TW202237250A - 具有氣候性可調式吸附劑性質之大氣水採集器 - Google Patents
具有氣候性可調式吸附劑性質之大氣水採集器 Download PDFInfo
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 84
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- E03B—INSTALLATIONS OR METHODS FOR OBTAINING, COLLECTING, OR DISTRIBUTING WATER
- E03B3/00—Methods or installations for obtaining or collecting drinking water or tap water
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Abstract
本文提供基於能量成本及水可利用度考量定製具有最佳吸附臨限值之大氣水採集系統。該系統包括複數個吸附劑模組,各含有各種吸附臨限值之金屬有機骨架。此一設計實現即時調整以在變化的大氣條件下達成最佳採集條件,無論是每日還是季節性濕度變化。
Description
本揭示大體上係關於水採集,且更具體而言關於用於在變化的大氣條件下從周圍空氣採集水之系統及方法。
飲用水係稀缺的,尤其是在北非及中東的沙漠地區。然而,其在大氣中,甚至在乾燥地區係豐富的。在過去的幾年中,已設計使用多孔材料來採集大氣水。參見Atmospheric Water Harvesting: A Review of Material and Structural Designs,X. Zhou、H. Lu、F. Zhao及G. Yu,ACS Materials Lett. 2020,2,7,671–684。特別地,已開發一類具有高水親和力之金屬有骨架架(MOFs),其展現優異大氣水產量。參見H. Furukawa、F. Gándara、Y. B. Zhang、J. Jiang、W. L. Queen、M. R. Hudson及O. M. Yaghi,
Water Adsorption in Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks and Related Materials,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014,136,11,4369–4381;M. J. Kalmutzki C. S. Diercks及O. M. Yaghi,
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Water Harvesting from Air,Advanced Materials Volume 30,Issue 37,2018,1704304;及N. Hanikel等人,
Rapid Cycling and Exceptional Yield in a Metal-Organic Framework Water Harvester ;ACS Cent. Sci. 2019,5,10,1699-1706,2019年8月27日。此發現已刺激裝置之開發,該等裝置可部署在家或沒有飲用水的沙漠地區中。參見WO 2020/154427。
描繪於圖
1中的是各種多孔材料之水吸附性質之示意圖。所吸附水的量(以質量%計)通常表示為稱為吸附等溫線者中周圍空氣之相對濕度(以%計)的函數。首先且出於所有實際目的,此等曲線與溫度無關。MOF材料展現階梯狀特性,此讓其在極狹窄濕度範圍內捕捉且釋放水(圖
2)。此與更為習知的材料諸如展現更多逐漸等溫線之矽膠或僅在極低濕度水平下解吸水之沸石形成對比(圖
1)。MOF材料之另一優點係可藉由改變材料本身之分子特性來調整吸附發生(吸附臨限值)之相對濕度
RH
0 。事實上,
RH
0 之連續範圍可藉由將各種有機或無機成分混合至具有不同水親和力之多變數MOFs來達成。參見WO2020112899;Janiak, C.等人,Solid-Solution Mixed-Linker Synthesis of Isoreticular Al-Based MOFs for an Easy Hydrophilicity Tuning in Water-Sorption Heat Transformations
Chem. Mater.2019,31,11,4051–4062;及Fang, Y.等人,One-Pot Synthesis of Two-Linker Mixed Al-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Modulated Water Vapor Adsorption
Cryst. Growth Des.2020,20,10,6565–6572。最後,大吸附能力(以質量%計)亦係對於實用水採集器之要求。
此項技術中需要的是經設計成以在變化的大氣條件下達成最佳採集條件之大氣水採集器。
在一些態樣中,大氣水採集系統包括:經配置為至少一個吸附堆疊之複數個模組;解吸腔室,其經結構設計成接收與來自吸附堆疊之飽含或幾乎飽含水之模組,且導致水從定位在其中的模組以水蒸汽之形式解吸;凝結腔室,定位成鄰近或靠近解吸腔室,且經結構設計成將來自解吸腔室之水蒸汽之至少一部分凝結成液體水;及機器人手臂,經結構設計成(i)選擇及抓持吸附堆疊中之飽含或幾乎飽含水之模組,及(ii)將模組轉移至解吸腔室中。在一些實施例中,各模組獨立地包括定位在支撐件上或併入至支撐件中之至少一個金屬有機骨架。在一些變型中,當模組定位於吸附堆疊中時,至少一個金屬有機骨架吸附來自周圍空氣之水。
在某些態樣中,亦提供一種使用本文所述的大氣水採集系統中之任何者從大氣採集水之方法。
相關申請案之交叉參考
本申請案主張2021年1月19日申請之美國臨時專利申請案第63/139,211號之優先權,該案以其全文引用的方式併入本文中。
以下實施方式陳述示例性系統、方法、參數及類似物。然而,應認識到,此種描述並非意欲作為於本揭示之範疇上的限制而是以示例性實施例之描述提供。
在一些態樣中,基於能量成本及水可利用度考量,提供包括具有最佳吸附臨限值之MOF吸附劑系統之大氣水採集器。亦提供使用本文所述的大氣水採集器從周圍空氣採集水之方法。在一些實施例中,大氣水採集器之設計包括幾個吸附劑總成,各者均用各種吸附臨限值之MOF製成。此類採集器允許即時調整MOF材料以在變化的大氣條件下達成最佳採集條件,無論是每日還是季節性濕度變化。在一些實施例中,大氣水採集器經結構設計成使得吸附過程與解吸及凝結過程完全分開。此允許多個設計組態。
在一個態樣中,提供大氣水採集系統,該大氣水採集系統包括複數個MOF模組;解吸腔室、凝結腔室及機器人手臂。各MOF模組包含至少一個MOF。在一些實施例中,該等MOF模組經配置成吸附堆疊。該吸附堆疊可包含相同MOF材料(MOF 「A」)之MOF模組或具有不同吸附臨限值
RH
0 (MOF 「A」、「B」、「C」等)之MOF材料之MOF模組。
在一些變型中,該MOF包含具有酸及/或胺官能基之有機配體。在某些變型中,該等有機配體具有羧酸基團。在其他變型中,該等有機配體具有酸及/或胺官能基。在某些變型中,該等有機配體具有羧酸基團。可在本文所提供的系統中採用能夠吸附及解吸水之任何適宜MOFs。適宜MOFs可包括彼等描述於例如Kalmutzki等人,Adv. Mat.,30(37),1704304 (2018);Furukawa等人,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014,136,4369-4381;Y.Tu等人,Joule,第2卷,第8(15)期,1452-1475 (2018)中之MOFs。在一些變型中,該MOF為:MOF-303:Al(OH)(HPDC),其中HPDC為1H-吡唑-3,5-二甲酸鹽;CAU-10:Al(OH)(IPA),其中IPA為間苯二甲酸鹽;MOF-801:Zr
6O
4(OH)
4(富馬酸鹽)
6;MOF-841: Zr
6O
4(OH)
4(MTB)
6(HCOO)
4(H
2O)
2;富馬酸鋁:Al(OH)(富馬酸鹽);MIL-160:Al(OH)(FDA),其中FDA為2,5-呋喃二甲酸鹽;MIL-53:Al(OH)(TPA),其中TPA為對苯二甲酸鹽;或磷酸鋁:AlPO4-LTA。在一些變型中,該等MOFs具有在約0.5 nm至約1 nm之間或在約0.7 nm至約0.9 nm之間的孔徑。在某些變型中,該等MOFs具有親水性孔結構。在某些變型中,該等MOFs具有包含酸及/或胺官能基之親水性孔結構。在某些變型中,該等MOFs具有允許可逆水吸附之1D通道。亦可使用本文所述的MOFs之任何組合。在一些實施例中,將該MOF與黏結劑混合以改良其於黏著至基板或支撐件之性質。
跨MOF模組吹出空氣,該等模組經結構設計成可最大化其表面與體積比以與空氣快速濕度交換。例如,在一些變型中,該等MOF模組包含經塗覆於平行板上之均勻MOF層。當環境相對溫度RH
amb大於吸附臨限值
RH
0 時,水被吸附(參見圖
2),吸附速率
R
ads 可表示為:
其中
S(T)為在溫度
T下之水飽和蒸氣壓,及T
amb為環境空氣之溫度。吸附速率直接影響水生產力(例如以公升/天計,參見圖
3)。
機器人手臂(自動化系統)經結構設計成基於天氣條件選擇且拾取最佳MOF模組。機器人手臂從飽含(或幾乎飽含)水後的吸附堆疊選擇且抓取MOF模組,且將此種MOF模組轉移至解吸腔室。機器人手臂在其經解吸後取代MOF模組,從解吸腔室抓持解吸的MOF模組且將其放回至吸附堆疊中以達到飽和。
在一些變型中,機器人手臂包括機器人效應器、真空效應器、機械效應器或機電效應器。在某些變型中,機械人端效應器可包括可在不同定向之間操縱之撓性結構。例如,在一個變型中,該等結構可包括矽主體或其他撓性材料。在某些變型中,真空端效應器可使用吸力抓持物品。在其他變型中,機械或機電端效應器可包括鉗子、鉤爪、抓持器、或可相對於彼此致動以用於抓持物品之其他剛性組件。
為了將水從飽含或幾乎飽含水之MOF模組取出,機器人手臂將所選MOF模組轉移至解吸腔室。在解吸腔室中,需要使MOF模組中之濕度低於
RH
0 (圖
2)。在一些變型中,此可藉由升高空氣溫度來達成,升高空氣溫度會升高水飽和蒸氣壓
S(T),因此減小相對濕度。水開始解吸的溫度
T
des 可使用以下方程式計算得:
方程式(2)指出,在從
T
amb 加熱至
T
des 期間,絕對濕度(或水蒸氣濃度)係守恆的。除了從MOF解吸水所需的吸附能量
E
ads 之外,能量成本
E
s 亦與升高溫度(合理能量)相關。
E
s 與解吸溫度成比例,且
E
s 相對 RH
0 之變化之一個實例示意性地顯示於圖
3中。
隨著溫度升高,小的空氣流允許解吸水分以得以轉移至容納至少一個凝結器之凝結腔室。一旦濕空氣到達凝結器,液體水凝結且進行收集。在一些變型中,濕空氣遇到一系列冷板,經配置以最大化表面積,允許液體水凝結。
圖
4說明控制系統將選擇機器人手臂拾取之最佳MOF模組之過程。該系統追蹤吸附過程以確保該等模組在被選擇以進行解吸或凝結過程之前已達到足夠吸附狀態。基於天氣條件,根據顯示於圖
4中之決策樹(該算法定義
(RH
0)
ideal ,及x%值經使用者定義),該系統將進一步拾取意欲移動至解吸或凝結腔室之最佳類型之MOF模組。例如,在高相對濕度環境中且當水需求不過於嚴重時,可選擇具有高
RH
0 之MOF以節省能量成本。相反地,當環境相對濕度低時,可選擇低
RH
0 MOF模組。
參照圖
5A 及 5B,描繪示例性大氣水採集系統。此等附圖顯示其中吸附過程與解吸及凝結過程完全分開之系統。圖
5A描繪MOF模組堆疊
1020經與解吸腔室
2020、凝結腔室
2030及水收集槽
2040及中央自動化材料處理器
3020(在本實例中為機器人手臂)徑向配置之圓形組態。如系統之本示例性實施例中所描繪,吸附堆疊
1020包括含有不同吸附臨限值
RH
0 之MOF材料之MOF模組。如附圖中所描繪,MOF模組
1022為吸附模組,及模組
1024及
1026以閒置模式(idle mode)描繪。該等MOF模組位於預先配置之吸附堆疊
1020中,其中氣流
4020藉由氣流管理系統
4022(本實例中之吸附風扇)控制以最佳化吸附過程。一旦該系統選擇解吸MOF模組
1022b,機器人手臂
3020將拾取其且將其放置在解吸腔室
2020中,於該解吸腔室處,水係使用熱解吸。解吸腔室
2020包括閘門
2022,其打開以便接收藉由機器人手臂
3020從吸附堆疊轉移之解吸MOF模組
1022b且在MOF模組經歷解吸之後關閉。然後將所得蒸汽導引至凝結腔室
2030,於該凝結腔室處,產生液體水且收集至水槽
2040中。一旦解吸完成,機器人手臂將從解吸腔室轉移此MOF模組回至其在吸附堆疊中之原始位置。然後將藉由機器人手臂拾取下一個MOF模組且放置至解吸腔室
2020中以進行解吸,然後該過程繼續進行。圖
5A顯示圓形組態,但可根據空間及覆蓋區條件使用多個幾何形狀。圖
5B例如顯示相似概念,但呈堆疊組態。
再次參照圖
3,
RH
0 值對吸附及解吸效率均具有直接影響。在吸附期間,水捕捉速率與
(RH
amb-RH
0)
成比例,如基於上文方程式(1)所顯示。因此,對於所給位置/氣候,較低吸附臨限值提高吸附動力學及水生產力。然而,在解吸期間,該等MOF模組(其可包括例如MOF材料及支撐件)需要進行加熱升溫以便使相對濕度回降低於
RH
0 (圖
2),且此處低吸附臨限值將需要更多熱能。
圖
3圖式圖解說明設計基於MOF之水採集器時所做出的選擇。在乾燥氣候中,在環境空氣之相對濕度
RH
amb 低之情況下,則MOF材料需要具有低吸附臨限值
RH
0 以便捕捉水。然而,當相對濕度高時,則使用者可在以犧牲水生產力(高
RH
0 )為代價之較低能量成本或以犧牲能量成本(低
RH
0 )為代價之高水生產力之間做選擇。例如,當水儲量為豐富時,將做出較低能量成本之選擇,但當水需求高時,具有較低
RH
0 之MOF將係較佳的。此類型之情境之實例可係乾燥地區每日濕度變化,於該等乾燥地區,夜間溫度較低會導致相對濕度較高。此外,給定區域中季節間的年度濕度變化亦可得益於MOF吸附臨限值之調整。
1020:MOF模組堆疊
1022:MOF模組
1022b:解吸MOF模組
1024:模組
1026:模組
2020:解吸腔室
2022:閘門
2030:凝結腔室
2040:水收集槽
3020:中央自動化材料處理器
4020:氣流
4022:氣流管理系統
可藉由參考以下描述結合包括在本說明書中之附圖來最佳地理解本申請案。
圖
1描繪比較MOF與習知吸附劑諸如矽膠及沸石之吸附等溫線之圖。
圖
2描繪顯示在使用MOFs之大氣水採集之情況下之吸附及解吸之圖。
圖
3描繪顯示水採集(在就生產力方面,與能量成本相比)之最佳化之圖。
圖
4描繪用於選擇意欲移動至解吸或凝結腔室之最佳類型之MOF模組之決策樹
圖
5A描繪具有呈圓形組態之可更換MOF模組之一個示例性大氣水採集系統。
圖
5B描繪具有呈堆疊組態之可更換MOF模組之一個示例性大氣水採集系統。
1020:MOF模組堆疊
1022:MOF模組
1022b:解吸MOF模組
1024:模組
1026:模組
2020:解吸腔室
2022:閘門
2030:凝結腔室
2040:水收集槽
3020:中央自動化材料處理器
4020:氣流
4022:氣流管理系統
Claims (18)
- 一種大氣水採集系統,其包括: 經配置為至少一個吸附堆疊之複數個模組,其中各模組獨立地包括定位在支撐件上或併入至支撐件中之至少一個金屬有機骨架,且其中該至少一個金屬有機骨架在該模組定位於吸附堆疊中時從周圍空氣吸附水; 解吸腔室,其經結構設計成接收來自吸附堆疊之飽含或幾乎飽含水之模組,且導致水從定位在其中的模組以水蒸汽之形式解吸; 凝結腔室,定位成鄰近或靠近該解吸腔室,且經結構設計成將來自該解吸腔室之水蒸汽之至少一部分凝結成液體水;及 機器人手臂,其經結構設計成(i)選擇及抓持吸附堆疊中之模組,該模組飽含或幾乎飽含水,及(ii)將該模組轉移至該解吸腔室中。
- 如請求項1之系統,其進一步包括: 至少一個水收集槽,定位成鄰近或靠近該凝結腔室,且經結構設計成將收集來自該凝結腔室之液體水。
- 如請求項1或2之系統,其中各模組包括相同金屬有機骨架。
- 如請求項1或2之系統,其中該等模組之至少一部分包括具有不同吸附臨限值之金屬有機骨架。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之系統,其中,在各模組中,該支撐件包括一或多個板,其中各板係獨立地在一側或兩側上經至少一個金屬有機骨架塗覆,且其中該等板彼此平行地配置且在相鄰板之間存在間隙。
- 如請求項5之系統,其中相鄰板之間的間隙相對於各板之長度之距離達成最佳空氣流且最大化水吸附。
- 如請求項5或6之系統,其中各板的兩側均經該至少一個金屬有機骨架塗覆。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之系統,其中該解吸腔室包括至少一個熱交換元件,其經結構設計成加熱升溫定位在其中的該模組之至少一部分,由此導致螯合於金屬有機骨架中之水之至少一部分解吸。
- 如請求項1至8中任一項之系統,其中該解吸腔室包括閘門,其中該解吸腔室經結構設計成(i)打開該閘門以便接收藉由該機器人手臂從吸附堆疊轉移之MOF模組,(ii)於該MOF模組定位在該解吸腔室內之後且在該MOF模組經歷解吸時關閉該閘門,及(iii)在該MOF模組經歷解吸之後打開該閘門。
- 如請求項1至9中任一項之系統,其中該凝結腔室包括至少一個凝結器。
- 如請求項1至10中任一項之系統,其中該機器人手臂包括機器人效應器、真空效應器、機械效應器或機電效應器。
- 如請求項1至10中任一項之系統,其中該機器人手臂包括鉗子、鉤爪、抓持器、或經結構設計成抓持模組之其他剛性組件。
- 如請求項1至12中任一項之系統,其進一步包括: 控制系統,經結構設計成(i)監測及控制吸附、解吸及凝結,及(ii)指示該機器人手臂選擇、抓持及傳輸模組,其中該控制系統包括至少一個感測器及至少一個處理器單元。
- 如請求項13之系統,其中該控制系統經結構設計成: 至少部分地基於以下中之至少一者來產生該系統之抓持策略:(i)周圍空氣之相對濕度,(ii)模組之吸附臨限值,(iii)與解吸相關之能量成本,及(iv)水儲量;及 指示該機器人手臂進行該產生的抓持策略,從吸附劑堆疊選擇模組以抓持且轉移至該解吸腔室之中。
- 如請求項1至14中任一項之系統,其進一步包括: 電源。
- 如請求項1至14中任一項之系統,其進一步包括: 光伏打電池或被動式太陽能捕捉器、或其組合。
- 如請求項1至15中任一項之系統,其進一步包括經結構設計成將大氣吹過該吸附堆疊中之一或多個模組之氣流管理系統。
- 如請求項17之系統,其中該氣流管理包括至少一個風扇。
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