UA126011C2 - A method of open-pit mining of mineral deposits - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the mining industry. According to the invention, at the stage of quarrying, from the side of the location of residential buildings along the boundary of the contour, a long protective dump of overburden rocks is simultaneously formed in the process of mining in accordance with a predetermined volume. Subsequently, the overburden rocks are stored in permanent external dumps and internal pit dumps after filling the contour protection dump. Drilling and blasting operations on the working ledges are carried out with the movement of crushed rock pieces to the opposite side of residential buildings. After the initial pit has been mined, mining is carried out with the concentration horizon shifted in the direction of the deposit development. In this case, the lower part of the belt conveyor is transferred from the working concentration horizon to the transport berm, which communicates with the corresponding working concentration horizon, to ensure continuity of processes and the flow of minerals by conveyor transport. The continuity of the mining, transportation, and processing process is achieved while ensuring the environmental protection of buildings and structures and reducing the environmental impact on the environment. This increases efficiency while reducing mining costs regardless of mining and geological conditions.

Description

The invention belongs to the mining industry and can be used in the open development of rock mineral deposits (iron ore, dolomites, limestones, granites, migmatites, gneisses, basalts, sandstones and others), which are located near residential buildings, where mining enterprises operate in conditions of reduced sanitary protection zone (C33).

There is a known method of open development of deposits of non-ore rock minerals, which includes the opening of deposits by external and internal trenches, ramps and transport berms with a laid conveyor lift between the surface and the platform of the deep sector of the transshipment and sorting complex (PSK) on the non-working side, phased working out of the car of the field by primary and secondary quarries in the depth and in the horizontal direction with the extraction of rocks in steep and horizontal layers, grouped ledges with one concentration horizon, excavation and transportation of overburden rocks successively to the peripheral and internal dumps, drilling, blasting, excavation and supply of useful minerals from mining pits of the concentration horizon by wheeled transport or pneumatic wheel loaders to the mobile crushing and sorting equipment (PDSU), delivery of minerals from other escarpments to the PDSU along the rock slope formed at an angle of 60-70" on the ledges of the working side, by descent of rocks under the action of gravity from all upper ledges to the concentration horizon, gradual movement of the rock slope in front of the concentration horizon break, delivery of finished products from the PDSU to the deep section of the PSK and then to consumers by motor vehicle (Patent Mo 61984 Ukraine. The method of open mining of solid non-metallic minerals / Simonenko V.I., Chernyaev O.V., Mostyka A.V.

Hrytsenko L.S.; Application 27.12.10., Publ. 10.08.11., Bul. Mo 15).

This well-known method provides for all the main production processes of extraction, transportation and processing of minerals, which are carried out within the limits of the quarry field.

Most of the negative consequences significantly affect the deterioration of the components of the environment, and this well-known method of open development of deposits of non-metallic solid (rock) minerals has the following disadvantages: disruption and damage to residential and cultural and household buildings, which are located on the border of reduced in 2, 5-3 times C33, from seismic, shock wave action of the explosion and pieces of rock flying when the mass landing is carried out on board located on

Ko) the closest distance from the protected objects; penetration of a dust and gas cloud with an increased concentration of harmful substances into a residential area or into the area of cultural and domestic buildings during mass planting of blocks on a closely located working board in the most unfavorable climatic conditions (windless and dry hot weather); increased noise level from production processes in a nearby residential area (population).

The closest to the proposed method is the method of open mining of rock mineral deposits, which includes the opening of the deposit with an inclined exit trench, which is equipped with a stationary belt conveyor, the working of the quarry field in depth and in horizontal directions with ledges, with the simultaneous operation of two mining ledges, the lower of which which is a concentration horizon and its development is carried out by a pneumatic wheel loader, and the working of the upper ledge is carried out by a loader with the descent of mineral to the concentration horizon along the ore slope, excavation and transportation of overburden from the quarry to external dumps, performing fan movement of self-propelled conveyor loaders in relation to the receiving hopper of the inclined loader, transportation of crushed mineral by a stationary belt conveyor to the surface for further processing, expansion of the stationary belt conveyor as the exit trench deepens | Patent Mo 95193 U country. The method of open mining of rock deposits of a useful mineral / Yu.V. Filatov, V.P. Volovik, Yu.O. Gukov, Kogan

I.L., O.V. Karpenko, B.A. Flore, O.G. Black; Application 14.06.10., Publ. 11.07.11, Bul. Mo 131.

The significant disadvantages of this method are as follows: during the initial stages of field development, the entire volume of overburden rocks within the final limits of the quarry field is worked out, which will lead to a significant increase in the exploitation coefficient of the overburden in the initial period (stage) of the field development and its decrease in the following stages . The last circumstance sharply increases the amount of capital investments and the cost of production at the initial stage; the need to remove all overburden rocks to external dumps worsens the ecological condition of the environment near such dumps, it is necessary to set aside large areas of fertile land for the placement of overburden rocks, financial costs for the creation and operation of external dumps increase;

the possibility of dust and gas clouds with a high concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere of residential buildings and the location of other buildings (practically outside the reduced C33) during the detonation of blocks on the ledges of the side of the quarry, located on the side where these buildings and protected objects are located; measures to reduce these dust and gas clouds are quite costly; increase in noise levels from working pneumatic wheel loaders, excavators, drilling rigs and other mechanisms (except conveyors) when forging ledges on board from the side of the location of protected objects and buildings; damage to the objects of residential buildings, located on the border of the reduced C33, from the shock wave and flying pieces of rock during mass landings on the ledges.

In general, the specified known method does not fully meet the environmental requirements that determine the safe operation and functioning of mining production in the conditions of operation of deposits with reduced sizes of the sanitary protection zone.

The invention is based on the task of improving the well-known method of working out a mineral deposit, in which, by conducting new technological operations and their interconnection, the continuity of the process of extraction, transportation, and processing is achieved at the same time as ensuring the environmental protection of buildings and structures with the possibility of reducing the sanitary protection zone and reducing the environmental load on the environment.

Due to this, the efficiency increases while reducing costs during mining, regardless of the mining and geological conditions.

The task is solved by the fact that at the stage of working out the quarry from the side of the location of residential buildings along the boundary of the contour, in the process of mining, a long protective dump is simultaneously formed from overburden rocks according to a predetermined volume, in the future, the overburden rocks, after filling the protective dump near the contour, are formed into the permanent external dumps and into the internal dumps of the quarry, in addition, blasting operations on working ledges are carried out with the movement of crushed pieces of rock in the opposite direction from residential buildings, and after working out the initial pit, mining is carried out with a shift of the concentration horizon in the direction of working out the deposit, at the same time, the lower part of the belt lifting conveyor from the working one

From the concentration horizon, they are transferred to the transport berm, which connects to the corresponding working concentration horizon, to ensure the continuity of processes and the current delivery of the mineral by conveyor transport.

The drawings show a technological scheme for the open development of rock mineral deposits in the conditions of a reduced sanitary and protective zone:

In fig. 1 - the position of the mining operations in the plan on the quarry field at the stage of working out the initial pit, after cutting and working out the three mining ledges of the group with the first concentration horizon;

In fig. 2 - the same, after finishing the upper mining ledges with the first concentration horizon and cutting two mining ledges of the group with the second concentration horizon;

In fig. C is the same as in fig. 2, a fragment of the floor plan of the quarry after cutting the third mining ledge of the group with the second concentration horizon;

In fig. 4 - the same at the stage of exploitation of the mineral on the mining ledges of the third concentration horizon to the limit limits of the initial quarry;

In fig. 5 - the plan of the pit at the stage of working out the pre-explored and registered mineral reserves to the depth of the limit in the contours of the bottom of the secondary pit.

In fig. 6 - longitudinal section of the quarry in fig. 5 along the A-A line.

In fig. 1-6 are marked: Kz, Np - the radius of the correspondingly reduced and normative (full) sanitary and protective zone in the direction of residential buildings and buildings of cultural and household purpose; 1 - contour of the quarry field on the surface; 2 - initial career; C - secondary career; 4 - horizontal layers of rock extraction; 5 - steep layers from rock extraction; b - opening steep trench; 7 - belt lifting conveyor; 8 - semi-trenches - exits; 9 - transport berms on the sides of quarries; 10 - sites of concentration horizons; 11 - mining ledges; 12 - pits of mining ledges; 13 - front pneumatic wheel loader; 14 - road direction of mineral transportation; 15 - rudoskat; 16 self-propelled crushing unit (self-propelled crusher); 17 self-propelled mobile belt conveyor reloader; 18 - belt conveyor of the growing transport berm; 19 - ledges of overburden rocks; 20 - excavator; 21 - dump truck; 22 - overburden rock transportation routes; 23 - contour extended protective dump; 24 - near-contour extended dump; 25 - internal dump; 26 - protected objects and buildings of the residential and socio-cultural sphere; 60 27 - receiving hopper of the lifting conveyor; 28 - the lower part of the lifting conveyor,

which is subject to dismantling and expansion; 29 - additional reserves of the previously explored section of the secondary quarry taken into account; 30 - the section of the opening trench that passes in the lower part of the quarry.

The method of open development of rock mineral deposits in the conditions of a reduced sanitary protection zone, which is declared, is implemented as follows.

When developing a mine development project, the quarry field with contour 1 is divided (according to the order of its development) into two large sections: initial pit 2 and secondary pit 3. In addition, in its contours 1, secondary pit З is also cut into stages of working out |, ІЙ, ... M. Each of these stages of working out involves mining operations in horizontal layers 4 of overburden rocks and in steep layers 5 (see fig. 6) along the mineral.

Opening of quarries 2 and Z is carried out by a steep trench b, which is equipped with a belt lifting conveyor 7, as well as sliding ramps (semi-trenches) 8 and transport berms 9. Transport berms 9 are built on the non-working sides of quarries 2, Z at the level concentration horizons 10. Each of these concentration horizons 10 is necessary to service several (from 2 to 4) mining ledges 11 (three such ledges are shown in Fig. 1-6). Blasting of rocks on the ledge is carried out with the initiation of the lower charge first, and then (after a certain period of time) the upper charge, which contributes to better processing of the mass of blasted rocks by the energy of the explosion and improves the environmental condition of the environment (less dust and gas emissions are released into the atmosphere). From each ledge 11, the mining mass with an outcrop 12 is processed by a front-mounted pneumatic wheel loader 13, which collects rocks (filling) into the bucket, transports them along the road direction 14 to the ore dump 15, or directly to the self-propelled crushing unit 16 (self-propelled crusher) and unloads the bucket . From the self-propelled crusher 16, the mining mass is moved by self-propelled and mobile belt conveyors, reloaders 17, belt conveyors 18, which are built up, and a belt lifting conveyor 7 to the surface for further processing.

Overburden is mined in horizontal layers 4 by ledges 19 with the help of excavators 20 and loaded into dump trucks 21. By them, along routes 22, the overburden is delivered to the near-contour extended protective dump 23, near-contour built-up dump 24 and to internal dumps 25.

The technology for the development of a rock mineral deposit is as follows.

The construction of the initial pit 2 is carried out in traditional ways. By making ledges 19 of overburden rocks in horizontal layers 4, the upper part of the trench b is gradually traversed. After excavators 20 are loaded with dump trucks 21, the latter deliver the overburden to the contour extended protective dump 23. It is formed along the boundary on the surface of the quarry field of contour 1 from the side of the location of the protected objects and structures 26. Later, after the formation of the dump 23, the overburden are placed in the contour dump 24, which is formed on the unoccupied surface of the secondary quarry 3. When the trench 6 reaches the level of the first concentration horizon 10 (in Fig. 1, 2, these are the first three upper mining ledges 11 with the lower platform of the third ledge) equip in the trench b belt lifting conveyor 7. At the bottom of the constructed pit (quarry), i.e. at the level of the first concentration horizon 10 (see Fig. 1), several (up to 2-3) self-propelled mobile conveyor loaders 17 are installed. Then, mining ledges are worked out 11 of the first concentration horizon 10 with the extraction of crushed minerals from pits 12 by pneumatic wheel nava loaders 13, which transport rocks along the road directions 14 to the ore slopes 15 (on the upper 2 ledges of this group) and directly to the self-propelled crusher 16 (on the concentration horizon 10). At the same time, according to the proposed method, from the upper mining ledges 11, the rocks dumped on the concentration horizon 10 along the ore slopes 15 can be loaded directly into the receiving hopper of the crusher 16. As the ledges 11 are worked out to the design limit (contour) of the initial pit 2, the self-propelled mobile conveyor loaders 17 move the fan in such a way as to ensure a continuous transport connection between the self-propelled crusher 16 and the receiving hopper 27 of the lifting conveyor 7.

The described technological scheme of mining works when working out the groups of ledges 11 for each of the concentration horizons 10 may include the mining of rocks in pits 12, excavators, a direct mechanical shovel with loading of dump trucks, which deliver the mineral according to the ore slopes 15 and to the receiving hopper of the crusher 16. In this case self-propelled crusher 16 is equipped, as is known, with a special device (ramp) for the possibility of unloading a dump truck directly into the receiving hopper of the crusher.

After working out the upper group of mining ledges 11 with the concentration horizon bo 10, trench 6 is further deepened to the next ledges (horizons). At the same time, during dredging operations, the mineral is delivered by pneumatic wheel loaders 13 to the self-propelled crusher 16, which is located near the excavation trench 6 at the level of the first concentration horizon 10. The excavation of the trench can also be carried out gradually (see Fig. 2). Then the conveyor 7 is increased to the depth of each opening ledge, and the self-propelled crusher 16 and the loader 17 are gradually moved to each of the ledge sites. With the passage of trench b to the level of the next concentration horizon 10, the lifting conveyor 7 is built up, the self-propelled conveyor loaders 17 are transferred to the second concentration horizon and the self-propelled crusher 16 is moved here. Therefore, the mining technology is carried out similarly to the mineral extraction organization described above.

After completing the mining operations in the primary pit 2, they begin working out the rocks in the contours of the secondary pit 3. To do this, perform the following. The lower section 28 of the lifting belt conveyor 7, from the receiving hopper 27 at the level of the transport berm 9, which connects this hopper with the first (from the surface) concentration horizon 10, is dismantled to the design bottom of the initial pit 2. This section 28 of the conveyor is transferred to the transport berm 9, where the belt conveyor, which builds up 18 to the first concentration horizon 10, is assembled. Excavation (exploitation) ledges 19 are mined, and simultaneously with them, 1-3 ledges are cut on the contour dump for rock extraction. Excavators 20 and dump trucks 21 are used to work out the operational and dumping overburden. By the dump trucks 21, the mining and dumping overburden rocks are delivered along the road routes 22 to the internal dumps 25: first to the lower tiers, then to the upper. At the same time, transportation is carried out on the transport platforms of overburden 19 and mining ledges 11, sliding ramps 8 and transport berms laid on the non-working side of quarries 2, C at the level of concentration horizons 10.

The mineral in the secondary quarry Z is mined in steep layers 5 gradually from the upper ledge of each group of ledges 11 to the lower one. Rocks are delivered by pneumatic wheel loaders 13 to ore skids 15, lowered into a self-propelled crusher 16 and transferred by self-propelled conveyor transfer loaders 17 to the increasing belt conveyor 18, and from it through the receiving hopper 27 to the lifting belt conveyor

From 7 and him to the surface. After working out the group of ledges 11 with the first concentration horizon 10 to the final contour of stage I, work is started in a similar way in the group of mining ledges of the second concentration horizon 10.

First, a part of the conveyor 18 is dismantled and mounted in a steep trench 6 on the section between the first and second concentration horizons 10. The other part of the conveyor 18 is transferred to the transport berm 9 of the second concentration horizon 10 (see Fig. 4). Conveyor loaders 17 and a self-propelled crusher 16 are also moved here. After working out the ledges 11 to the second concentration horizon 10 with the advance of the front of mining operations to the width of the stage I mining, similar technological processes and work are carried out in relation to the lower mining ledges 11, which work out to the third concentration horizon 10 on the bottom levels of the initial pit 2 (the location of the works is shown in Fig. 4).

According to that, mineral processing is carried out in a similar way at the stages of EI, PS, IM and others. This technology of field development provides the possibility of gradual, continuous development of the operational and dump overburden with its removal to the lower and upper tiers of the internal dump 25 along routes 22. In turn, this ensures the operation of the quarry with a constant exploitation ratio of the overburden, and therefore with lower operational expenses for excavation works. After completing the mining operations in the secondary pit Z according to the method described above, it is necessary to start working out the additional reserves of mineral 29 lying below the bottom of this pit Z within its contours 1 (see Fig. 6 - the two lower mining ledges 11 in the stage M).

Working out of additional reserves 29 is carried out in a similar way. First, trench 6 (its passage) is deepened to the depth of stage M. When such trench 30 is built, a steep belt conveyor similar to conveyor 7 (section 28), but of the required length, will be installed in it. A self-propelled mobile loader 17 is connected to it through a receiving hopper 27 (see Fig. 6) and a self-propelled crusher 16. At the same time, a self-propelled mobile loader 17 can be used as a steep conveyor in the section of trench 30. Further, mining operations are performed similarly to the technology described above : from pits 12, rocks are delivered by loaders 13 to ore skids 15, which are previously equipped on ledges for extracting additional reserves 29. Next, the mineral is released to the surface for further processing along the chain: crusher 16, loaders 17, lifting belt conveyor 7.

After the completion of working out additional reserves of mineral 29, all mechanisms are removed from the pit, sections of the lifting conveyor 7 in trenches 6 and 30 are dismantled, and the lower part of the pit (up to the level of groundwater) is filled with water. The upper ledges (horizontal platforms and slopes), as well as the internal dump 25, are planted with forest plantations and sown with grasses. At the same time, the slopes 8 from the surface to the reservoir level in the quarry are left in working condition. In the future, the reservoir is used for agricultural (irrigation of fields, gardens), fishing and other purposes, and exits 8 with transport berms 9 for transport maintenance of the reservoir.

When using the described method of development of rock mineral deposits, the following is achieved: an increase in career productivity and human labor productivity by 1.5-1.6 times (due to the use of conveyor transport instead of automobile); reduction of the cost of production of finished products (crushed stone, sand from stone natural mineral material, buta) by 20-22 95 at the expense of intra-pit transportation of rocks by conveyor transport; excluding the use of environmentally harmful motor vehicles in the quarry, which ensures the achievement of regulatory concentrations of harmful gas emissions at distances of 400-600 m from the quarry; reducing the width of transport berms in the pit, which ensures a reduction of 1.8-3 95 mineral losses in the sides of the pit; reduction of the distance of transportation of minerals on working horizons by wheeled transport by 0.8-1.0 km, which allows to save diesel fuel by 9-11 95 and reduce harmful emissions of gaseous substances into the atmosphere; reduction of the sanitary protection zone in quarries from 1,500 to 400-500 m; the possibility of putting into development up to 10-15 million m3 of additional mineral reserves in non-ore quarries with a capacity of 600 to 1,200 thousand m3/year without alienating fertile lands for this.

The fields of application of this invention in Ukraine are mining and non-mineral quarries.

Claims (1)

FORMULA OF THE INVENTION Zo Method of open development of mineral deposits, which includes the opening of the deposit with exit trenches, one of which is equipped with a belt lifting conveyor, transport berms and ramps, step-by-step development of the quarry field in depth and in a horizontal direction with the extraction of rocks, transportation of overburden rock successively 35 in the peripheral external and internal dumps with the cutting of mining ledges to the depth as the quarry is worked out, drilling, blasting, excavation and loading it into main transport means on one concentration horizon, which differs in that at the stage of working out the quarry from the side of the location of residential buildings along the boundary of the contour, in the process of extraction, simultaneously form a long contour protective dump 40 from overburden rocks in accordance with the predetermined volume, in the future, after filling the contour protective dump, the overburden rocks are stored in permanent external dumps and in internal in addition to this, blasting operations on working ledges are carried out with the movement of crushed pieces of rock in the opposite direction from residential buildings, and after working out the initial quarry, mining is carried out with a shift of 45 concentration horizon in the direction of working out the deposit, while the lower part of the belt lifting the conveyor from the working concentration horizon is transferred to the transport berm connected to the corresponding working concentration horizon to ensure the continuity of processes and the continuous delivery of the mineral by conveyor transport.