 73(10):3120-3131); postoperative pain (see, e.g., Wei et al, Anasthesiology (2012) 117:137-148); pathological pain (see, e.g., Chen et al, Pain (2011) 152:2549-2556); and pain related to chemical injury (see, e.g., Macpherson et al, J Neurosci (2007) 27(42):11412-11415).
  • Hyperalgesia e.g., mechanical hyperalegsia, cold hyperalegsia
  • increased sensitivity to pain e.g., acute, chronic
  • Multiple Chemical Sensitivity is a disorder linked to chemical exposure with multi-organ symptoms including respiratory symptoms and headache.
  • Allodynia e.g., cutaneous allodynia, e.g., cephalic, extracephalic
  • cutaneous allodynia e.g., cephalic, extracephalic
  • hyperalgesia which generally refers to an extreme, exaggerated reaction to a stimulus which is normally painful.
  • TRPA1 The compounds of Formula (I) that are useful in the modulation of TRPA1 can be used in the formulation of pharmaceuticals suitable for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of migraine in mammals, especially in humans. Exposure to TRPA1 activators has been shown to trigger migraine in susceptible populations. Such activators include but are not limited to umbellulone, nitroglycerin, cigarette smoke, and formaldehyde. Accordingly, TRPA1 antagonists of the invention represent a significant possible therapeutic for the treatment of both chronic and acute migraine.
  • compositions and methods provided herein may also be used in connection with treatment of inflammatory diseases.
  • diseases include but are not limited to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, glomerulonephritis, neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, and disorders of the immune system.
  • TRPA1 has been show to play a role in pancreatic pain and inflammation (see, e.g., Schwartz et al., Gastroenterology (2011) 140(4):1283-1291).
  • Peripheral neuropathy for example diabetic neuropathy (e.g., painful diabetic neuropathy), is a particular condition that involves both a neuronal and an inflammatory component.
  • the TRPA1 antagonists of the invention may be useful in treating peripheral neuropathies including, but not limited to, diabetic neuropathy.
  • the subject inhibitors may also be useful in reducing the pain associated with peripheral neuropathy.
  • TRPA1 has been show to play a role in neuropathy and neuropathic pain (see, e.g., Wei et al, Anesthesiology (2009) 111:147-54; Koivisto et al., Pharmacol Res (2011) 65:149-158).
  • Neurogenic inflammation often occurs when neuronal hyperexcitability leads to the release of peptides that trigger inflammation. These peptides include substance P and CGRP. Blocking TRPA1 would reduce neuronal activity and thus could block neurogenic inflammation. For example, neurogenic inflammation in the respiratory tract, can result in asthma and allergic rhinitis symptoms, and neurogenic inflammation in the dura may also mediate migraine pain.
  • Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas.
  • the pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and close to the duodenum. Normally, digestive enzymes do not become active until they reach the small intestine, where they begin digesting food. But if these enzymes become active inside the pancreas, they start “digesting” the pancreas itself.
  • TRPA1 has been show to play a role in pancreatic pain and inflammation (see, e.g., Schwartz et al., Gastroenterology (2011) 140(4):1283-1291.).
  • Acute pancreatitis is usually, although not exclusively, caused by gallstones or by alcohol abuse.
  • Acute pancreatitis usually begins with pain in the upper abdomen that may last for a few days. The pain may be severe and may become constant. The pain may be isolated to the abdomen or it may reach to the back and other areas. Sometimes, and for some patients, the pain is sudden and intense. Other times, or for other patients, the pain begins as a mild pain that worsens after eating. Someone with acute pancreatitis often looks and feels very sick. Other symptoms may include swollen and tender abdomen, nausea, vomiting, fever, and rapid pulse. Severe cases of acute pancreatitis may cause dehydration and low blood pressure, and may even lead to organ failure, internal bleeding, or death.
  • amylase and lipase are often increased by at least 3-fold. Changes may also occur in blood levels of glucose, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
  • the current treatment depends on the severity of the attack. Treatment, in general, is designed to support vital bodily functions, manage pain, and prevent complications. Although acute pancreatitis typically resolved in a few days, pain management during an attack is often required.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be used to relieve the pain associated with acute pancreatitis.
  • Chronic pancreatitis may develop if injury to the pancreas continues. Chronic pancreatitis occurs when digestive enzymes attack and destroy the pancreas and nearby tissues, causing scarring and pain. Chronic pancreatitis may be caused by alcoholism, or by blocked, damaged, or narrowed pancreatic ducts. Additionally, hereditary factors appear to influence the disease, and in certain cases, there is no identifiable cause (so called idiopathic pancreatitis).
  • Relieving pain is the first step in treating chronic pancreatitis. Once the pain has been managed, a high carbohydrate and low fat dietary plan is put in place. Pancreatic enzymes may be used to help compensate for decrease enzyme production from the injured pancreas. Sometimes insulin or other drugs are needed to control blood glucose.
  • pain is often thought to result from a variety of causes, including elevated intrapancreatic pressure, ischemia, and fibrosis. Without being bound by theory, however, these phenomena are not likely the underlying cause of the pain. Rather, pain may result from a background of neuronal sensitization induced by damage to the perineurium and subsequent exposure of the nerves to mediators and products of inflammation.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can be used to manage the pain associated with chronic pancreatitis; they can be used alone or as part of an overall therapeutic treatment plan to manage patients with chronic pancreatitis.
  • the compounds can be administered with pancreatic enzymes and/or insulin as part of a therapeutic regimen designed to manage patients with chronic pancreatitis.
  • Cancer treatments are not only painful, but they may even be toxic to healthy tissue. Some chemotherapeutic agents can cause painful neuropathy. Accordingly, the compounds disclosed herein could represent a significant possible therapeutic for the treatment of the pain and/or inflammation associated with cancer treatments that cause neuropathy.
  • a major function of prostaglandins is to protect the gastric mucosa. Included in this function is the modulation of intracellular calcium level in human gastric cells which plays a critical role in cell proliferation. Consequently, inhibition of prostaglandins by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can inhibit calcium influx in gastric cells (Kokoska et al. (1998) Surgery (St Louis) 124(2):429-437). The NSAIDs that relieve inflammation most effectively also produce the greatest gastrointestinal damage (Canadian Family Physician, 5 Jan. 1998, p. 101). Thus, the ability to independently modulate calcium channels in specific cell types may help to alleviate such side effect of anti-inflammatory therapy. Additionally or alternatively, administration of TRPA1 inhibitory compounds disclosed herein may be used in combination with NSAIDs, thus promoting pain relief using reduced dosage of NSAIDs.
  • TRPA1 may mediate ongoing nociception in chronic pancreatitis; and may be involved in transforming acute into chronic inflammation and hyperalgesia in pancreatitis. TRPA1 may also mediate irritation and burning in the e.g., nasal and oral mucosa and respiratory lining.
  • TRPA1 antagonists also have utility in the prevention of neuropathy associated with diabetes, chemical injury, chemotherapy, medicines such as statins, HIV/AIDS, Fabry's disease, vitamin deficiency, inherited polyneuropathy such as Marie-Charcot Tooth disease, and trauma.
  • Peripheral neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis may also be amenable to treatment with a TRPA1 antagonist.
  • compositions and methods provided herein may also be used in connection with the treatment of pulmonary diseases, including, but not limited to, asthma (including exercise-induced asthma, atopic asthma, allergic asthma), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, bronchiolitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, bronchiolitis obliterans (popcorn worker lung), diseases due to chemical exposure including exposures to diacetyl, formaldehyde, and other irritants.
  • asthma including exercise-induced asthma, atopic asthma, allergic asthma
  • COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease
  • emphysema cystic fibrosis
  • bronchiectasis bronchiolitis
  • allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis bronchiolitis obliterans (popcorn worker lung)
  • diseases due to chemical exposure including exposures to diacetyl, formaldehyde,
  • tuberculosis restrictive lung disease including asbestosis, radiation fibrosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, infant respiratory distress syndrome, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic interstial pneumonia sarcoidosis, eosinophilic pneumonia, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, pulmonary Langerhan's cell histiocytosis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; respiratory tract infections including upper respiratory tract infections (e.g., common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis and laryngitis) and lower respiratory tract infections (e.g., pneumonia); respiratory tumors whether malignant (e.g., small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, carcinoid, mesothelioma, metastatic cancer of the lung, metastatic germ cell cancer, metastatic renal cell carcinoma) or benign (e.g., pulmonary ham
  • the present compounds can also be useful for treating, reducing, or preventing cough (with or without the production of sputum), cough associated with asthma, cough associated with influenza, coughing blood (haemoptysis), cough of unknown etiology, allergy-induced cough, and cough due to chemical exposures.
  • compositions and methods provided herein may also be used in connection with the treatment of itch.
  • Indications include, but are not limited to, conditions triggered by exposure to exogenous chemicals such as contact dermatitis, poison ivy, itch due to cancer including lymphomas, itch caused by medications such as chloroquine, itch due to reactive drug metabolites or itch due to dry skin.
  • Additional exemplary indications include atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, hives, eczema, dyshidrotic eczema, mouth ulcers, diaper rash.
  • Itch, or acute pruritus while serving an important protective function by e.g., warning against harmful agents in the environment, can also be a debilitating condition that e.g., accompanies numerous skin, systemic and nervous system disorders.
  • Some forms of itch are mediated by histamine signaling as such are susceptible to treatment with e.g., antihistamines. However, most pathophysiological itch conditions are insensitive to antihistamine treatment.
  • Compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered to treat itch.
  • Atopic dermatitis is a chronic itch and inflammatory disorder of the skin. Patients with severe AD can develop asthma and allergic rhinitis, also known as atopic march. Skin rash and pruritus may be associated with atopic disease.
  • Chronic itch e.g., in AD and psoriasis; includes pathophysiological hallmarks such as robust scratching, extensive epidermal hyperplasia from e.g., eczema, kidney failure, cirrhosis, nervous system disorders, some cancers.
  • Allergic contact dermatitis is a common skin disease associated with inflammation and persistent pruritus.
  • Methods as disclosed herein may inhibit skin edema, keratinocyte hyperplasia, nerve growth, leukocyte infiltration, and antihistamine-resistant scratching behavior.
  • Methods as disclosed herein may inhibit allergic response to e.g., exogenous stimulants, e.g., haptens, oxazolone, urushiol (e.g., from poison ivy).
  • Compounds that antagonize TRPA1 function may be useful in the prophylaxis and treatment of any of the foregoing injuries, diseases, disorders, or conditions.
  • their efficacy can be readily tested in one or more animal models.
  • Compounds or procedures that may reduce pain in the animals can be readily tested by observing behavioral characteristics of challenged animals in the presence versus the absence of the test compound(s) or procedure.
  • Exemplary behavioral tests used to study chronic pain include tests of spontaneous pain, allodynia, and hyperalgesia. Id. To assess spontaneous pain, posture, gait, nocifensive signs (e.g., paw licking, excessive grooming, excessive exploratory behavior, guarding of the injured body part, and self-mutilation) can be observed. To measure evoked pain, behavioral responses can be examined following exposure to heat (e.g., thermal injury model).
  • heat e.g., thermal injury model
  • Exemplary animal models of pain include, but are not limited to, the models described in the Trevisan model, and the Koivisto references including streptozotocin induced painful diabetic neuropathy, bortexomib induced peripheral neuropathy and oxaliplatin induced peripheral neuropathy; the Chung model, the spared nerve injury model, the carageenan induced hyperalgesia model, the Freund's complete adjuvant induced hyperalgesia model, the thermal injury model, the formalin model and the Bennett Model.
  • chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy model involves the induction if a CIPN phenotype in mice by treatment with bortexomib or oxaliplatin (Trevisan et al, Cancer Res (2013) 73: 3120-3131).
  • Treatment of an animal with an inhibitor of TRPA1 can be evaluated using any of a variety of nociceptive tests such as the Von Frey hair test, the hot plate test, cold simulation, chemical hyperalgesia, or the rotarod test.
  • the model of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in the Koivisto reference involves induction of diabetes mellitus (DM) in rats with streptozotocin, and assessing axon reflex induced by intraplantar injection of a TRPA1 agonist (Koivisto et al., Phannacol Res (2011) 65:149-158). Treatment with a compound that inhibits TRPA1 can be evaluated for the reduction in DM-induced attenuation of the cutaneous axon reflex.
  • the Chung model of neuropathic pain involves ligating one or more spinal nerves (see, e.g., Chung et al. Methods Mol Med (2004) 99: 35-45; Kim and Chung, Pain (1992) 50: 355-363). Ligation of the spinal nerves results in a variety of behavioral changes in the animals including heat hyperalgesia, cold allodynia, and ongoing pain. Compounds that antagonize TRPA1 can be administered to ligated animals to assess whether they diminish these ligation-induced behavioral changes in comparison to that observed in the absence of compound.
  • Carageenan induced hyperalgesia and Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) induced hyperalgesia are models of inflammatory pain (see, e.g., Walker et al. J Phannacol Exp Ther (2003) 304:56-62; McGaraughty et al. Br J Pharmacol (2003) 140:1381-1388; Honore et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2005) 314:410-421).
  • Compounds that antagonize TRPA1 can be administered to carrageenan or CFA challenged animals to assess whether they diminish cold, mechanical or heat hypersensitivity in comparison to that observed in the absence of compound.
  • the ability of compounds that antagonize TRPA1 function to diminish cold and/or mechanical hypersensitivity can also be assessed in these models.
  • the carrageenan induced hyperalgesia model is believed to mimic acute inflammatory pain and the CFA model is believed to mimic chronic pain and chronic inflammatory pain.
  • Exemplary models of inflammatory pain include the rat model of intraplantar bradykinin injection. Briefly, the baseline thermal sensitivity of the animals is assessed on a Hargreave's apparatus. TRPA1 blockers are then administered systemically. Bradykinin is subsequently injected into the paw and a hyperalgesia is allowed to develop. Thermal escape latency is then measured at multiple time points over the next few hours (Chuang et al., 2001; Vale et al., 2004).
  • Inflammation is often an important contributing factor to pain. As such, it is useful to identify compounds that act as anti-inflammatories. Many compounds that reduce neural activity also prevent neurogenic inflammation. To measure inflammation directly, the volume of a rat paw can be assessed using a plethysmometer. After baseline measurement is taken, carrageenan can be injected into the paw and the volume can be monitored over the course of hours in animals that have been treated with vehicle or drug. Drugs that reduce the paw swelling are considered to be anti-inflammatory.
  • Migraines are associated with significant pain and inability to complete normal tasks.
  • Several models of migraine exist including the rat neurogenic inflammation model (see e.g., Buzzi et al Br J Phannacol (1990) 99:202-206) and the Burstein Model (see, e.g., Strassman et al., Nature (1996) 384: 560-564).
  • the Bennett model uses prolonged ischemia of the paw to mirror chronic pain (see, e.g., Xanthos et al. J Pain (2004) 5: S1). This provides an animal model for chronic pain including post-operative pain, complex regional pain syndrome, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Prolonged ischemia induces behavioral changes in the animals including hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli, sensitivity to cold, pain behaviors (e.g., paw shaking, licking, and/or favoring), and hyperpathia. Compounds that antagonize TRPA1 can be administered to challenged animals to assess whether they diminish any or all of these behaviors in comparison to that observed in the absence of compound. Similar experiments can be conducted in a thermal injury or UV-burn model which can be used to mimic post-operative pain.
  • Additional models of neuropathic pain include central pain models based on spinal cord injury.
  • Chronic pain is generated by inducing a spinal cord injury, for example, by dropping a weight on a surgically exposed area of spinal cord (e.g., weight-drop model).
  • Spinal cord injury can additionally be induced by crushing or compressing the spinal cord, by delivering neurotoxin, using photochemicals, or by hemisecting the spinal cord.
  • Additional models of neuropathic pain include peripheral nerve injury models.
  • Exemplary models include, but are not limited to, the neuroma model, the Bennett model, the Seltzer model, the Chung model (ligation at either L5 or L5/L6), the sciatic cryoneurolysis model, the inferior caudal trunk resection model, and the sciatic inflammatory neuritis model. Id.
  • Exemplary models of neuropathic pain associated with particular diseases are also available.
  • Diabetes and shingles are two diseases often accompanied by neuropathic pain. Even following an acute shingles episodes, some patients continue to suffer from postherpetic neuralgia and experience persistent pain lasting years.
  • Neuropathic pain caused by shingles and/or postherpetic neuralgia can be studied in the postherpetic neuralgia model (PHN).
  • PPN postherpetic neuralgia model
  • Diabetic neuropathy can be studied in diabetic mouse models, as well as chemically induced models of diabetic neuropathy.
  • cancer pain may have any of a number of causes, and numerous animal models exist to examine cancer pain related to, for example, chemotherapeutics or tumor infiltration.
  • exemplary models of toxin-related cancer pain include the vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy model, the taxol-induced peripheral neuropathy model, and the cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy model.
  • An exemplary model of cancer pain caused by tumor infiltration is the cancer invasion pain model (CIP). Id.
  • FBC mouse femur bone cancer pain model
  • CBC mouse calcaneus bone cancer pain model
  • TBC rat tibia bone cancer model
  • an additional model of pain is the formalin model
  • the formalin model involves injection of an irritant intradermally or intraperitoneally into an animal. Injection of formalin, a 37 percent solution of formaldehyde, is the most commonly used agent for intradermal paw injection (the formalin test). Injection of a 0.5 to 15 percent solution of formalin (usually about 3.5%) into the dorsal or plantar surface of the fore- or hindpaw produces a biphasic painful response of increasing and decreasing intensity for about 60 minutes after the injection. Typical responses include the paw being lifted, licked, nibbled, or shaken. These responses are considered nociceptive.
  • the initial phase of the response (also known as the Early Phase), which lasts 3 to 5 minutes, is probably due to direct chemical stimulation of nociceptors. This is followed by 10 to 15 minutes during which animals display little behavior suggestive of nociception.
  • the second phase of this response (also known as the Late Phase) starts about 15 to 20 minutes after the formalin injection and lasts 20 to 40 minutes, initially rising with both number and frequency of nociceptive behaviors, reaching a peak, then falling off. The intensities of these nociceptive behaviors are dependent on the concentration of formalin used.
  • the second phase involves a period of sensitization during which inflammatory phenomena occur.
  • the two phases of responsiveness to formalin injection makes the formalin model an appropriate model for studying nociceptive and acute inflammatory pain. It may also model, in some respects, neuropathic pain.
  • compounds that antagonize TRPA1 function can be tested in one or more models of acute pain (see, e.g., Valenzano et al. (2005) Neuropharmacology 48:658-672). Regardless of whether compounds are tested in models of chronic pain, acute pain, or both, these studies are typically (though not exclusively) conducted, for example, in mice, rats, or guinea pigs. Additionally, compounds can be tested in various cell lines that provide in vitro assays of pain.
  • guinea pigs serve as a useful animal model for cough because, unlike other rodents such as mice and rats, guinea pigs actually cough. Furthermore, guinea pig coughing appears to mimic human coughing in terms of the posture, behavior, and appearance of the coughing animal.
  • a cough suppressing agent for example a compound that inhibits TRPA1
  • the effectiveness of a cough suppressing agent can be measured by administering the agent and assessing the ability of the agent to decrease the number of coughs elicited by exposure to citric acid, capsaicin, or other similar cough-inducing agent. In this way, TRPA1 inhibitors for use in the treatment of cough can be readily evaluated and identified.
  • Additional models of cough may also include the unconscious guinea pig model (see, e.g., Rouget et al. (2004) Br J Pharmacol 141: 1077-1083). Either of the foregoing models can be adapted for use with other animals capable of coughing. Exemplary additional animals capable of coughing include cats and dogs.
  • Compounds of the invention may be tested in multiple models of asthma.
  • One example is the murine ovalbumin model of asthma (see, e.g., Caceres A I et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . (2009) 106(22):9099-104).
  • ovalbumin is injected into the intraperitoneal cavity several times over 2 weeks. Sometime in the third week, animals are challenged with intranasal ovalbumin an airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and inflammatory cytokine production may be measured. Compounds are dosed during the challenge phase of the model. Trpa1 knock-out mice may be substituted into the above models as reported by Caceres et al.
  • Additional models may include the Brown Norway rat model and the C57BL/6J mouse model of asthma as described in Raemdonck et al. (Raemdonck K et al., Thorax (2012) January; 67(1):19-25). Briefly Brown Norway rats and C57BL/6J mice may be sensitized and challenged with aerosol delivered ovalbumin. Once sensitivity is confirmed by a decrease in lung function as measured by whole body plethysmograph readings, compounds of the invention may be administered. Visual and audible signs of respiratory distress including wheezing may also be present.
  • Trpa1 knock-out mice receive topical administrations of oxazolone or urushiol to induce dermatitis and itch responses.
  • Epidermis thickness may also be measured by taking ear punches and measurements of challenged areas compared with untreated ears.
  • In vivo treatment compounds may be determined by administering compounds to the animals prior to or after ozazolone or urushiol treatments. Scratching behaviors are recorded by video cameras positioned above observation chambers. Observers blind to treatment groups record the time animals spend scratching over the course of thirty minutes.
  • An alternative mouse model of dry-skin evoking itch involves administration of acetone, ether, and water to the mouse as reported by Wilson et al. (Wilson S R et al., J Neurosci (2013) 33(22):9283-94)
  • the area to be treated is shaved and mice receive topical administration of acetone and ether twice daily on the area to be observed, e.g. cheek or caudal back.
  • In vivo efficacy of treatment compounds may be determined by administering compounds to the animals prior to or after acetone and ether administration. Scratching behavior is recorded by camera for a period of 20 minutes and quantified by observers blind to treatment groups.
  • pruritus may be induced by direct injection of an agent that causes itch.
  • agents may be found in Akayimo and Carstens, 2013. Some examples are: chloroquine (Wilson et al., 2011), bile acids, TSLP (Wilson et al., 2013), and IL-31 (Cevikbas et al., 2014).
  • scratching bouts in a defined period are recorded by an observed blinded to treatment group.
  • Models of incontinence include the rat bladder outflow obstruction model (see, e.g., Pandita, R K, and Andersson K E. J Urol (1999) 162: 943-948).
  • Inflammatory models include injection of mustard oil into the bladder.
  • varying concentrations of compound can be administered to rats following surgical partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).
  • BOO surgical partial bladder outlet obstruction
  • Efficacy of the varying doses of TRPA1 inhibitory compound can be compared to controls administered excipients alone (sham control).
  • Efficacy can further be compared to rats administered a positive control, such as atropine.
  • Atropine is expected to decrease bladder over-activity following partial bladder outlet obstruction in the BOO model.
  • compounds in the BOO model compounds can be administered directly to the bladder or urethra (e.g., by catheter) or compounds can be administered systemically (e.g., orally, intraveneously, intraperitoneally, etc).
  • a TRPA1 inhibitor can be administered following or concurrently with delivery of dibutylin dichloride.
  • Control animals can be administered a carrier or a known pain reliever. Indicia of pain can be measured.
  • Efficacy of a TRPA1 inhibitor can be evaluated by comparing the indicia of pain observed in animals receiving a TRPA1 inhibitor to that of animals that did not receive a TRPA1 inhibitor. Additionally, efficacy of a TRPA1 inhibitor can be compared to that of known pain medicaments.
  • Lu et al. also described direct behavioral assays for pancreatic pain using acute noxious stimulation of the pancreas via an indwelling ductal cannula in awake and freely moving rats. These assays included cage crossing, rearing, and hind limb extension in response to intrapancreatic bradykinin infusion. Intrathecal administration of either D-APV (NMDA receptor antagonist) or morphine alone partially reduced visceral pain behaviors in this model. Combinations of both reduced pain behaviors to baseline. The efficacy of a TRPA1 inhibitor can similarly be tested in this system.
  • D-APV NMDA receptor antagonist
  • morphine partially reduced visceral pain behaviors in this model. Combinations of both reduced pain behaviors to baseline.
  • TRPA1 inhibitor can similarly be tested in this system.
  • any of the foregoing animal models may be used to evaluate the efficacy of a TRPA1 inhibitor in treating pain associated with pancreatitis.
  • the efficacy can be compared to a no treatment or placebo control. Additionally or alternatively, efficacy can be evaluated in comparison to one or more known pain relieving medicaments.
  • Pd/C palladium on activated carbon generally 10% palladium load PE petroleum ether RT room temperature TBAI tetrabutylammonium iodide TEA triethylamine TFA trifluoroacetic acid TLC thin layer chromatography THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Step 1 (S)-methyl 2-(3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoate
  • Methyl (S)-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoate (7.16 kg, crude syrup from two batches from Steps 1 and 2) was transferred to a rotary evaporator bulb. Vacuum was applied and the bulb was rotated with a bath temperature of 30-40° C. until no more methylene chloride was distilled. Separately, a solution of 3N aqueous HCl (32 L, 4.5 equiv, based on 4 kg of theophylline) was prepared. The residue from the rotary evaporator bulb was transferred to a 50 L reactor.
  • the bulb was rinsed with small portions of 3N HCl to remove all crude ester and transferred to the reactor, and the remaining 3N HCl was charged to the reactor.
  • the reaction mixture was heated at 70-75° C. for at least 16 h.
  • the reaction status at 16 h was checked by HPLC analysis of a small aliquot, and was deemed complete when the amount of ester was less than 10% compared to the acid product.
  • the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature with stirring for at least 16 h.
  • the product was collected on a Buchner funnel and the solids were washed with ice-cold deionized water (2 ⁇ 2 L). The solids were dried on the vacuum funnel overnight until the mixture became a free-flowing solid (2.95 Kg).
  • the crude product was 93.8% pure by HPLC analysis.
  • the hot mixture was carefully transferred from the 22 L vessel through a filter funnel containing a glass microfiber filter into a clean 50 L reactor. This process was repeating two more times with 1 kg of the crude acid, each time filtering into the same 50 L reactor.
  • the reactor was allowed to cool to below 30° C. with stirring.
  • the solids were filtered and the product was washed with ice-cold deionized water (2 ⁇ 2 L).
  • the product was dried at least 12 h on the filter funnel, then it was transferred to a vacuum oven and dried to a constant weight to afford (S)-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoic acid (2.25 kg).
  • the purified product was 99.31% pure by HPLC and had an enantiomeric purity of 100% by chiral HPLC.
  • the overall yield of pure (S)-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoic acid based on the theophylline starting material was 42.4%.
  • Step 5 (S)-5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine
  • reaction vessel equipped with mechanical stirring, reflux condenser, nitrogen inlet, thermocouple, and an external heating mantle was charged with dioxane (8 L) and gentle stirring was initiated.
  • the reaction was charged with (S)-5-bromo-2-(2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyrimidine (1600 g, 5.40 mol), 4,4,4′,4′,5,5,5′,5′-octamethyl-2,2′-bi(1,3,2-dioxaborolane) (2058 g, 8.11 mol), and potassium acetate (1059 g, 10.81 mol).
  • Additional dioxane (17 L) was added and nitrogen gas was bubbled through the mixture.
  • Bis-(triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride catalyst (113.7 g, 0.161 mol) was added to the reaction.
  • the reaction was heated with nitrogen still bubbling through the mixture. When the reaction temperature reached 50° C., nitrogen was no longer bubbled through the mixture. However a nitrogen atmosphere was maintained, venting through the condenser.
  • the reaction temperature was increased to 95 to 100° C. and maintained at this temperature until HPLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete, after about 16-24 h.
  • the reaction was cooled to no less than 60° C., and transferred via peristaltic pump into a reactor containing 38 volumes of water. The transfer line was rinsed with 0.25 to 1.50 vol of dioxane. Additional water was added to the reactor when appropriate to facilitate product crystallization.
  • Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (230 g 0.2 mol) was added, and the residual catalyst was rinsed into the reaction vessel with dioxane (1 L). Heating was started, and nitrogen bubbling was continued until the mixture reached about 50° C. At this time the nitrogen tube was retracted above the surface of the solution, but nitrogen the nitrogen atmosphere was maintained, venting through the condenser. The temperature was increased to 85-90° C. and maintained until the reaction was complete (1-4 h) as determined by HPLC. The reaction was cooled to no less than 60n ° C., and water (18 L) was added while maintaining temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered hot through GF-B glass fiber paper into a filter bottle.
  • Step 7 (S)-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)-N-(2′-((S)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,5′-bipyrimidin-4-yl)propanamide
  • dichloromethane 20 L
  • (S)-2-(1,3-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-purin-7(6H)-yl)propanoic acid 1.0 kg, 3.96 mol
  • N,N-dimethylformamide 14.5 mL, 0.2 mol
  • Additional dichloromethane (10 L) was added and the stirred mixture was chilled to 10-15° C.
  • Oxalyl chloride (1.51 kg, 11.9 mol) was slowly added while maintaining the temperature below 25° C. The reaction was stirred 30-60 min at 25° C.
  • Bis-(triphenylphosphine) palladium chloride catalyst (107 g, 0.152 mol) was added with a dioxane rinse (0.5 L), and the reaction was heated to 50° C. At this point, nitrogen was no longer bubbled through the mixture, although a nitrogen atmosphere was maintained, venting through the condenser. The reaction temperature was further increased to 95 to 100° C. and maintained at this temperature until the reaction was complete as indicated by HPLC analysis (about 24 h).
  • the reaction was then cooled to 60° C. and 4-amino-2-chloropyrimidine (623 g, 4.81 mol), sodium carbonate (975 g, 9.2 mol), and water (7.5 L) were added. Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the solution for about 30-60 min, venting through the condenser. Tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (129 g 0.11 mol) was added, and the residual catalyst was rinsed into the reaction vessel with dioxane (0.5 L). Heating was restarted, and nitrogen bubbling was continued until the mixture reached about 50° C. At this time the nitrogen tube was retracted above the surface of the solution, but the nitrogen atmosphere was maintained, venting through the condenser.
  • the temperature was increased to 85-90° C. and maintained until the reaction was complete (1-24 h) as determined by HPLC. After cooling to no less than 60° C., water (15 L) was added while maintaining the temperature and the reaction mixture was filtered through GF-B glass fiber paper into a filter bottle. The filtrate was transferred while warm into a reactor, rinsing with 1:1 dioxane/water (0.5 to 3 L) as necessary, with the reactor jacket temperature set to 45° C. Water (42 L) was added to the reactor, and the mixture was slowly cooled to 5 ⁇ 5° C. Additional water was added to the reactor as needed to maximize crystallization, and the temperature was held at 5 ⁇ 5° C. for at least 2 hours.
  • Certain compounds of the invention produced solvate crystalline forms after slurry treatment in a solvent or combination of solvents (e.g., water, ethanol, or a combination thereof).
  • a solvent or combination of solvents e.g., water, ethanol, or a combination thereof.
  • Compound 2 produced a solvate crystalline form when slurried in ethanol or aqueous ethanol mixtures containing up to 3% water at room temperature, referred herein as Form A.
  • the solid crystalline product obtained from the slurry was indexed using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) to define the unit cell ( FIG. 1 ). The observed XPRD peaks are listed below in Table 1.
  • Drying of crystals of compound of Formula (I) obtained from slurry treatment was capable of producing alternate polymorphs.
  • vacuum treatment ⁇ 80° C. for one day
  • crystals of Compound 2 obtained from slurry treatment in 97% ethanol/3% water produced a stable, anhydrous solid crystalline form, referred to herein as Form B.
  • This resulting crystalline form was characterized by using a variety of methods, including XRPD, polarized light microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) with post-DVS XRPD.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • TGA thermal gravimetric analysis
  • DVD dynamic vapor sorption
  • FIG. 2 shows the XRPD pattern of a sample of the anhydrous solid crystalline form of Compound 2, and the observed peaks are listed below in Table 2.
  • the successful indexing of this sample indicates that it is composed of a single crystalline phase.
  • the sample was subjected to XRPD analysis again.
  • the resulting XRPD pattern matches the original indexed pattern shown in FIG. 2 .
  • DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
  • TGA thermal gravimetric analysis
  • the DSC shows a minor broad endotherm with a peak maximum at 48.5° C. which is often indicative of a volatilization event; however there is no corresponding weight loss event in the TGA.
  • the broad endotherm at 48.5° C. may indicate the presence of absorbed water in the sample during storage which is consistent with the moisture sorption (DVS) data.
  • the DSC also shows a broad endotherm with a calculated onset of 185.4° C. that likely corresponds to a melting event and coincides with a minor TGA weight loss of 0.1% weight indicating that the sample may contain a small amount of an unidentified volatile component.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates examples of XRPD patterns of the solid crystalline form of Compound 2 (Form B) recrystallized from ethanol and dried, before (light gray trace) and after micronization (dark gray trace trace) to a d 90 value of less than 10 microns.
  • solubilities for selected compounds of Formula (I) pH 4.0 pH 7.4 pH 9.0 solubility solubility solubility Compound ( ⁇ g/mL) ( ⁇ g/mL) ( ⁇ g/mL) 1 4 3 2 2 85 71 69 17 11 12 9 23 20 31 14 25 45 29 11 22 50 89 70 18 51 41 17 21 34 20 10.5 19 6 10 3.5
  • Three buffered solution systems were prepared: pH 4.0 prepared from 50 mM sodium acetate in a 5% dextrose in water solution, pH 7.4 prepared from 75 mM sodium phosphate in a 1:1 ratio of sterilized water for injection to a 5% dextrose in water solution, and pH 9.0 prepared from 50 mM sodium bicarbonate in a 1:2 ratio of sterilized water for injection to a 5% dextrose in water solution.
  • the samples were incubated on a microplate shaker at 300 rpm for 24 hours at ambient temperature. Following incubation, the samples were centrifuged for five minutes at 13 k rpm at ambient temperature. The resulting supernantant was extracted for HPLC analysis.
  • compounds of the invention may allow acceptable levels of drug to reach therapeutic targets.
  • Solubility of a micronized formulation of Compound 2 was further evaluated using McIlvain's citrate-phosphate buffer recipes (0.2M Na 2 HPO 4 and 0.1M citric acid) from pH 2.2 to 8.64. Samples were agitated for 30 hours and sampled, centrifuged, and analyzed by UPLC. The highest solubility was seen at pH 8.6 and 3.1 while the effect of pH was narrow ranging from 0.2 to 1.3 mg/ml. Results are shown in FIG. 10 .
  • Solubility was also determined in a fasted-state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) assay. Briefly, Compound 2 was added to the FaSSIF medium (bile salts, NaOH (0.420 g), NaH2PO4 (3.438 g), NaCl (6.186 g), pH to 6.5, at 25° C., and brought to a 1 L volume) agitated for 30 hours and sampled, centrifuged, and analyzed by UPLC. Solubility in the FaSSIF model was determined to be 1.19 mg/ml.
  • FaSSIF bile salts, NaOH (0.420 g), NaH2PO4 (3.438 g), NaCl (6.186 g), pH to 6.5, at 25° C., and brought to a 1 L volume
  • Solubility was further assessed in simulated gastrointestinal fluid (SGF) (HCl 0.1N at 25° C.). Briefly, compound was agitated for 30 hours and sampled, centrifuged, and analyzed by UPLC. Solubility in SGF was found to be 1.05 mg/ml. The results from these studies indicate that solubility of Compound 2 is not significantly dependent on pH of the media, but may have some increased solubility based on the presence of bile salts.
  • SGF simulated gastrointestinal fluid
  • Compounds of the invention were also tested for solubility in Normal Ringer Solution. Briefly, compound solubility was determined by dissolving a standard range of volumes of 10 mM DMSO stock of compounds in Normal Ringer Solution (145 mM NaCl, 4.5 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose; pH 7.4 at room temperature). Following vortex and incubation for 40 minutes at room temperature, solutions were filtered, quenched with acetonitrile, and analyzed by liquid chromatography. Solubility limits were determined by comparison to a standard curve. The solubility limit was determined to be greater than 31.3 ⁇ M. Solubility is reported as “greater than” if the observed increase between the last 2 dilutions tested is greater than 2-fold. Table 5 shows the values achieved for the compounds tested.
  • Binding of Compound 2 to human, rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkey plasma proteins was tested using an equilibrium dialysis approach. With this method, free compound is separated from protein-bound compound by dialysis across a semi-permeable membrane. At a concentration of 1 ⁇ M, Compound 2 demonstrated 98.5% binding to human, 95.3% binding to rat, 94.5% to dog and 98.0% to cynomolgus monkey plasma proteins (Table 6).
  • the protein binding was tested at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • Pooled human, cynomolgus monkey, dog, and rat K2EDTA plasma was thawed and centrifuged at 2000 ⁇ g for 10 minutes at 4° C. to remove particulates; any lipid on the top of the supernatant was also removed by aspiration.
  • the plasma was warmed to 37° C. for 10 minutes before use.
  • Test compounds were spiked into 2 ml plasma in a polypropylene plate to a final concentration of 1 ⁇ M.
  • Triplicate 400 ⁇ l aliquots of spiked plasma were transferred into the Thermo RED dialysis units and dialyzed against 600 ⁇ l of PBS buffer. The RED devices were incubated at 37° C.
  • the change in IC 50 block in the presence of albumin and plasma was also studied. It is assumed that the pharmacological effect of a drug correlates to unbound plasma levels, which is known as the “free drug hypothesis”.
  • the aim of this study was to estimate the change in IC 50 for block of human TRPA1 (hTRPA1) by Compound 2 in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of albumin and plasma (see Table 7).
  • the human form of TRPA1 was used to assess protein binding in all species due to technical issues.
  • the whole-cell patch clamp technique as described in del Camino, D. et al.
  • J Neurosci 74 (2010) 30:15165 was employed to measure current through hTRPA1 upon activation by allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), the active ingredient in mustard oil, in the presence of 1% (w/v) serum albumin or 25% (v/v) plasma from various species including human plasma (hPlasma), human serum albumin (HSA), rat plasma (rPlasma), rat serum albumin (RSA), dog plasma, and sheep serum albumin (sheepSA).
  • Compound 2 was sub-diluted from a 10 mM stock in DMSO to 10 and 100 ⁇ M in DMSO, then diluted into Ringer solution at the concentrations referenced in Table 7 and Table 8.
  • hTRPA1 dose-dependent and reversible blockade of hTRPA1.
  • hTRPA1 currents were blocked with an IC 50 of 95 ⁇ 2 nM, which is 14-fold higher than the IC 50 in the absence of serum (see Table 8).
  • rPlasma rat plasma
  • RSA rat serum albumin
  • IC 50 for block by Compound 2 was somewhat higher in the presence of dog plasma (221 ⁇ 54 nM). In the presence of 1% (w/v) sheep serum albumin (SheepSA) hTRPA1 currents were blocked with an IC 50 of 70 ⁇ 10 nM. Both block with Compound 2 and reversal upon washout were complete within 2-3 minutes. These experiments indicate that Compound 2 will exert pharmacological effects at lower plasma levels than previously identified compounds, because more free drug is available to interact with the target.
  • SheepSA sheep serum albumin
  • Metabolic stability of the compounds of Formula (I) was determined by standard liver microsome assays. Briefly, metabolic stability was tested by adding the compound to be tested dissolved in DMSO to human, dog, or rat liver microsomes. Assays were run with a starting concentration of 1 ⁇ M test compound. The reaction was initiated by addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH) regeneration components at 37° C., at which time an aliquot was immediately quenched in an ice-cold acetonitrile/methanol/water solution. Reaction mixture was incubated at 37° C. on a shaker, and additional aliquots were taken at 7, 15, 30 and 60 minutes. Following quench and centrifugation, samples were analyzed on HPLC/MS/MS. Results are shown in Table 9, Table 10, and Table 11 below.
  • NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase
  • Example formulations include, but are not limited to: 4% DMSO, 10% Solutol HS-15, and 86% water or 4% DMSO, 5% Tween, 25% Cremophor EL.
  • Target concentrations were typically 1 mg/mL, and administered via oral gavage to non-fasted rats.
  • the absolute bioavailability is the dose-corrected area under the curve (AUC) non-intravenous divided by the dose corrected AUC intravenous.
  • AUC dose-corrected area under the curve
  • the formula for calculating F for a drug administered by the oral route (PO) is given below:
  • % F AUC PO ⁇ Dose IV/ AUC IV ⁇ Dose PO
  • FIG. 11 depicts the pharmacokinetic profile for these species.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) inhibit the TRPA1 channel, as shown by measuring the in vitro inhibition of human TRPA1, provided in data tables shown in Table 14, using the procedure outlined in del Camino et al., J Neurosci (2010) 30(45):15165-15174, which is incorporated herein by reference and summarized below. Data for TRPA1 inhibition was obtained by this method for the indicated compounds of Formula (I), with the relevant data included in Table 14 below. All currents were recorded in whole-cell configuration using EPC-9 and EPC-10 amplifiers and Patchmaster software (HEKA). Patch pipettes had a resistance of 1.5-3 M and up to 75% of the series resistance was compensated.
  • the standard pipette solution consisted of 140 mM CsAsp, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 2.27 mM, 20 MgCl 2 , 1.91 mM CaCl 2 , and up to 0.3 mM Na 2 GTP, with pH adjusted to 7.2 with CsOH.
  • a solution containing 145 mM CsCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM EGTA, and up to 0.3 mM Na 2 GTP and 1 mM MgCl 2 (pH 7.2 adjusted with CsOH) can be used.
  • the standard bath solution contained 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, 4.5 mM KCl, 1 mM EGTA, 3 mM MgCl 2 , with pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH. In some instances, 2 mM CaCl 2 was added in place of EGTA and the concentration of MgCl 2 was reduced to 1 mM.
  • Data were collected either by continuous recordings at ⁇ 60 mV or by applying voltage ramps from a holding potential of 0 mV every 4 s. Continuous recordings were collected at 400 Hz and digitally filtered off-line at 10 Hz for presentation. Voltage ramps were applied from ⁇ 100 mV to 100 mV over the course of 400 ms, and data were collected at 10 kHz and filtered at 30 2.9 kHz. Inward and outward currents were analyzed from the ramps at ⁇ 80 and 80 mV, respectively. Liquid junction potential correction was not used.
  • Table 14 shows data obtained from the in vitro assay described above.
  • the antagonist effects of compounds of Formula (I) against human TRPA1 (“hTRPA1”) in a whole cell patch configuration were evaluated using the in vitro assay protocol described above.
  • Embodiments of the invention may be efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory pain.
  • Compound 2 was formulated as a clear solution in 4% DMSO, 10% Solutol, 86% DWI, pH 5.9 for oral administration (PO).
  • the hind paw is sensitized to cold temperature (allodynic), by administering 0.1 mL of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) is administered to the right hind paw.
  • CFA Complete Freund's Adjuvant
  • Animals are placed on the surface of the cold plate (1° C.) and the operator stops testing at the instant when the animal displays discomfort by flinching or lifting its paw from the plate (paw withdrawal latency, or PWL). To avoid tissue damage the maximum cut-off time is 5 minutes.
  • Animals that are allodynic (average PWL to the first three pain behaviors ⁇ 150 seconds for the CFA-injected hind paw: ⁇ 50% difference between the normal and CFA-injected paw) are included in the study and subsequently randomized across treatment groups. The following day, the animals are dosed under blinded conditions. Following the 1-2 hour pre-treatment time, the post-dose PWL readings are again taken. The efficacy of the drug treatment is assessed by comparing the PWL in the drug treatment animals to those animals that receive the vehicle.
  • Compound 2 attenuated cold hypersensitivity after oral doses of 0.3 to 10 mg/kg.
  • the positive comparator TRPA1 antagonist Compound A also reduced cold hypersensitivity at a higher dose of 150 mg/kg delivered via intraplantar injection.
  • the vehicle delivered orally 4% DMSO, 10% Solutol, 86% DWI
  • Table 16 summarizes the average plasma levels of Compound 2 and Compound A. Approximately dose proportional exposures of Compound 2 were observed throughout the dose range tested. Decreased plasma binding of Compound 2 indicates an improved bioavailability of Compound 2 to the subjects over Compound A.
  • Compound 4 was also tested using the methods disclosed. Compound 4 was formulated as a suspension in 0.5% methylcellulose and administered at the doses indicated in Table 18.
  • Compound 2 was dosed at ranges of 0.1 to 1 mg/kg PO.
  • the positive comparator TRPA1 antagonist Compound A was also tested at a dose of 150 mg/kg IP.
  • Compound 2 was formulated as a clear solution in 4% DMSO, 10% Solutol, 86% DWI, pH 5.9 for oral administration (PO) at a dose volume of 10 ml/kg.
  • Oral drug delivery was accomplished using a 20-gauge 11 ⁇ 2′′ oral gavage needle and a 5 cc syringe.
  • Fed rats received a single oral gavage of Compound 2 at 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, or 1 mg/kg or Vehicle, 2 hours prior to testing
  • Compound 2 when dosed at 0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg/kg PO, showed a significant reversal of CFA-induced cold hypersensitivity, as assayed by measuring paw withdrawal latency. 0.03 mg/kg dose levels did not exert a statistically significant effect.
  • Compound 2 was tested in the formalin-induced pain test reported by Dubuisson et al., Pain (1977) December; 4(2):161-74.
  • Dubuisson et al describe a method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats and cats. Briefly, dilute formalin (50 ⁇ L of 3% formalin) is injected into the plantar surface of the hind paw of a rat. The animal is promptly returned to an observation arena (standard Plexiglass rat cage), at which point a trained observer records the time the animal spends exhibiting pain behaviors (flinching, licking, biting of the injected paw/leg) in two distinct phases.
  • Phase I The initial phase (Phase I: 0-5 min) is thought to have a significant component that is dependent upon direct activation of afferent fibers by formalin and functional TRPA1 (McNamara et al., 2007). The individual responsible for counting the pain behaviors in a particular study is blinded to the treatment groups.
  • Oral administration of Compound 2 significantly reduced the nociceptive responses in Phase 1 of the formalin model at 3 and 10 mg/kg as seen in Table 20 and FIG. 14 .
  • animals treated with Compound 2 at 1 mg/kg resulted in a ⁇ 14% decrease in the duration of pain behaviors from 0-2 minutes following intraplantar formalin, although this reduction was not statistically significant.
  • Compound 2 resulted in a significant decrease in formalin-induced pain behaviors from 0-2 minutes by ⁇ 72% and ⁇ 89%, respectively, compared to vehicle treated animals.
  • Compound 1 A reduction in the duration of pain behaviors was also observed with Compound 1 from 0-5 minutes post-formalin administration. At 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg delivered intravenously to rats, Compound 1 reduced the duration of formalin-induced pain behaviors as shown in Table 21 and FIG. 15 .
  • Compound 4 was formulated as a solution in 4% DMSO; 5% Tween-80; 20% Cremophor EL; and 71% WFI and administered by oral gavage to rats. Compound 4 reduced the duration of formalin-induced pain behaviors as shown in Table 22.
  • Compound 4 was formulated as a suspension in 0.5% methylcellulose and administered by oral gavage to rats. Compound 4 reduced the duration of formalin-induced pain behaviors as shown in Table 23.
  • Compound 2 was prepared as a solution in 4% DMSO, 10% Solutol HS15, and 86% WFI. Rats were treated with 10 mg/kg of oral doses of Compound 2 or with the vehicle (PO).
  • FIG. 8 shows that pre-treatment with oral dose formulation of Compound 2 at 10 mg/kg PO from 30 minutes to 6 hours prior to formalin injection significantly decreased the duration of formalin-mediated pain behaviors.
  • Compound 2 was formulated as a micronized powder suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose at a concentration of 6 mg/ml and administered orally at a dose of 30 mg/kg once a day for 4 days, at the same approximate time each day. Sheep were given 30 mg/kg Compound 2 orally daily four days. Two hours after the final dose of Compound 2, the sheep were subjected to an allergen ( Ascaris ) challenge. Each sheep was restrained in a prone position and its head was immobilized prior to topical anesthesia of the nasal passages. A balloon catheter was advanced through one nostril into the lower esophagus. Each sheep was intubated with a cuffed endotracheal tube through the other nostril.
  • Ascaris allergen
  • Tracheal and pleural pressures were determined using the endotracheal tube and balloon catheter, respectively.
  • the trans-pulmonary pressure i.e., the difference between the tracheal and pleural pressures, was measured using a differential pressure transducer catheter system.
  • R L was determined by connecting the distal end of the endotracheal tube to a pneumotachograph. Data were collected from five to ten breaths to a computer and used to calculate R L . Data from the same sheep challenged with Ascaris prior to the initiation of Compound 2 treatment were used to establish baseline values. Monitoring conditions for the control and drug trials were identical.
  • FIG. 16 shows the antigen-induced responses in sheep at baseline (control) levels and following treatment with Compound 2 (30 mg/kg).
  • Compound 2 did not affect the peak early airway responses. However, it dramatically attenuated the late airway responses (85% protection).
  • FIG. 17 further shows the effect of Compound 2 (30 mg/kg) on PC400, a measurement of airway hyperresponsiveness representing the concentration of carbachol that induces a 400% increase in lung resistance.
  • treatment with Compound 2 reduced the airway hyperresponsiveness to levels similar to those observed in sheep that were not challenged with Ascaris suum.
  • Compounds of the invention may not have significant drug/drug interactions, making administration preferable to patients taking multiple medications.
  • CYP 1A2 CYP 2C19: CYP 2C9: CYP 2D6: CYP 3A4: Com- % % % % % pound Inhibition Inhibition Inhibition Inhibition 1 4.2 45.9 71.4 9 26.9 2 0.299 29.1 39.6 6.3 2.7
  • Compound 2 achieved a maximum block of human CYP450 enzymes of up to 37% at 10 ⁇ M for the seven isozymes tested; these values indicate that calculated IC 50 values would be >10 ⁇ M (Table 26).
  • CYP450 reaction phenotyping of Compound 2 was conducted by incubating the test article with human liver microsomes in the presence and absence of selective CYP450 inhibitors.
  • the metabolic half-lives were not significantly affected by any of the CYP450 inhibitors except for ketoconazole, indicating that the in vitro metabolism of Compound 2 involved mainly the CYP3A4 isozymes ( FIG. 9 ).
  • Compound 2 in vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose [400 cps] in deionized water) was administered orally once daily for five consecutive days by gavage once to 3 groups of non-na ⁇ ve male and female beagle dogs. Each group received one dose level. Dose levels were 300, 600, and 1000 mg/kg for each group. A concurrent control group received the vehicle on a comparable regimen. The dose volume was 10 ml/kg for all groups. Hepatoxicity was measured via the serum biomarkers of alanine aminotransferease [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphastase [ALP] and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT] which represent hepatotoxicity or bile duct injury. Table 27 shows that Compound 2 in the dogs at each dose level indicated did not elevate the serum biomarkers up to and including a dose of 300 mg/kg.
  • ALT alanine aminotransferease
  • ASLP aspartate aminotransferase
  • FIG. 18 further demonstrates that Compound 2 does not significantly elevate serum biomarker levels above normal ranges.
  • FIG. 19 demonstrates that Compound 2 did not significantly elevate serum biomarker levels above base line measurements as demonstrated by a % difference over the vehicle.
  • Compound 2 in the vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose [400 cps]) was administered orally by gavage once daily for a minimum of 28 consecutive days to 3 groups of sprague-dawley rats from Charles River Laboratories. Each group received one dosage level. Dosage levels were 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day for each group. Concurrent control groups received the vehicle on a comparable regimen. The dose volume was 10 ml/kg for all groups.
  • Hepatoxicity was measured via the serum biomarkers of alanine aminotransferease [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphastase [ALP] and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT] which represent hepatotoxicity or bile duct injury.
  • Table 28 shows that Compound 2 in the rats as each dose level indicated did not elevate the serum biomarkers up to and including a dose of 300 mg/kg.
  • FIG. 20 further demonstrates that Compound 2 does not significantly elevate levels above normal ranges.
  • FIG. 21 demonstrates that Compound 2 did not significantly elevate levels above base line measurements as demonstrated by a % difference over the vehicle.
  • Compound 2 in the vehicle (0.5% methylcellulose, 400 cps) was administered via nasogastric intubation once daily for 28 or 29 consecutive days to 4 groups of cynomolgus monkeys. Each group received one dose level. Dosage levels were 10, 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg/day per group. A concurrent control group received the vehicle on a comparable regimen. The dosage volume was 10 ml/kg for all groups. Hepatoxicity was measured via the serum biomarkers of alanine aminotransferease [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alkaline phosphastase [ALP] and gamma-glutamyl transferase [GGT] which represent hepatotoxicity or bile duct injury. Table 29 shows that Compound 2 in the monkeys at each dose level indicated did not elevate the serum biomarkers up to and including a dose of 300 mg/kg.
  • ALT alanine aminotransferease
  • ASLP aspartate aminotransferase
  • FIG. 22 further demonstrates that Compound 2 does not significantly elevate levels above normal ranges.
  • FIG. 23 demonstrates that Compound 2 did not significantly elevate levels above base line measurements as demonstrated by a % difference over the vehicle.

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US10329292B2 (en) * 2017-07-11 2019-06-25 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Substituted xanthine derivatives
US11161849B2 (en) 2018-01-31 2021-11-02 Eli Lilly And Company Inhibiting the transient receptor potential al ion channel
WO2023133502A1 (en) * 2022-01-07 2023-07-13 The Johns Hopkins University Treatment and prevention of trigeminal neuralgia

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MX2021004692A (es) * 2018-10-23 2021-06-23 George Edward Hoag Composicion y metodo para tratar pulmones.
FR3114235A1 (fr) 2020-09-18 2022-03-25 Université Grenoble Alpes Inhibition du canal trpa1 astrocytaire comme nouvelle cible therapeutique neuroprotectrice dans les phases prodromales de la maladie d’alzheimer
IT202100015098A1 (it) 2021-06-09 2022-12-09 Flonext S R L Composto antagonista del canale trpa1 per uso in patologie degenerative della retina
CN114656480B (zh) * 2022-04-27 2024-01-26 成都施贝康生物医药科技有限公司 噻吩并嘧啶类化合物、异构体或盐及其制备方法和用途
CN114656472B (zh) * 2022-04-27 2023-07-04 成都施贝康生物医药科技有限公司 吡唑并嘧啶类化合物、异构体或盐及其制备方法和用途
CN114671876B (zh) * 2022-04-27 2023-10-03 成都施贝康生物医药科技有限公司 新型茶碱类化合物、异构体或盐及其制备方法和用途
CN114671875A (zh) * 2022-04-27 2022-06-28 成都施贝康生物医药科技有限公司 新型二氢嘧啶类化合物、异构体或盐及其制备方法和用途
CN114656473B (zh) * 2022-04-27 2023-09-29 成都施贝康生物医药科技有限公司 吡咯并嘧啶类化合物、异构体或盐及其制备方法和用途

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US10221177B2 (en) 2014-09-19 2019-03-05 Hydra Biosciences, Inc. Inhibiting the transient receptor potential A1 ion channel
US10519158B2 (en) 2014-09-19 2019-12-31 Eli Lilly And Company Inhibiting the transient receptor potential A1 ion channel
US10329292B2 (en) * 2017-07-11 2019-06-25 Boehringer Ingelheim International Gmbh Substituted xanthine derivatives
US11161849B2 (en) 2018-01-31 2021-11-02 Eli Lilly And Company Inhibiting the transient receptor potential al ion channel
WO2023133502A1 (en) * 2022-01-07 2023-07-13 The Johns Hopkins University Treatment and prevention of trigeminal neuralgia

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