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US20030214432A1 - System and method for frequency management in a communications positioning device - Google Patents

System and method for frequency management in a communications positioning device Download PDF

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Publication number
US20030214432A1
US20030214432A1 US10/438,441 US43844103A US2003214432A1 US 20030214432 A1 US20030214432 A1 US 20030214432A1 US 43844103 A US43844103 A US 43844103A US 2003214432 A1 US2003214432 A1 US 2003214432A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
frequency
clock signal
generating
control module
oscillator
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/438,441
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English (en)
Inventor
Sameh Tawadrous
Ronald Deck
Thomas Voor
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Motorola Solutions Inc
Original Assignee
Motorola Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Motorola Inc filed Critical Motorola Inc
Priority to US10/438,441 priority Critical patent/US20030214432A1/en
Assigned to MOTOROLA, INC. reassignment MOTOROLA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DECK, RONALD H., TAWADROUS, SAMEH W., VOOR, THOMAS E.
Publication of US20030214432A1 publication Critical patent/US20030214432A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S19/00—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems; Determining position, velocity or attitude using signals transmitted by such systems
    • G01S19/01—Satellite radio beacon positioning systems transmitting time-stamped messages, e.g. GPS [Global Positioning System], GLONASS [Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System] or GALILEO
    • G01S19/13—Receivers
    • G01S19/23—Testing, monitoring, correcting or calibrating of receiver elements
    • G01S19/235—Calibration of receiver components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S5/00—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations
    • G01S5/02—Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more direction or position line determinations; Position-fixing by co-ordinating two or more distance determinations using radio waves
    • G01S5/0205—Details
    • G01S5/0221—Receivers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
    • H03J7/00—Automatic frequency control; Automatic scanning over a band of frequencies
    • H03J7/02—Automatic frequency control
    • H03J7/04—Automatic frequency control where the frequency control is accomplished by varying the electrical characteristics of a non-mechanically adjustable element or where the nature of the frequency controlling element is not significant
    • H03J7/06—Automatic frequency control where the frequency control is accomplished by varying the electrical characteristics of a non-mechanically adjustable element or where the nature of the frequency controlling element is not significant using counters or frequency dividers
    • H03J7/065—Automatic frequency control where the frequency control is accomplished by varying the electrical characteristics of a non-mechanically adjustable element or where the nature of the frequency controlling element is not significant using counters or frequency dividers the counter or frequency divider being used in a phase locked loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/16—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/18—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop
    • H03L7/183—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using a frequency divider or counter in the loop a time difference being used for locking the loop, the counter counting between fixed numbers or the frequency divider dividing by a fixed number
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03L—AUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L7/00—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation
    • H03L7/06—Automatic control of frequency or phase; Synchronisation using a reference signal applied to a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/16—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop
    • H03L7/22—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using more than one loop
    • H03L7/23—Indirect frequency synthesis, i.e. generating a desired one of a number of predetermined frequencies using a frequency- or phase-locked loop using more than one loop with pulse counters or frequency dividers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/3805—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving with built-in auxiliary receivers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/38—Transceivers, i.e. devices in which transmitter and receiver form a structural unit and in which at least one part is used for functions of transmitting and receiving
    • H04B1/40—Circuits
    • H04B1/403—Circuits using the same oscillator for generating both the transmitter frequency and the receiver local oscillator frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/14—Relay systems
    • H04B7/15—Active relay systems
    • H04B7/185—Space-based or airborne stations; Stations for satellite systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W56/00—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W64/00—Locating users or terminals or network equipment for network management purposes, e.g. mobility management
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03J—TUNING RESONANT CIRCUITS; SELECTING RESONANT CIRCUITS
    • H03J2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to tuning resonant circuits and selecting resonant circuits
    • H03J2200/11—Cellular receiver, e.g. GSM, combined with a GPS receiver

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of communications, and more particularly to techniques for generating and managing precision frequency sources in cellular telephones or other communications devices having a positioning capability, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) or other location service.
  • GPS Global Positioning System
  • GPS receivers can be characterized by performance criteria such as acquisition and tracking time, which reflect the amount of processing necessary to detect and lock on to GPS satellite signals and hence the amount of time needed to begin accurately reporting a user's position.
  • acquisition and tracking time reflect the amount of processing necessary to detect and lock on to GPS satellite signals and hence the amount of time needed to begin accurately reporting a user's position.
  • the acquisition, tracking, sensitivity and other performance parameters of GPS receivers can be affected by a variety of factors. Those factors include the precision with which frequency references for radio frequency detection and other purposes can be generated and managed within the device.
  • L1 GPS signals used for civilian coarse acquisition (C/A) purposes are broadcast at 1.575 GHz from the associated NAVSTAR satellites.
  • Russian GLONASS satellites broadcast in a similar frequency range.
  • Handheld, vehicle-mounted, stationary and other GPS and other positioning receivers require frequency stability in their clocks generally in the range of a few parts per million or less to accurately derive Doppler and other data from those signals, and therefore triangulate a precise receiver position within a reasonable acquisition time.
  • the accuracy of reference clocks generally employed in cellular telephones and other communications devices may generally not be as great as that needed for useful GPS service, which as noted may require extended accuracy to within at least a few parts per million, down to tenths of 1 part per million or less for increased tracking performance.
  • Cellular telephones on the other hand may contain uncompensated oscillators accurate to within only perhaps five to tens of parts per million, depending on implementation.
  • Cellular devices may tolerate higher frequency variability in part because handsets or other devices may be able to derive a stable frequency reference from a base station or the wireless network, itself.
  • a cellular telephone's local crystal oscillator tuned to 16.8 MHz or another base frequency, may for instance have a frequency variance of ⁇ 30 ppm or more or less.
  • a cellular handset's internal clock may therefore not be sufficient to drive GPS circuitry in a combined device for useful GPS operation by itself.
  • Temperature compensation circuits operating on ordinary crystal oscillators may improve the frequency reference to perhaps ⁇ 5 ppm or so, although those types of parts may add to the cost of a relatively low-cost mobile device. Solutions such as supplying two corrected reference oscillators, one for GPS and one for cellular or other communications service at different frequencies, for instance, would not be likely to be economical in a combined device. Other problems exist.
  • the invention overcoming these and other problems in the art relates in one regard to a system and method for frequency management in a combined communications/positioning system, in which a stable base reference may be extracted for GPS purposes from a high-frequency reference used to drive the demodulation of signals on the communications side of the device.
  • the invention in one regard thus allows both cellular and GPS circuits to be controlled from one source, without a need for a second oscillator in the GPS receiver portion of the device.
  • the GPS circuitry may be driven by a signal from a phase locked loop generating a radio local oscillator for demodulation, downconversion or other communications operations, divided down to an appropriate base GPS frequency.
  • the base oscillator driving the communications portion of the combined device may be corrected using for instance software temperature correction, hardware temperature correction, measurement of frequency bias at time of manufacture, automatic frequency control (AFC) or other techniques to establish accuracy in the communications portion of the device to ⁇ 5 ppm or more or less.
  • the GPS receiver component may consequently be driven with corresponding accuracy and therefore need not have a local oscillator of its own, while still achieving sufficient GPS performance at comparatively low cost.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a frequency management architecture, according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a flowchart of frequency management processing, according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a frequency management architecture, according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a frequency management architecture, according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 An architecture in which a frequency management system according to the invention may be implemented is illustrated in FIG. 1, in which a combined communications/positioning device incorporates both GPS receiver 124 and a communications transceiver 120 .
  • the communications transceiver 120 of the combined device may be or include for instance a portable radio, cellular telephone, two-way or other pager, wireless modem, wireless personal digital assistant or other device that receives or transmits a radio, optical or other wireless communications signal.
  • the combined communications/positioning device as illustrated may contain a base oscillator 102 to provide a frequency reference to ultimately drive the communications transceiver 120 .
  • base oscillator 102 may be a free-running, uncompensated reference part.
  • the base frequency of the base oscillator 102 may be set to values compatible with cellular or other operation at 800/900 MHz, 1900 MHz or other frequency ranges.
  • the base oscillator 102 may for example be set to 16.8 MHz or other frequencies which may be multiplied to carrier ranges.
  • An uncompensated crystal oscillator such as may be used to implement base oscillator 102 may by itself typically exhibit, for instance, a frequency deviation of ⁇ 30 ppm or more or less.
  • the output of base oscillator 102 may be processed or corrected using hardware, software or other techniques to improve frequency stability.
  • Techniques to control base oscillator 102 may include, for instance, the use of factory measurement data 104 to compensate for detected frequency bias or offset in the manufactured part, and other artifacts.
  • Factory measurement data 104 may in one regard be stored in the combined device and used to re-center the frequency of base oscillator 102 during operation, via software or otherwise. Other adjustments are possible.
  • base oscillator 102 may likewise be controlled for frequency drift or other artifacts associated with varying temperature, using temperature frequency control module 106 .
  • Temperature frequency control module 106 may in embodiments be implemented using hardware, software, firmware, or combinations of the same to correct base oscillator 102 .
  • Temperature frequency control module 106 may, for instance, in embodiments be combined in the base oscillator 102 using hardware components such as a temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (TCXO) or other hardware-corrected oscillator or reference part.
  • TXO temperature-controlled crystal oscillator
  • a hardware TXCO may for instance exhibit a frequency accuracy of ⁇ 5 ppm or more or less, depending on manufacturing, design or other factors.
  • temperature frequency control module 106 may be implemented using software control such as a temperature frequency control (TFC) or other algorithm, to sense and adjust frequency settings based for instance on temperature, power and other parameters.
  • TFC temperature frequency control
  • the output of the base oscillator 102 may in embodiments be processed to further increase the accuracy of the frequency reference.
  • the frequency tracking control module 108 may apply correction to the base oscillator 102 to increase the accuracy of the frequency output.
  • the frequency tracking control module 108 may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware or combinations of the same.
  • the frequency tracking control module 108 may be implemented in hardware, such as an automatic frequency control (AFC) circuit, of the superheterodyne, direct conversion or other type locking to a cellular or other carrier.
  • AFC automatic frequency control
  • the frequency tracking control module 108 may be implemented in software algorithms, with correction instead for instance applied to a synthesizer or other associated part by programming logic or otherwise to achieve enhanced frequency precision.
  • the accuracy of the frequency reference corrected by frequency tracking control module 108 may for instance reach ⁇ 0.2 ppm or more or less, in part because cellular or other base stations may maintain accurate cesium or other clock references which may be broadcast over their communications channels.
  • Frequency tracking control module 108 as illustrated may for instance communicate with and receive input from communications transceiver 120 to perform frequency tracking, by negative feedback or other techniques.
  • the frequency tracking control module 108 as illustrated may be applied to a phase locked loop 110 to drive operating frequencies for cellular or other communications or other operations.
  • the phase locked loop 110 may include a phase comparator 112 , to compare the phase of the base oscillator 102 with the phase of a high-frequency oscillator 116 .
  • High-frequency oscillator 116 may for instance be implemented as a voltage controlled high-frequency oscillator (VCO) generating frequencies, for instance, in the 800/900 MHz, 1900 MHz or other ranges for cellular or other operation.
  • a loop filter 114 may low-pass filter the output of the phase comparator 112 to remove higher frequency artifacts or other noise.
  • the output of the loop filter 114 may in turn drive the high-frequency oscillator 116 to operating frequencies, which through the return provided by loop divider 118 completes a closed feedback loop to phase comparator 112 .
  • the phase of the high-frequency oscillator 116 is thereby locked to the phase of the base oscillator 102 , so that the phase angle between them remains zero or approximately zero, or at a fixed or approximately fixed separation during operation.
  • the clock reference of the high-frequency oscillator 116 forms an output of the phase locked loop 110 , which may in turn drive communications transceiver 120 to demodulate, downconvert and receive the wireless signals broadcast to the communications device, or perform other communications operations.
  • each of the factory measurement data 104 , temperature frequency control module 106 and frequency tracking control module 108 may likewise be in communication with loop divider 118 of phase locked loop 110 , to correlate the adjustment of the output of phase locked loop 110 used to drive communications transceiver 120 . For instance, in embodiments comparatively fine or other adjustments may be made to the ratio of loop divider 118 , according to inputs from those corrective data or modules.
  • the output of the phase locked loop 110 may also be used to drive GPS receiver 124 within the combined device.
  • the GPS receiver 124 may consequently acquire and track GPS signals without the added costs of incorporating an additional local oscillator as well as associated automatic frequency control (AFC) or other signal processing circuitry or software to enhance the frequency reference for that portion of the combined device.
  • AFC automatic frequency control
  • a frequency reference output from phase locked loop 110 may be communicated to the GPS receiver 124 from the communications or other circuitry, without requiring a local oscillator apparatus in the GPS receiver 124 .
  • the frequency reference derived from base oscillator 102 may for instance be divided by GPS divider 122 to a desired GPS frequency.
  • GPS divider 122 as illustrated may likewise communicate with and receive input from the frequency tracking control module 108 , to refine divider ratios or other adjust processing parameters.
  • the output of GPS divider 122 may be communicated via filter 128 to remove noise, isolate demodulation frequencies or perform other signal conditioning.
  • the frequency division may for instance be performed using GPS divider 122 as a separate part, by an auxiliary synthesizer prescaler contained as part of a synthesizer or other part, or by other parts or software.
  • this downconversion process may provide a reference signal to the GPS receiver 124 having an accuracy in embodiments of ⁇ 5 ppm to 0.2 ppm or more or less. This may eliminate any necessity to introduce a separate oscillator or a step-up phase locked loop in the GPS receiver 124 itself, reducing cost and increasing reliability in the resulting device.
  • step 202 processing begins.
  • base oscillator 102 may generate a 16.8 MHz or other clock reference signal, for communications or other purposes.
  • offset correction if used, may be applied to center or otherwise correct the output of base oscillator 102 , based on factory measurement data 104 or other data.
  • temperature correction using temperature frequency control module 106 if used, may be applied to correct the output of base oscillator 102 to increase frequency accuracy or stability, for instance using software, circuitry, or other techniques.
  • step 210 the output of the base oscillator 102 may be transmitted to the phase locked loop 110 .
  • step 212 the phase locked loop 110 may lock the phase of high-frequency oscillator 116 to the phase of base oscillator 102 .
  • step 214 the output of phase locked loop 110 may drive communications transceiver 120 , for instance for cellular or other operation.
  • the communications transceiver 120 may register or communicate with a cellular base station or other remote or other transceiver.
  • an AFC or other frequency tracking control may be performed on base oscillator 102 , for instance by software, circuitry or other techniques.
  • step 220 the output of phase locked loop 110 may be communicated to GPS divider 122 , for instance to divide the incoming reference signal down to base frequencies which may be used to drive GPS operation, such as, for example, 24.5535 MHz or other frequencies.
  • GPS divider 122 may generate an output reference signal according to the divide ratio, which in embodiments may be programmable or dynamically adjusted according to communications or other conditions. In other embodiments, the divide ratio may be hardwired, or be flashed or otherwise be set to remain relatively static.
  • step 224 the output of GPS divider 122 may drive GPS receiver 124 for instance via filter 128 for radio frequency demodulation or other operations.
  • step 226 processing may end, repeat, or return to a prior processing point.
  • the output of base oscillator 102 may be communicated to the phase locked loop 110 omitting any frequency tracking control module, if that correction is not needed to achieve satisfactory accuracy in given implementations.
  • the divide ratio of the GPS divider 122 may in cases be dynamically or otherwise adjusted, for instance in fine increments, to tune the resulting GPS frequency reference delivered to GPS receiver 124 without the benefit of an AFC or other circuit or algorithm.
  • other compensation such as that performed or effected by factory measurement data 104 and temperature frequency control module 106 , may still be performed on base oscillator 102 as well as communicated to loop divider 118 or other parts of phase locked loop 110 .
  • Other types of correction or compensation to base oscillator 102 such as correction using factory measurement data 104 or other data, may also be applied, alone or in conjunction with temperature control or other techniques.
  • the divide ratio of the GPS divider 122 may for instance be adjusted to alter the clock reference delivered to the GPS receiver 124 by comparatively fine, or in implementations more or less coarse, amounts.
  • the divide ratio may illustratively be an integer N, but floating point and other divide ratios are possible.
  • the omission of frequency tracking correction or other types of compensation on base oscillator 102 in embodiments may depend, in part, on factors such as the frequency range of the communications transceiver 120 , the detected offset of the base oscillator 102 during manufacture, the numerical precision of the divide ratio effected by GPS divider 122 , or other factors.
  • the phase locked loop 110 may drive a synthesizer 126 or other part to generate other desired frequencies for cellular or other operation, rather than drive the communications transceiver 120 directly.
  • the frequency reference may be programmed or scaled according to design needs, such as for instance for multi-band operation for cellular handsets, or other implementations.
  • the GPS divider 122 may in turn drive a synthesizer or other part to generate desired frequency ranges, rather than drive GPS receiver 124 directly. Other combinations are possible.
  • phase locked loop 110 locking high-frequency oscillator 116 to base oscillator 102 has been generally described in terms of a negative feedback topology including a comparator, loop filter, high-frequency oscillator and feedback divider, in embodiments the phase locking function may be implemented in other circuit configurations, by software algorithms, or other combinations of hardware and software.
  • communications transceiver 120 and related circuitry has generally been described in terms of a cellular telephone equipped with positioning capability, other communications receivers or transceivers may be used.
  • a passive communications receiver rather than a two-way communications transceiver 120 may be implemented.
  • Other receivers, transceivers, modems or other communications components may be used.
  • satellite-based communications receivers or transceivers data links or other wired, wireless, optical and other interfaces or channels may be used.
  • the invention has generally been described in terms of a GPS device as the positioning receiver, other positioning systems or a combination of positioning systems may be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Astronomy & Astrophysics (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Position Fixing By Use Of Radio Waves (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Transceivers (AREA)
  • Stabilization Of Oscillater, Synchronisation, Frequency Synthesizers (AREA)
  • Circuits Of Receivers In General (AREA)
US10/438,441 2002-05-17 2003-05-15 System and method for frequency management in a communications positioning device Abandoned US20030214432A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/438,441 US20030214432A1 (en) 2002-05-17 2003-05-15 System and method for frequency management in a communications positioning device

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US38083202P 2002-05-17 2002-05-17
US10/438,441 US20030214432A1 (en) 2002-05-17 2003-05-15 System and method for frequency management in a communications positioning device

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US10/439,200 Expired - Lifetime US6867734B2 (en) 2002-05-17 2003-05-15 System and method for frequency management in a communications positioning device

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US (2) US20030214432A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP1512026B1 (fr)
JP (2) JP2006506832A (fr)
KR (2) KR100726108B1 (fr)
CN (2) CN100531007C (fr)
AU (2) AU2003229308A1 (fr)
WO (2) WO2003098817A2 (fr)

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US6867734B2 (en) 2005-03-15
CN1653351A (zh) 2005-08-10
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JP2005526256A (ja) 2005-09-02
US20030214436A1 (en) 2003-11-20
KR100726108B1 (ko) 2007-06-12
EP1512026A2 (fr) 2005-03-09
KR20050005485A (ko) 2005-01-13
EP1508055A1 (fr) 2005-02-23
KR100729164B1 (ko) 2007-06-19
CN100531007C (zh) 2009-08-19
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CN1729405A (zh) 2006-02-01
AU2003233548A1 (en) 2003-12-02

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