TWI486127B - 冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品或乳製品替代組合物及其製造方法 - Google Patents
冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品或乳製品替代組合物及其製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI486127B TWI486127B TW097117362A TW97117362A TWI486127B TW I486127 B TWI486127 B TW I486127B TW 097117362 A TW097117362 A TW 097117362A TW 97117362 A TW97117362 A TW 97117362A TW I486127 B TWI486127 B TW I486127B
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
- A23C9/123—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using only microorganisms of the genus lactobacteriaceae; Yoghurt
- A23C9/1232—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using only microorganisms of the genus lactobacteriaceae; Yoghurt in powdered, granulated or dried solid form
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
- A23C9/13—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using additives
- A23C9/1307—Milk products or derivatives; Fruit or vegetable juices; Sugars, sugar alcohols, sweeteners; Oligosaccharides; Organic acids or salts thereof or acidifying agents; Flavours, dyes or pigments; Inert or aerosol gases; Carbonation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/12—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes
- A23C9/13—Fermented milk preparations; Treatment using microorganisms or enzymes using additives
- A23C9/137—Thickening substances
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/152—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives
- A23C9/1524—Inert gases, noble gases, oxygen, aerosol gases; Processes for foaming
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C9/00—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations
- A23C9/152—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives
- A23C9/154—Milk preparations; Milk powder or milk powder preparations containing additives containing thickening substances, eggs or cereal preparations; Milk gels
- A23C9/1544—Non-acidified gels, e.g. custards, creams, desserts, puddings, shakes or foams, containing eggs or thickening or gelling agents other than sugar; Milk products containing natural or microbial polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Milk products containing nutrient fibres
- A23C9/1546—Non-acidified gels, e.g. custards, creams, desserts, puddings, shakes or foams, containing eggs or thickening or gelling agents other than sugar; Milk products containing natural or microbial polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose or cellulose derivatives; Milk products containing nutrient fibres in powdered, granulated or dried solid form
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23C—DAIRY PRODUCTS, e.g. MILK, BUTTER OR CHEESE; MILK OR CHEESE SUBSTITUTES; MAKING OR TREATMENT THEREOF
- A23C2240/00—Use or particular additives or ingredients
- A23C2240/20—Inert gas treatment, using, e.g. noble gases or CO2, including CO2 liberated by chemical reaction; Carbonation of milk products
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Dairy Products (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)
Description
此項技術中已知通氣牛奶組合物,諸如通氣優酪產品。通氣可提供所需特徵,諸如光、疏鬆質地。此項技術中亦已知通氣產物易產生物理及化學不穩定性且因此可隨時間推移而不穩定。通氣之基於牛奶的產品中該不穩定性問題之一種解決方法包括將水合乳化劑添加至已培養之乳製品中,之後通氣(參見,例如美國專利第7,005,157號,即下文之"'157專利")。特定言之,'157專利教示反對在醱酵之前將成份直接添加至牛奶摻合物中,此係因為該等成份可能不利地影響加工因素,諸如醱酵時間。'157專利教示醱酵後添加水合乳化劑以避免不利地延長醱酵時間,同時有助於穩定性。冷凍乾燥為食品工業中熟知之方法。在進一步乾燥通氣產品中關鍵的係使所得產品保持對消費者而言重要之感官屬性。使用'157專利所教示之發明時,在冷凍乾燥之前水合通氣產品可能不利地影響物理穩定性。舉例而言,水合之通氣產品在冷凍乾燥時可導致在運送及處理產品期間易碎性增加。
作為另一實例,溶解度為冷凍乾燥產品中之重要問題。特定言之,已乾燥且用空氣、氮氣或其他氣體處理之通氣產品必須仍保持在食用時易於以使香味轉移至消費者之味蕾的速率溶解。此外,產品應易於溶解以降低對於具有受限或發育不全之口腔運動技能或消化功能之消費者的哽塞危險之風險。作為已知解決方法,增加通氣可改善溶解
度。然而,增加通氣具有降低最終產品之硬度的副作用。當硬度降低超過某程度時,可能損害產品之物理穩定性。因此,需要具有改良之物理穩定性及改良之溶解度的冷凍乾燥且通氣之產品。
本發明包含一種冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品或乳製品替代組合物(其中將該乳製品或乳製品替代組合物經巴氏殺菌)及其製造方法,該組合物包含乳製品或乳製品替代成份、乳化劑。
如整篇文中所用,將範圍用作描述範圍內每一數值之簡寫形式。可將範圍內之任何值選為範圍之界限。當使用時,詞語"中之至少一者"係指個別地選擇任何一個成員或選擇成員之任何組合。連接詞"及"或"或"可用於列出成員,但詞語"中之至少一者"為控制語言。舉例而言,A、B及C中之至少一者為單獨A、單獨B、單獨C、A及B、B及C、A及C或A及B及C之簡寫形式。
"冷凍乾燥"為藉由冷凍材料且隨後降低周圍壓力以使得材料中之冷凍水由固相直接昇華為氣體而進行的脫水方法。
"通氣"為引入空氣以增加液體中之氣體濃度的方法。可藉由使氣體鼓泡通過液體、將液體噴入氣體中或攪動液體以增加表面吸收來進行通氣。
"溶解度"係定義為產品由乾燥狀態至潤濕狀態之硬度變
化。
"硬度"係定義為材料破裂之前的峰值應力。使用由Canton,MA之Instron所製造具有100 N靜測力計之4465型萬能試驗儀(Universal Tester)。用於測試之探針為壓縮砧2830-011號。對於約90%之壓縮而言初始設定探針速度為1毫米/秒。速度係基於J.Texture Studies,36(2005),第157-173頁之期刊論文"Effects of Sample Thickness of Bite Force for Raw Carrots and Fish Gels"。針對每一變數對10-15個複製樣品進行重複測試。
"黏度"係定義為物質流動阻力之量測。在將組合物通氣之前使用具有Helipath支架及F-T桿之布絡克菲爾德黏度計(Brookfield viscometer)量測黏度。黏度有助於經由通氣及沈積保持物質狀態。
本發明包含適用於製備冷凍乾燥之通氣產品的乳製品或乳製品替代組合物。組合物之第一組份包含乳製品或乳製品替代成份。乳製品或乳製品替代成份係選自在此項技術中通常已知之任何乳製品或乳製品替代成份。特定言之,乳製品成份係選自包括(但不限於)牛奶、奶粉、優酪乳、脫脂牛奶及乳蛋白及其組合之群。乳製品替代成份係選自(但不限於)大豆蛋白及米蛋白及其組合。乳製品或乳製品替代成份以組合物之50%至98%、較佳60%至90%且最佳70%至85%之量存在。
本發明組合物之第二組份包含乳化劑。雖然不希望受任何理論束縛,但咸信乳化劑降低在空氣液體介面處的表面
張力,因此使氣泡穩定分散於黏性液體基質內。乳化劑較佳為乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯。乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯係選自由(但不限於)甘油單酯及甘油二酯之乳酸酯及檸檬酸酯、蒸餾之甘油單酯及其組合組成之群。雖然不希望受任何理論束縛,但咸信在水相與疏水性相之介面處起泡劑之乳酸部分留存於水相中,而甘油單酯及甘油二酯留存於起泡之乳製品發泡體的疏水性相中。乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯以組合物之0.001至1%、較佳0.01至0.5%且最佳0.1至0.4%之量存在。咸信本發明之乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯組份促進最終通氣之組合物的穩定。
隨後將第一組份與第二組份之組合經由工業中通常所用之程序進行巴氏殺菌。巴氏殺菌法可在1至10分鐘之間在170F至210F之間、較佳在180F至205F之間下進行。
本發明之組合物可另外包含可選成份,諸如澱粉,包括(但不限於)玉米澱粉、水稻澱粉(天然的,經物理或化學改質的)及木薯澱粉;糖/甜味劑、穩定劑、調味劑、著色劑、果泥、益菌助生質、益生菌、菜泥、纖維、強化劑(諸如DHA、礦物質及維生素)及明膠(諸如豬明膠、魚明膠及牛明膠)。
咸信消費者偏愛的本發明之最終產品係基於諸如硬度、黏度及溶解度之物理特徵。雖然每一特徵均重要,但需要三個組份之間的適當平衡以最佳化本發明之最終產品。黏度係定義為物質流動阻力之量測。在將組合物通氣之前使
用具有Helipath支架及F-T桿之布絡克菲爾德黏度計量測黏度。咸信雖然黏度有助於經由通氣及沈積保持物質狀態,但硬度有助於物理穩定性。溶解度(亦即硬度量測)為產品由乾燥狀態至潤濕狀態之硬度變化。在有助於溶解度之增加通氣的情況下,硬度可能受到消極影響。本發明之組合物及方法出乎意料地發現黏度、硬度及可溶性之間的最佳平衡以提供物理上穩定且消費者可接受之產品。
本發明之組合物具有0.5至8磅力、較佳1.5到5.5尖峰負載之硬度值。尖峰負載力可使用配備有100 N測力計及2830-011號壓縮砧之Instron萬能試驗機(Universal Testing Machine)來量測。以1 mm/sec之速度移動直至出現初始碎片部分。
本發明之組合物具有在0.1至8尖峰負載、較佳0.1到30磅力範圍內之溶解度。
視用於量測黏度之黏度計的溫度及速度而定,本發明之組合物具有1,000至150,000 cp之黏度。在較佳實施例中,在布絡克菲爾德黏度計中在10 RPM之軸速下,潤濕組合物之黏度在30,000至60,000 cp之範圍內。最佳範圍為35,000至50,000 cp。在一替代實施例中,視用於量測黏度之黏度計的溫度及速度而定,本發明之組合物具有1,000至700,000 cp之黏度。在該替代實施例之較佳實施例中,在布絡克菲爾德黏度計中在5 RPM之軸速下,潤濕組合物之黏度在100,000至400,000 cp之範圍內。替代實施例之最較佳範圍為200,000至350,000 cp。應注意黏度可基於RPM
調整且係視溶解度及穩定劑而定。
一種製備冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品的方法包含以下各步驟:(a)提供乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物,(b)添加乳化劑,(c)熱加工該乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物,(d)醱酵該摻合物,(e)使氣體與該摻合物摻合;(f)同時通氣氣體及乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物以形成通氣產品,及(g)冷卻該產品;及(h)冷凍乾燥該產品。
優酪製備:
1.將經巴氏殺菌之低脂牛奶由料罐卡車(tanker truck)轉移至大貯存罐中。
2.使所有乾燥成份(糖、明膠,澱粉、脫脂奶粉、乳化劑且在今後/其他專利中,此處可添加諸如益菌助生質之功能性成份)經由添加至高剪切摻合機(諸如Bredo Liqwifier)中以達成均勻分散及初始水合而併入牛奶中。
3.一旦所有乾燥物均已併入,即可將混合物在35-38℉下攪動30分鐘。
4.攪動之後,將混合物轉移至HTST板式熱交換器中以進行熱加工。所需熱加工條件為在4.5分鐘保持時間結束時達到且維持191℉之最低溫度的條件。此溫度及保持時間可視加工技巧而變化(可使用略微更高溫度(且實際上僅稍微向上波動)且可長達7或8分鐘)。
5.作為最佳化配方及通氣濃度之可選步驟,可進行混合物之均質化。典型均質化壓力在第一階段為2000至2500 psi
且在第二階段為200至600 psi。
6.在191℉下之保持時間之後,將混合物冷卻至100-112℉且轉移至培養桶中。此時,添加優酪培養物(在吾人之情況下,藉由Danisco Ingredients供應之冷凍乾燥之培養物ABY-2C,但其亦可來自於其他供應商)。將培養物與經巴氏殺菌之混合物摻合30-60分鐘,停止混合且使桶在104-107℉下維持4-6小時。使優酪酸化至pH值為4.5至4.6,且隨後在培養罐中攪動(翻動)且冷卻至60℉。最終pH值在4.1-4.4之範圍內。
7.將優酪藉由經降低溫度至37-45℉之冷式壓力機抽吸轉移至250加侖之摻合罐中。添加經巴氏殺菌之果泥、調味劑及任何所要著色劑。將混合物摻合,同時輕微攪動且再循環10-15分鐘。將經摻合之水果優酪轉移至275加侖裝運物中。
製備冷凍優酪滴劑(Yogurt Drops)
1.將優酪由275加侖裝運物(先前儲存於34-40℉下)中輸送/注入通氣器中(儘管存在其他品牌,但在此情況下為Mondomix通氣器)。
2.經由Mondo混合器(連接至植物冰水循環系統,以維持混合頭溫度在35-45℉下)將氮氣摻合至優酪中。產品膨脹度可在20%至80%之範圍內。然而,膨脹度目標較佳在30%與50%之間且最佳在35%與45%之間。此過程連續進行。
3.在壓力下將維持在38-50℉下之通氣優酪泵入至沈積器歧管中,其中將沈積器歧管經由計量泵分配至多個產生適當
形狀之沈積形式(儘管可能為其他形狀/形式,但在此情況下為大巧克力片狀(chip shape))之噴嘴中。當前目標形狀具有13-22 mm之直徑(理想值為15-20 mm),7-12 mm之高度(理想值為8-10)及0.8-1.3 g之重量(理想值為1.0-1.1 g)。
4.使滴劑沈積於實心不鏽鋼冷凍器帶上(在此情況下,帶與冷凍器之製造者為Sandvik)。
5.在高速空氣循環下冷凍器隧道空氣溫度為約-10至-30℉。隧道中之停留時間可在3-5分鐘之範圍內。冷凍片離開具有24-28℉之內部溫度的隧道。
6.將產品自冷凍器帶移除且輸送至成批裝箱機中,在該成批裝箱機中將其填充至20-30磅之塑膠袋襯裏之盒子中。將盒子封閉、困紮且儲存於-20℉下直至運送至OFD。
可製備以下本發明之組合物。所列出之百分比係以組合物之總重量計。
使用本文所述方法製備如上所述組合物。
應瞭解本發明不限於如上所述之特定實施例,但包括藉由隨附申請專利範圍所定義之變化、改變及等效實施例。
Claims (22)
- 一種冷凍乾燥之通氣組合物,其包含:經巴氏殺菌之乳製品成份,或乳製品替代成份,或經巴氏殺菌之乳製品成份及乳製品替代成份;乳化劑,其以該組合物之0.001%至1%的量存在,其中該乳化劑係選自由乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯、聚山梨醇酯、酪蛋白鹽、乳清蛋白、卵清蛋白及其組合組成之群;黏度增強劑,其中該黏度增強劑係選自由澱粉及水膠體所組成之群;及膠凝劑,該膠凝劑為明膠;其中該黏度增強劑及膠凝劑之量為該組合物之1%至5%;及其中該組合物具有0.5至8磅力尖峰負載之硬度值、在0.1至8磅力尖峰負載範圍內之溶解度及1,000至500,000cp之黏度。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該乳化劑為乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該乳製品或乳製品替代成份係以該組合物之60%至98%的量存在。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該水膠體係選自由鹿角菜膠、古亞膠(guar gum)、刺槐豆膠、果膠及其組合組成之群。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其中該乳製品或乳製品替代成份 係選自由牛奶、奶粉、優酪乳、脫脂牛奶、乳蛋白、水解乳蛋白、大豆蛋白、乳清蛋白及米蛋白組成之群。
- 如請求項2之組合物,其中該乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯係選自由甘油單酯及甘油二酯之乳酸酯、甘油單酯及甘油二酯之檸檬酸酯及蒸餾之甘油單酯組成之群。
- 如請求項2之組合物,其中該乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯為甘油單酯之乳酸酯或甘油單酯與甘油二酯之摻合物。
- 如請求項1之組合物,其進一步包含至少一種糖。
- 一種冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其包含:經巴氏殺菌之乳製品成份;0.001至1%之乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯;及膠凝劑,該膠凝劑為明膠;其中該組合物具有0.5至8磅力尖峰負載之硬度值、在0.1至8磅力尖峰負載範圍內之溶解度及1,000至500,000cp之黏度。
- 如請求項9之冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其中該乳製品成份係以該組合物之60%至98%的量存在。
- 如請求項9之冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其進一步包含澱粉。
- 如請求項9之冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其中該乳製品成份係選自由牛奶,奶粉、優酪乳、脫脂牛奶及乳蛋白組成之群。
- 如請求項9之冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其中該乳 酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯係選自由甘油單酯及甘油二酯之乳酸酯、甘油單酯及甘油二酯之檸檬酸酯及蒸餾之甘油單酯組成之群。
- 如請求項13之冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其中該乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯為甘油單酯之乳酸酯或甘油單酯與甘油二酯之摻合物。
- 如請求項9之冷凍乾燥之通氣乳製品組合物,其進一步包含至少一種糖。
- 一種製備冷凍乾燥之通氣產品之方法,其包含以下步驟:(a)提供乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物;(b)將乳化劑添加至該摻合物中,其中該乳化劑係選自由乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯、聚山梨醇酯、酪蛋白鹽、乳清蛋白、卵清蛋白及其組合組成之群,且以該產品之0.001%至1%的量存在;(c)熱加工該乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物;(d)醱酵該摻合物;(e)使氣體與該摻合物摻合;(f)同時通氣該氣體及該乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物以形成通氣產品;(g)以預定尺寸及形狀形成該通氣產品之部分;(h)冷卻該等部分至-20至-30℉;及(i)冷凍乾燥該等部分;其中該產品具有0.5至8磅力尖峰負載之硬度值、在0.1 至8磅力尖峰負載範圍內之溶解度及1,000至500,000cp之黏度。
- 如請求項16之方法,其中該乳製品或乳製品替代摻合物係以該產品之60%至98%的量存在。
- 如請求項16之方法,其進一步包含提供澱粉及明膠之步驟b(1)。
- 如請求項16之方法,其中該摻合物係由牛奶成份組成,該牛奶成份係選自由牛奶、奶粉、優酪乳、脫脂牛奶及乳蛋白組成之群。
- 如請求項16之方法,其中該乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯係選自由甘油單酯及甘油二酯之乳酸酯及蒸餾之甘油單酯組成之群。
- 如請求項20之方法,其中該乳酸化甘油單酯及甘油二酯為甘油單酯之乳酸酯或甘油單酯與甘油二酯之組合。
- 如請求項16之方法,其進一步包含添加至少一種糖及穩定劑之步驟b(2)。
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US10159261B2 (en) | 2018-12-25 |
BRPI0811302A2 (pt) | 2014-09-30 |
US10206409B2 (en) | 2019-02-19 |
US20090324773A1 (en) | 2009-12-31 |
CL2008001383A1 (es) | 2009-09-25 |
JP2010526538A (ja) | 2010-08-05 |
US10143211B2 (en) | 2018-12-04 |
EP2154982B1 (en) | 2014-06-04 |
TW200926988A (en) | 2009-07-01 |
RU2491823C2 (ru) | 2013-09-10 |
MY148286A (en) | 2013-03-29 |
BRPI0811302A8 (pt) | 2017-02-21 |
RU2009145539A (ru) | 2011-06-20 |
AR066525A1 (es) | 2009-08-26 |
US20100233317A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
CA2686582A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
AU2008251339B2 (en) | 2011-03-24 |
CN101707868A (zh) | 2010-05-12 |
US20160316775A1 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
US20120121762A1 (en) | 2012-05-17 |
ZA200908722B (en) | 2011-02-23 |
ES2482091T3 (es) | 2014-08-01 |
MX2009012011A (es) | 2010-01-14 |
US20160192670A1 (en) | 2016-07-07 |
AU2008251339A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
PL2154982T3 (pl) | 2014-12-31 |
CA2686582C (en) | 2014-09-02 |
WO2008141233A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
EP2154982A1 (en) | 2010-02-24 |
PT2154982E (pt) | 2014-07-24 |
US20120128829A1 (en) | 2012-05-24 |
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