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US20050089522A1 - Methods of inhibiting osteoclastogenesis - Google Patents

Methods of inhibiting osteoclastogenesis Download PDF

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US20050089522A1
US20050089522A1 US10/999,523 US99952304A US2005089522A1 US 20050089522 A1 US20050089522 A1 US 20050089522A1 US 99952304 A US99952304 A US 99952304A US 2005089522 A1 US2005089522 A1 US 2005089522A1
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rankl
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Dirk Anderson
Laurent Galibert
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Immunex Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70575—NGF/TNF-superfamily, e.g. CD70, CD95L, CD153, CD154
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
    • A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70578—NGF-receptor/TNF-receptor superfamily, e.g. CD27, CD30, CD40, CD95
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/30—Non-immunoglobulin-derived peptide or protein having an immunoglobulin constant or Fc region, or a fragment thereof, attached thereto
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/70—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
    • C07K2319/73—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction containing coiled-coiled motif (leucine zippers)
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
    • Y10S530/866—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof involving immunoglobulin or antibody fragment, e.g. fab', fab, fv, fc, heavy chain or light chain

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of cytokine receptors, and more specifically to cytokine receptor protein/ligand pairs having osteoclast regulatory activity.
  • RANK Receptor Activator of NF- ⁇ B
  • RANKL RANKL
  • OPG osteoprotegerin
  • TNFR Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor
  • osteoclastogenesis the interaction of an osteoblast or stromal cell with an osteoclast precursor leads to the differentiation of the precursor into an osteoclast.
  • OPG was known to inhibit this differentiation.
  • a model has been proposed in which RANKL on the osteoblast or stromal cell surface interacts with a specific receptor on an osteoclast progenitor surface, signaling a differentiation event.
  • OPG effectively blocks the interaction of RANKL with a receptor on osteoclast progenitors in vitro, and has been shown to ameliorate the effects of ovariectomy on bone-loss in mice.
  • OPG is also known to bind other ligands in the TNF family, which may have a deleterious effect on the activities of such ligands in vivo.
  • the presence of other ligands that bind OPG in vivo may require high dosages of OPG to be administered in order to have sufficient soluble OPG available to inhibit osteoclastogenesis.
  • RANK for receptor activator of NF- ⁇ B
  • TNF receptor superfamily a novel receptor
  • RANK for receptor activator of NF- ⁇ B
  • RANK is a Type I transmembrane protein having 616 amino acid residues, comprising an extracellular domain, transmembrane region and cytoplasmic domain.
  • RANK interacts with various TNF Receptor Associated Factors (TRAFs); triggering of RANK results in the upregulation of the transcription factor NF- ⁇ B, a ubiquitous transcription factor that is most extensively utilized in cells of the immune system.
  • TNF- ⁇ B TNF Receptor Associated Factors
  • Soluble forms of the receptor can be prepared and used to interfere with signal transduction through membrane-bound RANK. Inhibition of RANKL-mediated signal transduction will be useful in ameliorating the effects of osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activity in disease conditions in which there is excess bone break down. Examples of such conditions include osteoporosis, Paget's disease, cancers that may metastasize to bone and induce bone breakdown (i.e., multiple myeloma, breast cancer, some melanomas; see also Mundy, C. Cancer Suppl. 80:1546; 1997), and cancers that do not necessarily metastasize to bone, but result in hypercalcemia and bone loss (e.g. squamous cell carcinomas).
  • Soluble forms of RANK comprise the extracellular domain of RANK or a fragment thereof that binds RANKL.
  • Fusion proteins of RANK may be made to allow preparation of soluble RANK. Examples of such fusion proteins include a RANK/Fc fusion protein, a fusion protein of a zipper moiety (i.e., a leucine zipper), and various tags that are known in the art.
  • Other antagonists of the interaction of RANK and RANKL i.e., antibodies to RANKL, small molecules will also be useful in the inventive methods.
  • a novel partial cDNA insert with a predicted open reading frame having some similarity to CD40 was identified and was used to hybridize to colony blots generated from a dendritic cell (DC) cDNA library containing full-length cDNAs.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of a predicted full-length protein.
  • RANK is a member of the TNF receptor superfamily; it most closely resembles CD40 in the extracellular region. RANK is expressed on epithelial cells, some B cell lines, and on activated T cells. However, its expression on activated T cells is late, about four days after activation. This time course of expression coincides with the expression of Fas, a known agent of apoptosis. RANK may act as an anti-apoptotic signal, rescuing cells that express RANK from apoptosis as CD40 is known to do. Alternatively, RANK may confirm an apoptotic signal under the appropriate circumstances, again similar to CD40. RANK and its ligand are likely to play an integral role in regulation of the immune and inflammatory response.
  • Soluble RANK comprises the signal peptide and the extracellular domain (residues 1 to 213 of SEQ ID NO:2) or a fragment thereof.
  • a different signal peptide can be substituted for the native leader, beginning with residue 1 and continuing through a residue selected from the group consisting of amino acids 24 through 33 (inclusive) of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • fragments of the extracellular domain will also provide soluble forms of RANK.
  • Fragments can be prepared using known techniques to isolate a desired portion of the extracellular region, and can be prepared, for example, by comparing the extracellular region with those of other members of the TNFR family (of which RANK is a member) and selecting forms similar to those prepared for other family members.
  • unique restriction sites or PCR techniques that are known in the art can be used to prepare numerous truncated forms which can be expressed and analyzed for activity.
  • conjugated peptide may be a signal (or leader) polypeptide sequence at the N-terminal region of the protein which co-translationally or post-translationally directs transfer of the protein from its site of synthesis to its site of function inside or outside of the cell membrane or wall (e.g., the yeast ⁇ -factor leader).
  • Protein fusions can comprise peptides added to facilitate purification or identification of RANK proteins and homologs (e.g., poly-His).
  • the amino acid sequence of the inventive proteins can also be linked to an identification peptide such as that described by Hopp et al., Bio/Technology 6:1204 (1988; FLAGTM).
  • an identification peptide such as that described by Hopp et al., Bio/Technology 6:1204 (1988; FLAGTM).
  • Hopp et al. is also specifically cleaved by bovine mucosal enterokinase, allowing removal of the peptide from the purified protein.
  • Fusion proteins further comprise the amino acid sequence of a RANK linked to an immunoglobulin Fc region.
  • An exemplary Fc region is a human IgG 1 having an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3. Fragments of an Fc region may also be used, as can Fc muteins. For example, certain residues within the hinge region of an Fc region are critical for high affinity binding to Fc ⁇ RI. Canfield and Morrison ( J. Exp. Med. 173:1483; 1991) reported that Leu (234) and Leu (235) were critical to high affinity binding of IgG 3 to Fc ⁇ RI present on U937 cells. Similar results were obtained by Lund et al. ( J. Immunol.
  • Such mutations can be made in an IgG 1 Fc region to decrease the affinity of IgG 1 for FcR.
  • a fusion protein may be expressed as a dimer, through formation of interchain disulfide bonds. If the fusion proteins are made with both heavy and light chains of an antibody, it is possible to form a protein oligomer with as many as four RANK regions.
  • RANK proteins further comprise an oligomerizing peptide such as a zipper domain.
  • Leucine zippers were originally identified in several DNA-binding proteins (Landschulz et. al., Science 240:1759, 1988).
  • Zipper domain is a term used to refer to a conserved peptide domain present in these (and other) proteins, which is responsible for multimerization of the proteins.
  • the zipper domain comprises a repetitive heptad repeat, with four or five leucine, isoleucine or valine residues interspersed with other amino acids.
  • zipper domains are those found in the yeast transcription factor GCN4 and a heat-stable DNA-binding protein found in rat liver (C/EBP; Landschulz et al., Science 243:1681, 1989).
  • Two nuclear transforming proteins, fos and jun also exhibit zipper domains, as does the gene product of the murine proto-oncogene, c-myc (Landschulz et al., Science 240:1759, 1988).
  • the products of the nuclear oncogenes fos and jun comprise zipper domains that preferentially form a heterodimer (O'Shea et al., Science 245:646, 1989; Turner and Tjian, Science 243:1689, 1989).
  • a preferred zipper moiety is that of SEQ ID NO:6 or a fragment thereof. This and other zippers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,805.
  • RANK polypeptides encoded by DNAs capable of hybridizing to the DNA of SEQ ID NO:1 under moderately stringent conditions (prewashing solution of 5 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS, 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and hybridization conditions of 50° C., 5 ⁇ SSC, overnight) to the DNA sequences encoding RANK, or more preferably under stringent conditions (for example, hybridization in 6 ⁇ SSC at 63° C. overnight; washing in 3 ⁇ SSC at 55° C.), and other sequences which are degenerate to those which encode the RANK.
  • moderately stringent conditions prewashing solution of 5 ⁇ SSC, 0.5% SDS, 1.0 mM EDTA (pH 8.0) and hybridization conditions of 50° C., 5 ⁇ SSC, overnight
  • stringent conditions for example, hybridization in 6 ⁇ SSC at 63° C. overnight; washing in 3 ⁇ SSC at 55° C.
  • RANK polypeptides are at least about 70% identical in amino acid sequence to the amino acid sequence of native RANK protein as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 for human RANK and NO:5 for murine RANK. In a preferred embodiment, RANK polypeptides are at least about 80% identical in amino acid sequence to the native form of RANK; most preferred polypeptides are those that are at least about 90% identical to native RANK.
  • Percent identity may be determined using a computer program, for example, the GAP computer program described by Devereux et al. ( Nucl. Acids Res. 12:387, 1984) and available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (UWGCG). For fragments derived from the RANK protein, the identity is calculated based on that portion of the RANK protein that is present in the fragment
  • the biological activity of RANK analogs or muteins can be determined by testing the ability of the analogs or muteins to bind human RANKL (SEQ ID NOS:7 and 8), for example as described in the Examples herein.
  • Suitable assays include, for example, an enzyme immunoassay or a dot blot, and assays that employ cells expressing RANKL.
  • Suitable assays also include, for example, inhibition assays, wherein soluble RANK is used to inhibit the interaction of RANKL with membrane-bound or solid-phase associated RANK (i.e., signal transduction assays). Such methods are well known in the art.
  • Murine and human RANKL are Type 2 transmembrane proteins.
  • Murine RANKL contains a predicted 48 amino acid intracellular domain, 21 amino acid transmembrane domain and 247 amino acid extracellular domain.
  • Human RANKL contains a predicted 47 amino acid intracellular domain, 21 amino acid transmembrane domain and 249 amino acid extracellular domain.
  • RANKL and RANK are important factors in osteoclastogenesis.
  • RANK is expressed on osteoclasts and interacts with RANK ligand (RANKL) to mediate the formation of osteoclast-like (OCL) multinucleated cells.
  • M-CSF M-CSF
  • RANKL RANK ligand
  • OCL osteoclast-like multinucleated cells.
  • Purified RANK, and homologs or analogs thereof are prepared by culturing suitable host/vector systems to express the recombinant translation products of the DNAs of the present invention, which are then purified from culture media or cell extracts.
  • suitable host/vector systems to express the recombinant translation products of the DNAs of the present invention, which are then purified from culture media or cell extracts.
  • supernatants from systems which secrete recombinant protein into culture media can be first concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit.
  • a suitable affinity matrix can comprise a counter structure protein or lectin or antibody molecule bound to a suitable support.
  • an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups.
  • the matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification.
  • a cation exchange step can be employed. Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups. Sulfopropyl groups are preferred. Gel filtration chromatography also provides a means of purifying the inventive proteins.
  • Affinity chromatography is a particularly preferred method of purifying RANK and homologs thereof.
  • a RANK expressed as a fusion protein comprising an immunoglobulin Fc region can be purified using Protein A or Protein G affinity chromatography.
  • a RANK protein comprising an oligomerizing zipper domain may be purified on a resin comprising an antibody specific to the oligomerizing zipper domain.
  • Monoclonal antibodies against the RANK protein may also be useful in affinity chromatography purification, by utilizing methods that are well-known in the art.
  • a ligand may also be used to prepare an affinity matrix for affinity purification of RANK.
  • RP-HPLC reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography
  • hydrophobic RP-HPLC media e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups
  • Suitable methods include those analogous to the method disclosed by Urdal et al. ( J. Chromatog. 296:171, 1984).
  • Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations, can also be employed to provide a homogeneous recombinant protein.
  • Recombinant protein produced in bacterial culture is usually isolated by initial extraction from cell pellets, followed by one or more concentration, salting-out, aqueous ion exchange or size exclusion chromatography steps. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.
  • Microbial cells employed in expression of recombinant protein can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents. Fermentation of yeast which express the inventive protein as a secreted protein greatly simplifies purification.
  • Protein synthesized in recombinant culture is characterized by the presence of cell components, including proteins, in amounts and of a character which depend upon the purification steps taken to recover the inventive protein from the culture.
  • These components ordinarily will be of yeast, prokaryotic or non-human higher eukaryotic origin and preferably are present in innocuous contaminant quantities, on the order of less than about 1 percent by weight.
  • recombinant cell culture enables the production of the inventive proteins free of other proteins which may be normally associated with the proteins as they are found in nature in the species of origin.
  • the present invention provides methods of using therapeutic compositions comprising a protein and a suitable diluent and carrier. These methods involve the use of therapeutic compositions of RANK or soluble fragments of RANK for regulating an immune or inflammatory response. Further included within the present invention are methods for regulating osteoclast activity by administering therapeutic compositions of RANK or soluble RANK fragments to an individual in amounts sufficient to decrease excess bone resorption. Typically, the individual is inflicted with excess bone resorption and suffers from the effects of hypercalcemia, has symptoms of hypercalcemia, or is suffering a disease that involves excessive bone resorption.
  • the methods described herein are applicable to inhibiting osteoclast activity, regulating osteoclast generation and inhibiting osteoclast generation in individuals inflicted with excess bone resorption.
  • the present invention contemplates the use of RANK in conjunction with soluble cytokine receptors or cytokines, or other osteoclast/osteoblast regulatory molecules.
  • RANK ligand (RANKL) on osteoblasts or stromal cells is known to interact with RANK on osteoclast progenitor surfaces signaling an event that leads to the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts.
  • RANK RANK ligand
  • soluble forms of RANK is useful for the inhibition of the RANKL-mediated signal transduction that leads to the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts.
  • Soluble forms of RANK are also useful for the regulation and inhibition of osteoclast activity, e.g. bone resorption.
  • soluble forms of RANK are useful in the amelioration of the effects of osteoclastogenesis in disease conditions in which there is excess bone break down.
  • disease conditions include Paget's disease, osteoporosis, and cancer.
  • Many cancers metastasize to bone and induce bone breakdown by locally disrupting normal bone remodeling.
  • Such cancers can be associated with enhanced numbers of osteoclasts and enhanced amount of osteoclastic bone resorption resulting in hypercalcemia.
  • These cancers include, but are not limited to, breast cancer, multiple myeloma, melanomas, lung cancer, prostrate, hematologic, head and neck, and renal. (See Guise et al.
  • Soluble forms of RANK can be administered to such cancer patients to disrupt the osteoclast differentiation pathway and result in fewer numbers of osteoclast, less bone resorption, and relief from the negative effects of hypercalcemia.
  • RANKL has been found on the surface of certain squamous cells that do not metastasize to bone but are associated with hypercalcemia.
  • Squamous cells that are associated with hypercalcemia also express M-CSF (CSF-1), a cytokine that, together with RANKL, stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors to osteoclasts.
  • CSF-1 M-CSF
  • M-CSF directly upregulates RANK on surfaces of osteoclast precursors.
  • squamous cells release excessive amounts of CSF-1, increased expression of RANK occurs on the surfaces of osteoclast precursors.
  • RANKL on osteoblasts or stromal cells to produce increased numbers of osteoclasts, resulting in an enhanced amount of bone break down and hypercalcemia.
  • the present invention provides methods for ameliorating the systemic effects, e.g. hypercalcemia, of cancers that are associated with excess osteoclast activity (e.g. squamous cell carcinomas).
  • Such methods include administering soluble forms of RANK in amounts sufficient to interfere with the RANK/RANKL signal transduction that leads to the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts. Fewer osteoclasts lead to reduced bone resorption and relief from the negative effects of hypercalcemia.
  • purified protein is administered to an individual, preferably a human, for treatment in a manner appropriate to the indication.
  • RANK protein compositions administered to regulate osteoclast function can be given by bolus injection, continuous infusion, sustained release from implants, or other suitable technique.
  • a therapeutic agent will be administered in the form of a composition comprising purified RANK, in conjunction with physiologically acceptable carriers, excipients or diluents. Such carriers will be nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed.
  • the preparation of such protein compositions entails combining the inventive protein with buffers, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose or dextrins, chelating agents such as EDTA, glutathione and other stabilizers and excipients.
  • buffers such as ascorbic acid, low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates including glucose, sucrose or dextrins, chelating agents such as EDTA, glutathione and other stabilizers and excipients.
  • Neutral buffered saline or saline mixed with conspecific serum albumin are exemplary appropriate diluents.
  • product is formulated as a lyophilizate using appropriate excipient solutions (e.g., sucrose) as diluents. Appropriate dosages can be determined in trials. The amount and frequency of administration will depend, of
  • Soluble forms of RANK and other RANK antagonists can be administered for the purpose of inhibiting RANK-induced osteoclastogenesis. It is desirable to inhibit osteoclastogenesis in various disease states in which excess bone loss occurs. Examples include osteoporosis, Pagett's disease, and various cancers.
  • Various animal models of these diseases are known in the art; accordingly, it is a matter of routine experimentation to determine optimal dosages and routes of administration of soluble RANK, first in an animal model and then in human clinical trials.
  • This example describes a plate binding assay useful in comparing the ability of various ligands to bind receptors.
  • the assay is performed essentially as described in Smith et al., Virology 236:316 (1997). Briefly, 96-well microtiter plates are coated with an antibody to human Fc (i.e., polyclonal goat anti human Fc). Receptor/Fc fusion proteins are then added, and after incubation, the plates are washed. Serial dilutions of the ligands are then added. The ligands may be directly labeled (i.e., with 125 I), or a detecting reagent that is radioactively labeled may be used. After incubation, the plates are washed, specifically bound ligands are released, and the amount of ligand bound quantified.
  • human Fc i.e., polyclonal goat anti human Fc
  • Receptor/Fc fusion proteins are then added, and after incubation, the plates are was
  • RANK/Fc and OPG/Fc were bound to 96-well plates.
  • a RANKL/zipper fusion is detected using a labeled antibody to the zipper moiety. It was found that human OPG/Fc binds mRANKL at 0.05 nM, and human RANK/Fc binds mRANKL at 0.1 nM. These values indicate similar binding affinities of OPG and RANK for RANKL, confirming the utility of RANK as an inhibitor of osteoclast activity in a manner similar to OPG.
  • the following describes the formation of osteoclast like cells from bone marrow cell cultures using a soluble RANKL in the form of soluble RANKL/leucine zipper fusion protein (RANKL LZ).
  • osteoclasts were generated from murine bone marrow (BM) in the presence of CSF-1. These osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of macrophage-like cells and are characterized by their TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) positivity. No TRAP + cells were seen in cultures containing CSF-1 alone or in cultures containing CSF-1 and TRAIL LZ (a control for the soluble RANKL LZ). Even though human and monkey bone marrow contains more contaminating fibroblasts than murine bone marrow, osteoclasts were generated from murine and monkey bone marrow with the combination of CSF-1 and soluble RANKL LZ. In a dose-response study using murine bone marrow and suboptimal amounts of CSF-1 (40ng/ml), the effects of soluble RANKL LZ plateaued at about 100 ng/ml.
  • soluble anti-human RANK mAb and immobilized anti-human RANK mAb were compared to RANKL LZ for the generation of osteoclasts in the presence of CSF-1.
  • Immobilized M331 and RANKL LZ were found to be equally effective for osteoclast generation while soluble M331 was superior to both immobilized antibody and RANKL LZ. This confirms that the osteoclast differentiating activity of RANKL is mediated through RANK rather than via an alternative receptor.
  • osteoclasts cannot readily be harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry, 125 I-labeled calcitonin binding assays were used to identify osteoclasts (the calcitonin receptor is considered to be an osteoclast-specific marker). Osteoclasts generated from murine BM cultured with CSF-1 and RANKL LZ for 9 days showed binding of radiolabeled calcitonin confirming their osteoclast identity.
  • MH-85 and OKK squamous cells express RANKL.
  • MH-85 cells in addition to being linked with hypercalcemia in patients inflicted with this carcinoma, also express M-CSF (CSF-1). It was also determined that CSF-1 upregulates RANK expression on osteoclast precursors.
  • CSF-1 upregulates RANK expression on osteoclast precursors.
  • the enhanced amount of CSF-1 in MH-85 type squamous cell cancer patients can lead to an upregulation of RANK and increased RANK interaction with RANKL. Signals transduced by RANK and RANKL interaction result in increased numbers of mature osteoclasts and bone breakdown. Since soluble forms of RANK can inhibit the RAKNK L interaction, administering a soluble form of RANK (e.g. the extracellular region of RANK fused to an Fc) to a squamous cell cancer patient provides relief from adverse effects of this cancer, including hypercalcemia.

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US8548798P 1998-05-14 1998-05-14
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AU762574B2 (en) 2003-06-26
PT2009025E (pt) 2011-09-19
DE69939822D1 (de) 2008-12-11
CA2328140A1 (fr) 1999-11-18
DK2009025T3 (da) 2011-11-14
AU3988899A (en) 1999-11-29
ATE517916T1 (de) 2011-08-15
EP2009025B1 (fr) 2011-07-27
US20090004196A1 (en) 2009-01-01
US7790684B2 (en) 2010-09-07
JP2002514418A (ja) 2002-05-21
ES2317694T3 (es) 2009-04-16
WO1999058674A3 (fr) 2000-02-10
ATE412746T1 (de) 2008-11-15
EP1076699B1 (fr) 2008-10-29
EP1076699A2 (fr) 2001-02-21
WO1999058674A2 (fr) 1999-11-18
CA2328140C (fr) 2012-03-13
CY1111912T1 (el) 2015-11-04

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