TW201341851A - Spatio-optical and temporal spatio-optical directional light modulators - Google Patents

Abstract

Spatio-optical directional light modulators and temporal spatio-optical directional light modulators are introduced. These directional light modulators can be used to create 3D displays, ultra-high resolution 2D displays or 2D/3D switchable displays with extended viewing angle. The temporal spatio-optical aspects of an embodiment of these novel light modulators allow them to modulate the intensity, color and direction of the light they emit within a wide viewing angle. The inherently fast modulation and wide angular coverage capabilities of these directional light modulators increase the achievable viewing angle, and directional resolution making the 3D images created by the display be more realistic or alternatively the 2D images created by the display having ultra high resolution. Alternate embodiments are disclosed.

Description

Space optics and time space optical direction light modulator

The present invention relates to the field of directional light adjustment, 3D displays, emissive microdisplays, 2D/3D switchable displays, and 2D/3D autostereoscopic switchable displays.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/567,520, filed on Jan. 6, 2011, and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/616,249, filed on March 27, 2012.

In 3D displays, the formation of 3D viewing perception requires the direction adjustment of the emitted light. In a typical 3D display, the use of a combination of spatial multiplexing and time multiplexing in a spatial light modulator to display images of the same scene from different directions requires one of multiple illuminations with uniform illumination in multiple illumination directions. . In such 3D displays, typically the light from the directional backlight is typically preceded by a directional selective filter (such as, for example, a diffraction) before it reaches a spatial light modulator pixel that maintains its directivity while adjusting the color and intensity of the light. Board or a holographic optical plate).

In some switchable 2D/3D displays, operating the display in different display modes requires a backlight in one direction. In a 2D display mode, displaying a single image with a spatial light modulator, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), requires a backlight with uniform illumination and a large angular coverage. In a 3D display mode, the use of a combination of spatial multiplexing and time multiplexing in a spatial light modulator to display images of the same scene from different directions requires uniform illumination and one of a plurality of illumination directions.

In both 2D mode and 3D mode, light from the directional backlight is typically passed through a directional selective filter (such as a diffractive plate) before it reaches the spatial light modulator pixel to maintain its directivity while uniformly spreading the beam. , a holographic image, etc.).

Currently available directional light modulators include a combination of one of a plurality of light sources and one of the light source emitted from the light sources to a direction directional adjustment unit (see Figures 1, 2 and 3). As illustrated in Figures 1, 2, and 3 of several variations of the prior art, an illumination unit is typically combined with an electromechanical mobile device such as a scanning mirror or a rotating barrier (see U.S. Patent No. 6,151,167, 6,433,907, 6,795,221, 6,803,561, 6,924,476, 6,937,221, 7,061,450, 7,071,594, 7,190,329, 7,193,758, 7,209,271, 7,232,071, 7,482,730, 7,486,255 , Nos. 7,580,007, 7,724,210 and 7,791,810, and U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2010/0026960 and 2010/0245957, or photoelectric mobile devices such as liquid lenses or polarization switching (see Figures 1, 2 and Figure 3 and U.S. Patent Nos. 5,986,811, 6,999,238, 7,106,519, 7,215,475, 7,369,321, 7,619,807 and 7,952,809.

There are three main drawbacks in both electromechanical adjustment directional light modulators and photoelectrically regulated directional light modulators:

1. Response time: Mechanical movement or optical surface changes are usually not achieved instantaneously and affect the regulator response time. In addition, the speed of such operations usually costs Reduce a portion of the image frame time at which the brightness can be achieved.

2. Volumetric aspects: These methods require a distance between the light source and the direction adjustment device that works together, which increases the total volume of the display.

3. Light loss: coupling light to a moving mirror to create optical losses, which in turn degrades the display system power efficiency and eliminates the need to incorporate a large cooling method that adds large volumes and increased power consumption. heat.

In addition to slow, bulky, and optical losses, prior art backlight units also require narrow spectral bandwidth, high collimation, and individual controllability for combination with a directional selective filter for 3D display purposes. Achieving narrow spectral bandwidth and high collimation requires device-level innovation and optical light conditioning, thereby increasing the cost and volume of the entire display system. Achieving individual controllability requires additional circuitry and multiple light sources, increasing system complexity, volume, and cost.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to introduce a spatial optical light modulator that overcomes one of the disadvantages of the prior art, thus making it possible to form a 3D display that provides a practical volume and viewing experience. It is also an object of the present invention to introduce a time-space optical light adjuster that extends over a range of extended angles over the limitations of the prior art, thereby enabling the formation of 3D and high resolution 2D displays that provide volume advantages plus one viewing experience within a viewing angle. feasible. The additional objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the Detailed Description of the <RTIgt;

Illustrated in the figures of the drawings by way of example and not limitation The present invention, and the same reference numerals are used to refer to the same elements in the drawings.

References to "an embodiment" or "an embodiment" are intended to mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase "in the embodiment"

A new type of emissive micro-scale pixel array device has recently been introduced. These devices feature high brightness, very fast optical polychromatic intensity, and spatial adjustment capabilities that include one of all device currents that is very small for a single device size. A solid-state illuminating pixel of such a device may be a light-emitting diode (LED) or a laser diode (LD) whose on-off state is driven by a driving circuit included in a CMOS wafer (or device). Control, an emissive microscale pixel array is bonded to the CMOS wafer (or device). The size of the pixels of the emissive array constituting such devices will typically range from about 5 microns to 20 microns, with a typical emitting surface area of the device ranging from about 15 square millimeters to 150 square millimeters. The pixel systems within the emissive microscale pixel array device are typically individually addressable spatially, chrominally, and temporally through the drive circuitry of their CMOS wafer. An example of such a device is the QPI device referred to in the exemplary embodiments set forth below (see U.S. Patent Nos. 7,623,560, 7,767,479, 7,829,902, 8,049,231 and 8,098,265, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0066921, No. 2012/0033113). Another example of such a device is an OLED based microdisplay. However, it should be understood that the QPI device is merely one example of a type of device that can be used in embodiments of the present invention. Thus, in In the following description, a reference to a QPI device is understood to be for the purpose of particularity of the disclosed embodiments and is not intended to limit the invention.

The present invention combines the emission micropixel array capabilities of a QPI device with passive wafer level optics (WLO) alone or in combination with one of the entire assembly rotational movements to form a directional light source and one of the prior art One of the functions of the diffraction plate is a light regulator. As used herein, wafer level or wafer means a device or device matrix having a diameter of at least 2 inches and preferably 4 inches or more. WLO is fabricated on a wafer from a single polymer using ultraviolet (UV) imprint lithography. Among the main advantages of WLO are the ability to fabricate small feature microlens arrays (MLAs) and the ability to precisely align multiple WLO microlens array layers together and precisely align them with one of the optoelectronic devices such as CMOS sensors or QPIs. The alignment accuracy achieved by a typical WLO fabrication technique can be less than one micron. The combination of the QPI's emissive micro-emitter pixel array and the individual pixel addressability of the WLO microlens array (MLA) that can be precisely aligned with respect to the QPI's micro-emitter pixel array eliminates the prior art experience of having one in the system The need for directional selective filters while relaxing the need for narrow spectral bandwidth in the source while reducing system size, complexity and cost. In some embodiments of the invention, the direction adjustment of the emitted light is achieved by divergence of light achieved by the WLO, and in other embodiments, by the light divergence achieved by the WLO and the entire assembly. The combination of the joint movement and movement is achieved.

Referring to FIG 4 and FIG 5, QPI individually addressable pixels _{(p 1, p 2, ...} , p n) of the group 400 of each of the associated two-dimensional microlens array MLA micro lens elements 220 constituting the Thus, light emitted from each of the pixels in the group of pixels will be refracted to a unique direction ( d ₁ , d ₂ , ... within the numerical aperture (angular range) of its associated microlens element. In one of d _n ). QPI entire micro pixel array unit 210 will comprise a number of QPI pixel group _{(G 1, G 2, ...} , G N) ( also referred to herein as pixel adjuster group), whereby each adjustment group G _i will be associated with one of the 2D array MLA 220 lens elements and the pixel adjustment group ( G ₁ , G ₂ , ..., G _N ) collectively will then represent the spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention Space conditioning array. The time-segment rotation illustrated in Figure 12 and the individual pixels ( p ₁ , p ₂ , ..., p _n ) within each pixel group and the direction of the emitted light ( d ₁ , d ₂ , .. . . . , d _n ) in the case of one-to-one correlation, for the time-space optical direction light modulator of the present invention as conceptually illustrated in FIG. 12, it is possible to make numerous time multiplex directions ( d _{1 i} , d _{2 i} , . . . , d _{n i} )( i =1, 2, . . . ) are associated with each of their pixel groups G _i ; each time the multiplex direction can be by a pixel group ( The individual pixels ( p ₁ , p ₂ , ..., p _n ) in each of G ₁ , G ₂ , ..., G _N ) are time-addressed and individually addressed. The plurality of QPI device pixel groups ( G ₁ , G ₂ , . . . , G _N ) associated with the 2-dimensional array MLA 220 of FIG. 12 will then represent the spatially-adjusted array of the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention, Wherein the time multiplex direction ( d _{1 i} , d _{2 i} , . . . , d _{n i} ) ( i =1, 2, . . . ) represents a pixel that can pass through the QPI device 210 constituting each pixel adjustment group ( The time of p ₁ , p ₂ , ..., p _n ) can be addressed and the number of light adjustment directions individually addressed. In other words, the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator will be able to spatially adjust the light through the addressability of the QPI pixel group ( G ₁ , G ₂ , ..., G _N ) and through the pixels that make up each group ( p _{The time of 1} , p ₂ , ..., p _n ) can be adjusted in the direction from the direction ( d _{1 i} , d _{2 i} , ..., d _{n i} ) ( i =1, 2, ... The light emitted by each pixel group on it. Thus, in the FIG. 12 illustrates a time-space optical directional optical regulator and may be capable of generating light modulated in a direction in space, whereby from the QPI pixel group is equivalent to (G _1, G _2, .. , G _N ) The light emitted by each of the spatial locations of the emission regions can be individually addressed by the addressability of the pixel group and can be addressed by the time addressability of individual pixels within each pixel group. Address in the direction.

Figure 5 illustrates the spatial and directional adjustment principles of the present invention. Figure 5 illustrates a 2-dimensional array comprising a plurality of QPI device pixel groups G ₁ , G ₂ , ..., G _N , wherein each such pixel group is in a wafer level microlens array (MLA) A microlens is associated. In the case where the individual pixels p ₁ , p ₂ , . . . , p _n in each group are associated with one of the emitted light directions d ₁ , d ₂ , . . . , d _n The illumination device illustrated in 5 may produce light that can be spatially and directionally adjusted. Thus, light can be transmitted from each of the spatial locations in the transmit regions of the QPI device pixel groups G ₁ , G ₂ , . . . , G _N and can be individually addressed and permeable through the addressable group of pixel groups. The individual pixels within each pixel group are addressable and addressed in the direction. The individual pixels of the QPI device can be adjusted such that each lens in the MLA can simultaneously emit light to multiple directions. Due to the individual pixel control, the amplitude of the light emitted by each microlens, the duration of the light emission, the total number of light directions, and the total number of light directions can be individually adjusted by the individual addressability of the pixels of the QPI device.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that in the case of lens type selection (i.e., lenticular lens array or two-axis lens array), The direction adjustment of the mirror can be performed on a single axis or on two axes. However, the achievability of precise alignment of the lens array with the pixelated source and small pixel size (a few microns or 10 microns or less) has hindered the ability to produce the directional light conditioning capabilities required to form a high definition 3D display. The realization of the directional light regulator. In the present invention, high pixel resolution is achieved by utilizing an array of emissive micropixels that can achieve a QPI device with a pixel pitch of less than 10 microns and a lens array that can be smaller than one micron (enabled by wafer level optics). Achieved with high precision alignment. This allows the spatial optical light modulator to achieve sufficient spatial and directional adjustment resolution for high definition 3D displays.

6 and 7 illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring to Figure 6 of this exemplary embodiment, light emitted from each individual pixel within a group of pixels G _i travels from the QPI device emitting surface to an exit comprising one of the three optical elements 610, 620, and 630 Aperture. Light emitted from each individual pixel within a group of pixels G _i will be collimated and enlarged to fill the exit aperture of the WLO microlens array 220 and diverge at a particular direction at a Θ=±15° angle of divergence. wear. In essence, the WLO microlens array 220 maps light emitted from individual pixels of the two-dimensional pixel group G _i constituting the QPI device to individual three-dimensional volumes defined by the 发=±15° angular divergence of the WLO microlens array 220. In the direction.

Referring to Figures 6 and 7 of an exemplary embodiment, a plurality of optical elements 610, 620, and 630 are fabricated to form pixel groups G ₁ , G ₂ , ..., G with respect to each other and with respect to the QPI device. The associated array of _N is precisely aligned with the microlens array layers 710, 720, and 730. The exemplary embodiment illustrated in Figure 7 also includes a QPI device 210 and its associated QPI device cover glass 760. The design of optical elements 610, 620, and 630 takes into account the thickness and optical properties of the QPI device cover glass 760 for imaging on the emitting surface of the QPI device cover glass 760. The illustrative embodiment of Figure 7 illustrates the total assembly of a spatial optical direction light modulator. The exemplary overall thickness of this exemplary embodiment of the spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention illustrated in Figure 7 will be less than 5 millimeters. This compactness of the directional light modulator is not possible with prior art directional light adjustment techniques.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the principle of operation of a spatial optical directional light modulator. Figure 8 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of one of the adjustment groups G _i formed by a two-dimensional array of (n x n) pixels in the transmit pixels of the QPI device, thereby facilitating pixel groups The size of G _i along an axis will be chosen to be n=2 ^m . Referring to FIG. 8, the direction-adjustable addressability that can be achieved by the pixel group G _i will be addressable by using m-bit words along each of its two axes x and y by pixels constituting the adjustment group G _i Sex to complete. Figure 9 illustrates mapping of light emitted from (n x n) pixels constituting a QPI device pixel group G _i to angular divergence ± by an associated WLO microlens (such as the microlens of Exemplary Embodiment 600) In the individual directions within the defined three-dimensional volume. As an illustrative example, when the size of the individual pixels of the QPI device is (5 x 5) microns and the QPI device pixel group is (n x n) = (2 ⁸ × 2 ⁸ ) = (256 × 256) pixel arrays when the configuration and the associated microlens of the angular divergence WLO based Θ = ± 15 °, from the QPI QPI millimeters each two-dimensional adjustment means in the pixel group size G _i (1.28 × 1.28) of the surface emission device, It is possible to divergence at an angle of Θ=±15° to produce (256) ² = 65,536 individually steerable beams, whereby the light produced in each of the 65,536 directions can also be individually adjusted in color and intensity. A relatively high frequency pulse width adjustment is typically used for one of the color components of each pixel, although other control techniques, such as proportional control, may be used if desired.

Using one of the directional adjustment group G _i (N x M) arrays (such as the arrays described in the previous design examples), any desired spatial and directional adjustment capabilities of the spatial optical directional light modulator based on the QPI device will be possible of. For example, if it is desired to form a spatial optical direction light adjuster having a spatial adjustment resolution of N = 320 × M = 240 providing (256) ² = 65,536 direction adjustment resolutions, the spatial optical direction light adjuster will An array (320 x 240) of directional adjustment groups is included, and when a QPI device having a (5 x 5) micron pixel size is used, the total size of the spatial optical directional light modulator will be approximately 41 x 31 cm. Light emitted from a spatial optical direction light modulator may be diverged at an angle associated with its WLO microlens array (for example, for exemplary embodiment 600, Θ = ± 15°) (320 × 240) One of the resolutions is spatially adjusted and the direction is adjusted with a resolution of 65,536 and the color and intensity can be adjusted in each direction.

The resolution of the direction adjustment of the light modulator (represented by the number of individual addressable directions within the angular divergence of the wafer level microlens array) will be selected by the pixel pitch of the emitter micro-emitter array QPI device or by The lens pitch of the wafer level microlens array or a combination of the two is selected for determination. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that a lens system, such as the lens system illustrated in Figure 6, can be designed to allow for a wider or narrower angle of divergence. Zheyi apparent to those skilled in the art that each adjustable within a smaller or larger group G _i number of pixels in the direction of any desired adjustment resolution.

Depending on the total pixel resolution of the QPI device used, this spatial optical directional light modulator can be implemented using a tiled array comprising one of a number of QPI devices. For example, if one QPI device with (1024 x 1024) pixel resolution is used, each such QPI device can be used to implement an array of (2 x 2) adjustment groups G _i with (6 x 6 The spatial light adjustment resolution and the 65,536 direction light adjustment resolution spatial optical direction light modulators will be implemented using one of the QPI devices (3 x 3) tiled arrays such as illustrated in Figure 11.

Due to the compact nature that can be achieved with the emissive QPI device and associated WLO, it is possible to tile an array of QPI devices to implement a spatial optical directional light modulator. For example, in the case of an embodiment such as the one illustrated in Figure 7, it would be possible to make a QPI device/WLO total having a width, height and thickness of 5.12 mm x 5.12 mm x 5 mm, respectively. (such as the one illustrated in Figure 7) to implement the spatial optical directional light modulator of the (2 x 2) adjustment group of the previous example. It would also be possible to implement this QPI device/WLO assembly with its micro-ball grid array (MBGA) positioned at the opposite side of its emissive surface, which would allow the entire top of the QPI device/WLO assembly. The surface constitutes the emitting surface of the device, which in turn will make it possible to seamlessly tile a large number of such QPI devices/WLO assemblies to implement any desired size of the spatial optical direction light modulator. Figure 11 is a graphical illustration of one of a number of QPI devices/WLO assemblies that are tiled to implement an arbitrary size spatial optical directional light modulator.

The principle of operation of the spatial optical direction light modulator will be explained with reference to the illustrations of FIGS. 8 and 9. Figure 8 illustrates the two-dimensional addressability of each of the adjustment groups G _i using m-bit resolution for direction adjustment. As explained earlier, the light emitted by (2 ^m × 2 ^m ) individual pixels in the self-adjusting group G _i - n × n array is diverged by the associated WLO element at the corner of the associated WLO microlens ± Θ The inner map is mapped to 2 ^2m light directions. Using the (x, y) dimension coordinates of each of the individual pixels in the adjustment group G _i , the angular coordinates ( θ, φ ) of the emitted light beam are obtained by the following equation:

Wherein the angle ( θ, φ ) is a spherical coordinate, wherein the polar axis is parallel to the z-axis of the emission surface of the adjustment group G _i at θ =0 and m=log ₂ n is used to express the x of the adjustment group G _i and The number of bits of y pixel resolution.

The spatial resolution of the spatial optical direction light modulator is simply defined by the coordinates of each of the individual adjustment groups G _i within the two-dimensional adjustment group array that make up the entire spatial optical direction light modulator. Of course, there is a certain amount of crosstalk between the pixels of one group and the microlens of an adjacent group. However, the crosstalk is substantially reduced by the following design aspects. First, due to the inherent collimated light emission of the QPI device, the light emitted from the pixels of the QPI device is typically limited to a ±17° pyramid for the pixel-based LED of the QPI device, or for the pixel system of the QPI device. The situation with a laser diode is limited to a ±5° pyramid. Thus, placing a wafer level optical device (WLO) collimating lens element close to the cover glass 660 of the QPI device as illustrated in Figure 6 will limit the majority of the light emitted from each adjustment group edge pixel to its correlation. Connected to the WLO lens element 600. Second, as an added measure, several (some) edge pixels of each pixel group are turned off to further avoid light leakage (crosstalk) between adjacent lenses of the WLO microlens array. For example, assuming a ±17 limited emission of the QPI device in the case of its pixel-based light-emitting diode and an approximate placement of the first micro-lens element as illustrated in Figure 6, the simulated display encompasses only as few as five A dark ring at the outer edge of the adjustment group of pixels will reduce crosstalk to less than 1%. When the QPI device pixel is a laser diode, the number of required pixels to turn off the pixel will be even less and may not even be needed, because in this case, the pixel light emission of the QPI device is limited to one or even narrower ±5. ° Angle cone. The end result can be some (several) inactive, blanking, or dead pixel locations between the active pixels in the QPI device in the array. Of course, baffles and/or band-limited light diffusers can be used if desired, but they tend to complicate the design of the light modulator and result in excessive light loss.

Figure 10 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a data processing block diagram of a spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention. The input data to the spatial optical direction light modulator will be formatted into a plurality of bit words, whereby each input word contains three data fields; one field is an adjustment group array constituting the spatial optical direction light adjuster The address of the group G _i is adjusted within, and the remaining two data fields provide a representation of the light in terms of color, intensity and direction of the light emitted from the adjustment group. Referring to Figure 10, data processing block 120 decodes the adjusted group address field of the input data and routes the light adjustment data field to the QPI device associated with the designated adjustment group. The data processing block 130 decodes the routed adjustment group address field and maps it to the address of the specified adjustment group. The data processing block 140 decodes the direction adjustment data field and maps it to the address of the specified pixel address within the adjustment group. The data processing block 150 concatenates the resulting pixel address with the associated light intensity and color data fields of the input data. Data processing block 160 decodes the specified pixel address and routes the light conditioning data to designated pixels within the designated QPI device that make up the spatial optical direction light modulator.

When 16-bits are used to indicate direction adjustment and a typical 24-bit is used to represent the adjusted light intensity and color in each direction, the total number of bits representing the adjusted data word for each adjustment group will be 40 bits. yuan. In the absence of a general loss, it is assumed that these 40-bit words will be sequentially input to the spatial optical direction light modulator for addressing to form the adjustment group (ie, sequential addressing for input adjustment group data 40 bits) Block 120 will be responsible for routing the sequential input data words to the designated QPI device. Block 130 of Figure 10 will be responsible for routing the adjustment data to the designated adjustment group. Block 140 of Figure 10 will be responsible for mapping the 16-bit direction adjustment data field to the designated address of the pixel within the specified adjustment group. Block 150 of Figure 10 will be responsible for concatenating the 24-bit light intensity and color data with the mapped bit group address. Block 160 of Figure 10 will be responsible for routing the 24-bit light intensity and color adjustment data to the designated pixels within the designated QPI device that make up the spatial optical direction light modulator. In the case of this exemplary data processing flow of 40-bit sequential data input, the spatial optical directional light modulator will adjust the intensity, color, and direction of light emitted from its aperture based on information encoded in its input data. By way of example, the light intensity and color adjustment can be pulse width modulation of the on/off time of the multi-color pixel to control the average intensity of the light and control the intensity of each color component constituting the resulting color, but if desired Other control techniques can be used. In any case, the direction and intensity are controlled and the color, direction and intensity are controlled in a multi-color system.

Possible applications include

The spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention can be used as a backlight for a liquid crystal display (LCD) to implement a 3D display. The spatial optical directional light modulator itself may be used to implement, for example, one of any size of one of a plurality of QPI devices/WLO assemblies (such as the array illustrated in Figure 11). monitor. The light regulator can also operate as a 2D high resolution display. In this case, the individual pixels of the QPI device will be used to adjust color and intensity while its integrated WLO will be used to fill the viewing angle of the display. It is possible for the light modulator to switch from the 2D display mode to the 3D display mode by adapting the format of its input data to match the desired mode of operation. When the light modulator is used as a 2D display, its optical angular divergence associated with its WLO microlens array will be ±Θ and the pixel resolution of the individual adjustment group G _i will be utilized to achieve higher spatial resolution.

Figure 12 conceptually illustrates another embodiment, a time space optical direction light modulator. As illustrated in Figure 12, the directional light modulator is comprised of an emissive microarray QPI device 210 and a WLO microlens array (MLA) 220 mounted directly on top of its emitting surface, wherein the entire assembly surrounds at least one axis And optimally, the time joint rotation is performed around both the x-axis and the y-axis at an angle within the range of ±α _x and ±α _y . The joint rotation of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 as illustrated in Figure 12 will be accomplished by placing the entire assembly on a 2-axis gimbal, whereby the x- axis of the gimbal is actuated in time at ±α _An angle within the range of _x and the y- axis of the gimbal is temporally actuated at an angle within the range of ±α _y . The x- axis and y- axis time joint rotation provided by the 2-axis gimbal will cause the direction of adjustment of the light emitted from the QPI/MLA assembly 230 to exceed the angular range provided by the microlens elements of the MLA 220 (see Figure 4). And extending 2α _x in time around the x- axis and 2α _y extending in time around the y- axis. As used herein, the wording gimbal and two-axis gimbal are used in a generic sense and mean that it will allow any or both of any two orthogonal axes to be rotated through at least one at any time. Any structure of a finite angle. Thus, concentric rings, ball joints, and any other structure that will provide the capabilities are included within the definition.

Rotation of the x-axis and y-axis of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 as illustrated in Figure 12 will result in more time in the light emitted in the directions ( d ₁ , d ₂ , ..., d _n ) Working in a number of light directions ( d _{1 i} , d _{2 i} , ..., d _{n i} ) ( i =1, 2, ...), which extend beyond the angular extent provided by the lens elements of the MLA 220 the x-direction and _x 2 [alpha plus 2 [alpha plus _y in the y direction. The foregoing is illustrated in Figure 13A, which shows, for purposes of illustration, the time spread of the angular transmission range of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 along a rotational axis of a joint. Referring to Fig. 13A, the corner Θ indicates the angular extent of one lens element of the MLA 220, and the angle α indicates the rotation of the gimbal hinge due to the angles α _x ( t ) and α _y ( t ) around the x- axis and the y- axis, respectively. The composite instantaneous joint rotation angle of the lens element. The articulation of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 as illustrated in Figure 12 and illustrated by Figure 13A enables the pixels within the transmit microscale array of the QPI device 210 (which can be individually addressed by the QPI driver circuit) to be capable of transmitting Light that is spatially and chromatically adjusted in direction, whereby the angular range of the directionally adjusted light exceeds the angular extent Θ (or numerical aperture) of the lens element of the MLA 220 and extends a time 2α _x in the x direction. And time extends a corner 2α _y in the y direction. In addition, the time-spatial rotation of the time-space optical direction light modulator 200 will increase the adjusted number of light directions ( d ₁ , d ₂ , ..., d _n ) over time in the angular direction of each joint. Range expansion ratio (expressed as ( Θ +α _x )( Θ +α _y )/ Θ ² ).

The 2-space articulation of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 of the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator 200 can be continuous or discrete (stepwise) in time. For purposes of illustration, FIG. 13B illustrates the composite time joint rotation angle α of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 on one axis when the joint rotation is continuous 1310 in time and when the actuation is discrete 1320 in time. t ). When the time period of the spatial optical directional light regulator 200 in joint rotation based discrete or stepwise (1320), the angle step size will typically be preferred with a range of angles Θ to MLA 220 of QPI / MLA cartridge spatial resolution of 230 The ratio is proportional. As illustrated in Figures 13A and 13B, the time-segment rotation of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 of the temporally spatial directional light modulator will typically be repeated (or periodic) and independent of each of the two axes. The repeating period of the hinge rotation of the time space optical light adjuster will typically be proportional to and synchronized with the display input frame duration (for reference purposes, the image input data to a typical display arrives at 60 frames per second and usually Called the 60 Hz frame rate input). The maximum value ±α _xmax of the time-segment rotation illustrated in Figures 13A and 13B will determine the extended angular range provided by the temporal spatial optical light modulator, which is determined by the value ±( Θ +α _max ), where the angle Θ denotes the angular extent of the lens elements of the MLA 220. The periodicity of the x- axis and y- axis joint rotations will collectively be selected such that the desired extended angular range of time-space optical direction adjuster 200 is within a desired display input frame rate.

12, 13 and 14 illustrate an angular coverage section 510 of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 of the time-space optical direction light modulator 200 comprised of a plurality of time angle coverage ranges 520 of the MLA lens elements. QPI/MLA assembly 230, respectively, around its x- axis and y- axis, with appropriate selection of time joint rotations α _x ( t ) and α _y ( t ) will result in numerous time-multiplexed corners covered by MLA 220 lens elements. The corners of the composition cover the scope. Depending QPI / MLA assembly 230 about its joint angles x and y axes of rotation value [alpha] [alpha] _x and _y, the cross-sectional shape of the angular coverage may be cut aspect ratio. The rate of rotation of the joint around the x and y directions will be sufficient to ensure that the direction of light produced by the time within the angular coverage has sufficient duty cycle (adjustment duration) within the adjustment frame of the input image data. For example, when the image frame of the input image data is 60 image frames per second (which is commonly referred to as the 60 Hz image frame rate), the time angle illustrated in FIG. 14 covers each of the ranges. Each of the light detections will need to be adjusted once per frame, thus making the knot rotation rate required to produce the angular coverage illustrated in Figure 14 at least 180 Hz around the x- axis or y- axis. In other words, for the angular coverage example illustrated in Figure 14 (where the time angle coverage range is three times the size of the angular coverage on each axis), the illustration of Figure 14 illustrates the x or y direction. The rate of rotation of the joint will need to be at least three times the rate of the input image data frame. The angular coverage of the MLA lens elements may or may not overlap. In general, the QTR/MLA assembly 230 rotation rate around the x- axis or y- axis will have to be at least equal to the adjustment frame rate of the input image data multiplied by the size of the angular coverage along each axis (in degrees) A factor of the ratio of the size of the angular coverage along the same axis (in degrees).

Referring to FIG. 14, the time-segment rotation of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 of the time-space optical direction light modulator 200 has an angular coverage and includes In the case where a plurality of pixels of the QPI device 210 correspond to a plurality of directionally modulated lights emitted, a certain set of new directionally-adjusted beams are continuously added until a certain directionally adjusted beam is weakened in time by a pipeline. The extended angular extent of the temporally-spaced optical direction light modulator 200 is covered. At any given time, the full transmit aperture of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 will be used to accumulate (adjust) the beam in the direction of the range of rotation of the hinged aperture in any given direction. The desired intensity (usually by pulse width modulation, but proportional control can be used if desired). Due to the optically pipelined time space of the plurality of directionally adjusted beams, the response time of the time space optical light modulator can be matched to the image data input rate with minimal delay. The time duration in which a given direction remains within the angular coverage will determine the adjustment time that can be used to adjust the intensity of the light in the direction, and thus, unless compensated, the direction within the peripheral region of the extended angular range may have a specific angle The strength of the inner zone covering the range. This intensity edge decrementing effect will be somewhat similar to the Fresnel loss typically encountered at the edge of an optical system other than in the case of a temporal spatial optical light modulator, which effect can be achieved by appropriately selecting the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator 200. The QPI/MLA assembly 230 is compensated for by the rate of rotation of the joint.

As an alternative, a 3 x 3 instance is used again, if Θ _x represents the angular extent (half angle) of a lens element around the x-axis and Θ _y represents the angular extent of a lens element around the y-axis, and if α _x is equal to 2 Θ _x and α _{y are} equal to 2 Θ _y , then the total angular range (including the joint rotation) will be three times the angular extent of a microlens element (3 times 2 Θ _x or 3 times 2 Θ _y ). By way of example, for the x-axis, these three consecutive angular ranges will be: (- α _x - Θ _x ) to (- Θ _x )

(- Θ _x ) to ( Θ _x ), and ( Θ _x ) to ( Θ _x + α _x )

Each angular range also constitutes an angular increase in the rotation of the joint.

Three consecutive individual angular ranges in each direction can be considered as a two-dimensional angular range matrix as follows: 1, 2, 3

4,5,6

7,8,9

This alternative is a discrete technique, ie, for a display angle range of up to a set time, then advancing an angular increment around a first axis and then displaying an angular range of 2 for the same dispense time, then proceeding to another angular increment And the display angle range is up to the distribution time, then an angle increment of 3 is advanced on the other axis to display the range 6 up to the dispense time, then an angular increment is returned on the axis and the angular range is displayed up to 5, and so on. After the angular range 9 is displayed for the distribution time, 9 can be repeated (continuous display for two allocation times and then backtracking) to avoid one or more angular increments on one axis, but the above situation will be expected unless a higher rate is used. One flashes. A preferred method would be to change from an angular range of 9 to an angular range of 1, with one of two angular increments being simultaneously performed on two axes. However, as long as one of the angular increments on one axis changes, one of the two angular increments on the two axes should not jump twice, since the x-axis and the y-axis will be independent of each other, and any changes include One corner is accelerated, followed by a corner deceleration, so the average speed for one of the two angular increments is higher than the average speed for one of the angular increments. Some other parties The case may include a combination of discrete and continuous techniques. It is critical that there are many alternatives that can be selected, all of which are within the scope of the present invention.

An embodiment of the invention (referred to herein as 1500) is illustrated in Figure 15, which includes an isometric view, a top view, and a side view illustration of one embodiment of the present invention. As illustrated in Figure 15, the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator is joined to the use of a plurality of germanium substrate layers (i.e., a hinge layer 1521, one by bonding the QPI/MLA assembly 230 (shown in Figure 12). The spacer layer 1528 and a base layer 1530) are implemented on the top side of the 2-axis gimbal assembly 1520. As illustrated in Figure 15, the hinge layer 1521 of the 2-axis gimbal 1520 is bounded by an outer frame 1522, an inner ring 1523, and an inner segment 1525 to which the QPI/MLA assembly 230 will be joined (1525 is also synonymous hereinafter). It is called a device bonding pad 1525). The gap between outer frame 1522, inner ring 1523 and inner segment 1525 will be etched using standard semiconductor lithography techniques. The inner segment 1525 is physically connected to the inner ring 1523 along the x-axis by two ankle hinges 1524, each of which typically has a width in the range of about 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm, which will act as an x-axis hinge and will also define a gimbal Neutral x-axis position and acts as a mechanical impedance spring for x-axis articulation. The inner ring 1523 is coupled to the outer frame 1522 along the y-axis by two weir hinges 1526, each of which is typically about 0.3 mm to 0.5 mm wide, which will act as a y-axis hinge and will also define a gimbal Neutral y-axis position and acts as a mechanical impedance spring for y-axis articulation. The two pairs of hinges 1524 and 1526 form a pivot point for the 2-axis gimbal around which the x and y joints are rotated. The inner segment 1525 of the hinge layer 1521 of the 2-axis gimbal assembly 1520 contains a plurality of contact pads to which the QPI/MLA assembly 230 is bonded using standard soldering techniques, such as flip-chip solder balls, thereby Segment 1525 becomes the bond pad to which the QPI/MLA assembly 230 will be bonded. A plurality of metal rails are embedded in the inner segment 1525 of the hinge layer 1521 of the 2-axis gimbal assembly 1520. The metal rails are one of the top sides of the inner segment 1525 via the x-axis 矽 hinge 1524 and the y-axis 矽 hinge 1526. The set of contact pads are attached to a set of device contact pads 1527 placed along the periphery of the outer frame 1522. The set of contact pads on the top side of inner segment 1525 will provide electrical and physical contact pads for the back side of QPI/MLA assembly 230.

Referring to the side view illustration of FIG. 15, the QPI/MLA assembly 230 is shown joined to the top side of the inner segment 1525. As explained earlier, this would be a tie between the contact pads on the top side of the inner segment 1525 and the contact pads on the back side of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 using solder or eutectic ball grid array type bonding. Electrical and physical contact bonding. Also illustrated in Fig. 15 is a side view layer 1528 which will be bonded at the wafer level using a benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer binder or the like to bond to the top side of the substrate layer 1530 and to the back side with the hinge layer side. The height (or thickness) of the spacer layer 1528 will be selected to accommodate the corner of the inner segment 1525 along with the vertical displacement of the joined QPI/MLA assembly 230 at the maximum actuation angle. For example, if the diagonal of the inner segment 1525 is measured for a total of 5 mm and the maximum articulation angle at the corner is 15°, the thickness of the spacer layer 1528 should be measured to be approximately 0.65 mm to accommodate the inner segment 1525. The vertical displacement of the corner at the maximum joint rotation.

Referring to the side view of Figure 15, the articulation of the inner segment 1525 along with the engaged QPI/MLA assembly 230 will be accomplished using the following items: one of the four corners placed on the back side of the inner segment 1525. The set of electromagnets 1535, and the four corners placed on the top side of the base layer 1530 and the back side of the inner segment 1525, are aligned with a set of permanent magnets 1536. The electromagnet 1535 will have a coil of one of the metal cores formed on the back side of the inner segment 1525 using a multi-laminate lithography at the wafer level. The permanent magnet 1536 will be a thin magnetic strip typically formed by a neodymium magnet (Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B) or the like. Rotation of the inner segment 1525 along with the bonded QPI/MLA assembly 230 as previously described will be accomplished by driving the set of electromagnets 1535 with an electrical signal having an appropriate time amplitude variation to affect the set of electromagnetics. The appropriate time variation of magnetic attraction between the iron 1535 and the permanent magnet 1536 will cause the inner segment 1525 to rotate with the bonded QPI/MLA assembly 230 as explained earlier. The drive electrical signals generated by the QPI device 210 and supplied to the set of electromagnets 1535 to the set of electromagnets 1535 via the metal rails and contacts incorporated in the inner segment 1525 described earlier will be associated with the QPI device 210. The pixel adjustments performed are synchronized to such an extent that the desired direction of intensity and color-adjusted light emitted from the pixel array of QPI device 210 is adjusted. The time variation of the drive electrical signal to the set of electromagnets 1535 will be selected to achieve the inner segment 1525 along with the time angle of the engaged QPI/MLA assembly 230 about its x-axis and y-axis, as shown in FIG. Illustrated in the middle. Depending on the thickness of the germanium substrate of the hinge layer 1521 and the selected width of the turns hinges 1524 and 1526, the maximum value of the time-angle joint rotation α( t ) illustrated in Figure 13B achieved by embodiment 1500 of the present invention can be achieved. ±α _max will typically range from ±15° to ±17°.

The drive electrical signals generated by the QPI device 210 and supplied to the set of electromagnets 1535 to the set of electromagnets 1535 via the metal rails and contacts incorporated in the inner segment 1525 described earlier will consist of a base component and a Correction component Composition. The base component of the drive electrical signal to the set of electromagnets 1535 will represent a nominal value, and a correction component will be freely positioned on the back side of the inner segment 1525 in alignment with the ankle hinges 1524 and 1526. One of the angular joint rotation error values generated by the detector is derived. The sensors will be placed on the back side of inner segment 1525 with one of the four infrared (IR) emitters placed on the top side of substrate layer 1530 aligned with one of the IR detector arrays. The output values of the four IR detector arrays will again be routed to the QPI device via the metal rails and contacts incorporated in the inner segment 1525 as described earlier, and used to calculate the derived joint rotation angle and An estimate of the error between the actual joint rotation angles that will be incorporated as one of the drive signals supplied to the set of electromagnets 1535 by the QPI device. The sensors positioned on the back side of the inner segment 1525 will also be properly aligned to detect the actuated angle of the micro-scale gyroscope along each of the two axes of the gimbal.

Another embodiment of the invention (referred to herein as 1600) is illustrated in FIG. Figure 16 contains an isometric view and a side view illustration of this embodiment. As illustrated in Figure 16, an embodiment 1600 of the present invention is comprised of a 2-axis gimbal 1620 and a QPI/MLA assembly 230 bonded to the top thereof. Figure 16 also shows an exploded isometric illustration of one embodiment of the constituent layers of the 2-axis gimbal assembly 1620 of the embodiment 1600. As illustrated in Figure 16, the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator is bonded to the use of a plurality of germanium substrate layers (i.e., a pad layer 1621, by bonding the QPI/MLA assembly 230 (shown in Figure 12). The spring layer 1625 and a base layer 1630) are implemented on the top side of the 2-axis gimbal assembly 1620. The top side of the pad 1621 is incorporated into the QPI/MLA assembly 230 to be bonded to a number of connections using standard soldering techniques such as flip chip solder balls. The pads are such that the top side of the pad 1621 becomes the bonding layer/contact pad 1623 to which the QPI/MLA assembly 230 is bonded. The backside of the backing layer 1621 incorporates a spherical pivot 1635 that will be formed by crimping a polycarbonate polymer onto the back side of the backing layer 1621 using UV imprint lithography or the like at the wafer level. The cushion layer 1621, together with the spherical pivot 1635 that is embossed on its back side, will be referred to as a hinged pad 1621/1635. The elevation angle of the center of the spherical pivot 1635 determines the x and y axis elevation angles of the angular deflection. The top side of the base layer 1630 incorporates a spherical socket 1636 that will be formed by embossing the polycarbonate polymer on the top side of the substrate layer 1630 at the wafer. The base layer 1630, along with the spherical socket 1636 that is pressed against its top side, will be referred to as a bracket 1630/1636. The surface curvature of the spherical pivot 1635 incorporated on the back side of the backing layer 1621 and the spherical socket 1636 incorporated on the top side of the base layer 1630 will be ± matched for placement on top of the bracket 1630/1636 The hinged pad 1621/1635 is allowed to be a 2-axis articulating pad. Although the convex surface of the spherical pivot 1635 and the spherical socket 1636 will have an optical quality represented by a surface roughness of about several nm RMS, the possible friction between the two surfaces due to the rotational movement of the joint will be used by Thin layers (50 nm to 100 nm) of graphite are coated to reduce the surface of the spherical pivot 1635 and the spherical socket 1636.

The hinged pad 1621/1635 is held within the surface curvature of the bracket 1630/1636 by a spring layer 1625 (containing a single helical spring 1626 etched in the spring layer 1625 at each of its four corners) In the right place. As illustrated in the exploded isometric view of Figure 16, the inner ends of each of the four helical springs incorporate an inner bond pad 1627 that corresponds to being positioned at the back side of the pad 1621. An identical contact pad 1622. many The metal rails are embedded in a helical spring 1626 for routing the electrical interface signals from the inner bond pads 1627 to a set of edge contacts/pads 1628 positioned at the peripheral edge of the back side of the spring layer 1625. . The edge contact/pad 1628 on the back side of the outer end of the spring layer 1625 corresponds to one of the matching set bond pads 1629 positioned at the peripheral edge of the base layer 1630. The edge contacts on the top side of the substrate layer 1630 are connected to a set of device contact pads 1631 positioned on the back side of the substrate layer 1630 via metal rails embedded in the substrate layer. In the final assembly of embodiment 1600 of the present invention illustrated in the side view of FIG. 16, when the back side of edge contact/pad 1628 of spring layer 1625 is bonded to the top side bond pad 1629 of base layer 1630 and spiral The four helical springs 1626 will expand as the bond pads 1627 within the spring 1626 are joined to the corresponding contact pads 1622 on the back side of the pad 1621. When the spring layer 1625 is bonded to the back side of the backing layer 1621 and the top side of the base layer 1630, the helical spring 1626 (as just explained, four helical springs) becomes fully expanded and used in its fully extended configuration For a variety of uses: (1) forming a spring load impedance required to hold the spherical pivot 1635 within the spherical socket 1636; (2) forming a mechanical balance required to maintain the neutral position of the hinged pad 1621/1635; (3) Routing the electrical interface signals from the device contact pads 1631 to the bonding layer/contact pads 1623 of the QPI/MLA assembly 230. Referring to the side view illustration of FIG. 16, the QPI/MLA assembly 230 is shown bonded to the top side tie layer/contact pad 1623 of the backing layer 1621. This would be an electrical and physical contact bond between the bonding layer/contact pads 1623 bonded using solder or eutectic ball grid array type and the contact pads at the back side of the QPI/MLA assembly 230. In the operational configuration, the full device assembly 1600 will be positioned using solder or eutectic ball grid array type bonding. The contact pads 1631 on the back side of the substrate layer are bonded to a substrate or printed circuit board.

The extended height of the spherical socket 1636 that will be selected to accommodate the corners of the hinged pads 1621/1635 along with the vertical displacement of the joined QPI/MLA assembly 230 at the maximum actuation angle is also illustrated in the side view of FIG. For example, if the hinged pad 1621/1635 is measured along the diagonal of the joined QPI/MLA assembly 230 by 5 mm and the maximum actuation angle at the corner is ±30°, the spherical socket 1636 is extended. The thickness of the height should be measured approximately 1.25 mm to accommodate the corners of the hinged pad 1621/1635 along with the vertical displacement of the bonded QPI/MLA assembly 230 at the maximum actuation angle.

Actuation of the mat 1621 along with the bonded QPI/MLA assembly 230 will be accomplished using a set of electromagnets embedded within the spherical pivot 1635 and a set of permanent magnets embedded within the spherical socket 1636. The actuation of the electric drive signal will be routed to an electromagnet embedded within the spherical pivot 1635 to effect the actuation movements set forth in the earlier paragraph. The base component of the actuated electrical drive signal to the electromagnet embedded in the spherical pivot 1635 will represent a nominal value and will be freely positioned on the back side of the pad 1621 by a set of four sensors. A corner rotation error value is derived. The sensors are placed on the back side of the pad 1621 and aligned with one of the four infrared (IR) emitters placed on the top side of the substrate layer 1630. The output values of the four IR detector arrays will again be routed to the QPI device via the metal rails and contacts incorporated in the pad 1621 described earlier, and used to calculate the actual rotational angle of the derived joint and the actual An estimate of the error between the rotational angles of the joint, which will be incorporated as being provided by the PDA device into the spherical pivot 1635 One of the drive signals of the group of electromagnets is corrected. The sensors positioned on the back side of the pad 1621 may also be micro-scale gyroscopes that are properly aligned to detect the actuation angle along each of the two axes of the gimbal.

The permanent magnet embedded in the spherical socket 1636 will be a thin magnetic rod or wire, typically composed of a neodymium magnet (Nd ₂ Fe ₁₄ B) or the like, and will be shaped to provide a curved cavity across the spherical socket 1636. A uniform magnetic field. Actuation of the mat 1621 as described earlier along with the bonded QPI/MLA assembly 230 will be accomplished by driving the set of electromagnets embedded in the spherical pivot 1635 by an electrical signal having an appropriate time amplitude. The change affects the appropriate time variation of the magnetic attraction between the set of electromagnets embedded within the spherical pivot 1635 and the permanent magnets embedded within the spherical socket 1636, which will cause the cushion 1621 to be coupled with the QPI/ The MLA assembly 230 performs the time-segment rotation as explained earlier. The drive electrical signals generated by the QPI device and routed through the metal rails and contacts incorporated in the cushion 1621 previously described to the set of electromagnets embedded in the spherical pivot 1635 will be executed by the QPI device. The pixel modulation is synchronized to such an extent that the desired direction of intensity and color-adjusted light emitted from the pixel array of the QPI device is adjusted. The time variation of the drive electrical signals for the set of electromagnets embedded in the ball pivot 1635 will be selected to achieve the time of the hinged pad 1621 along with the engaged QPI/MLA assembly 230 along its x-axis and y-axis. The corner joint rotates as illustrated in FIG. Depending on the angle of the corner of the control pad 1621 along with the extended height of the spherical socket 1636 of the maximum vertical displacement of the bonded QPI/MLA assembly 230, the time illustrated in Figure 15 by embodiment 1600 of the present invention can be achieved. The maximum value of the angular joint rotation α( t ) ±α _max will usually be in the range from ±30° to ±35°.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the gimbal actuators of embodiments 1500 and 1600 of the present invention as set forth in the preceding paragraph can be implemented to achieve substantially the same purpose by exchanging the positions of the electromagnets and permanent magnets.

The two exemplary embodiments 1500 and 1600 of the present invention are primarily based on the respective maximum achievable time angle angular rotation α( t ) α _max and the respective embodiments need to exceed the boundaries of the QPIA/MLA assembly 230. different. First, as illustrated in FIG. 16, in an embodiment 1600 of the present invention, the 2-axis gimbal is fully housed within the footprint of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 (hereinafter referred to as a zero edge feature) as shown in FIG. Illustrated In an embodiment 1500 of the present invention, a 2-axis gimbal is received at a periphery outside the outer boundary of the QPI/MLA assembly 230. Second, the maximum value α _max of the time-angle joint rotation α( t ) that can be achieved by embodiment 1600 may be twice as large as the maximum value that embodiment 1500 can provide. Of course, the larger maximum value a _{max of the} angular angular articulation α( t ) that can be accomplished by embodiment 1600 is at the expense of a larger vertical height than embodiment 1500. The zero edge feature of embodiment 1600 makes it more suitable for tiling to form a large area display and the low profile (low height) feature of embodiment 1500 makes it more suitable for forming a compact display for mobile applications.

MLA 220 microlenses 610, 620 and 630 the system angular range Θ may or by increasing or decreasing the number of optical elements 610, 620, through proper selection and design of the refractive surface 630 of the micro-lens system becomes less than or greater than 6 ±15° of the exemplary embodiment. However, it should be noted (expressed in pixels, which regulates a number of pixels within the group G _i) for a given resolution, changing the angular range Θ MLA220 microlenses systems will cause optical directional light adjusted by the time space of the present invention is One of the angular resolutions (resolutions) of the direction-adjusted light sword of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 is changed. For example, in the previous exemplary embodiment of the embodiment Θ = ± 15 ° angle range in the case of, if the pixel group comprising G _i (128 × 128) pixels, by the time the present invention an optical directional optical space regulator of QPI The angular resolution between the directionally modulated beams emitted by the /MLA assembly 230 will be approximately δ Θ = 0.23°. The same angular resolution value of δ Θ = 0.23° can also be reduced by reducing the angular extent of the MLA 220 microlens system to Θ = ± 7.5° and reducing the number of pixels constituting the pixel group G _i to (64 × 64) A pixel is reached. Generally, a higher F / # (i.e., the angular range smaller value Θ) for MLA 220 micro lens system will allow the use of a smaller pixel size adjustment to achieve a group G _i given angular resolution The value, which in turn will result in the availability of a plurality of pixels within a given pixel resolution of one of the QPI devices 210 to form a plurality of pixel groups G _i and thus form a QPI/ than the time space optical direction light modulator of the present invention. The spatial resolution of the spatial resolution of the MLA assembly 230 can be achieved. This design tradeoff allows for an appropriate balance between the F/# of the MLA 220 microlens system design parameters and the spatial resolution achievable by the QPI/MLA assembly 230. On the other hand, the F/# of the MLA 220 microlens system is increased to increase the spatial resolution, and the angular range that can be achieved by the QPI/MLA 230 of the time-space optical direction light modulator of the present invention will be reduced. At this point, the maximum value α _{max of the} time angle articulation α( t ) will become part of the design compromise to recover the loss to help increase the angular extent of the spatial resolution. In the previous example, when the maximum value α _{max of the joint} rotation angle is selected to be α _max = ± 7.5°, the temporal spatial optical direction adjuster will be able to achieve with the pixel group G _{i of} (64 × 64) pixels ( α _max + Θ ) = ±15° one of the extended angular ranges. Essentially, for a given angular resolution value δ Θ , the maximum value α _{max of the} joint rotation angle is a compromise between one of the angular extents or spatial resolutions that can be used to increase the direction adjustment that can be achieved by the temporal spatial optical direction adjuster. parameter.

It should be noted that unlike prior art techniques that use a scanning mirror to adjust a beam of light in a time direction, the time-space optical light modulator of the present invention differs in a very important aspect in that it is at any given time. Produces a multitude of beams that are simultaneously adjusted in direction. In the case of the time space optical light modulator of the present invention, a plurality of directionally adjusted beams will be time multiplexed by the gyroscopic rotation of the gimbal QPI/MLA assembly 230 to adjust the resolution and angular extent. As explained earlier (see Figure 14), when the gimbal QPI/MLA assembly 230 is rotated, a new set of directional beam is added as the beam is weakened in time. Covering the extended angular extent of the time space optical light modulator of the present invention. Thus, at any given time, the full-emission aperture of the gimbal QPI/MLA assembly 230 is used to maintain the coverage of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 through the joint rotation aperture in any given direction. The inner time accumulates the desired strength in the direction. Due to the time-lined nature of the plurality of directionally modulated beams, the response time of the time-space optical light modulator of the present invention can be matched to the image data input rate with minimal delay. In addition, the spoke rotation of the gimbal QPI/MLA assembly 230 of the time-space optical direction light adjuster of the present invention can be performed in an uninterrupted pattern, and the interrupt pattern will be in the gimbal QPI/MLA assembly 230. Minimizing blanking or no blanking of its emission aperture occurs when the joint is rotated across the extended angular extent of the time-space optical light modulator of the present invention. Therefore, prior art directional light regulators The slow response time, poor efficiency, and large volume disadvantages are all substantially overcome by the time space optical light modulator of the present invention.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrate the principle of operation of a time space optical direction light modulator. 8 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of one of the adjustment groups G _i formed by a two-dimensional array of (n×n) pixels in the transmit pixels of the QPI device 210, thereby facilitating pixel groups The size of group G _i along one axis will be chosen to be n = 2 ^m . Referring to FIG. 8, the direction-adjustable addressability that can be achieved by the pixel group G _i is transmitted through each of its two axes x and y through (n×n) pixels constituting the adjustment group G _i . The addressability of the bit word is completed. Figure 9 illustrates mapping light emitted from (n x n) pixels constituting the QPI pixel adjustment group G _i to an associated MLA 220 microlens (such as the exemplary embodiment illustrated in Figure 6) individual lenses direction within three-dimensional volume) of the angle Θ in the range defined. As an illustrative example, when the size of the individual pixels of the QPI is (5 × 5) μm and the QPI pixel group G _i is (n × n) = (2 ⁷ × 2 ⁷ ) = (128 × 128) pixel array Each of the QPI two-dimensionally adjusted pixel groups G _i of the size (0.64 x 0.64) mm from the QPI emission surface will be formed when the angular extent of the associated MLA 220 microlens is Θ = ±15° It is possible to generate (128) ² = 16, 384 individually steerable beams across the angular range of Θ = ±15°, whereby the light produced in each of the 16,384 directions can also be individually adjusted in color and intensity. When the QPI/MLA assembly 230 is rotated using the two-axis gimbal of the embodiments 1500 and 1600 as previously described (see Figures 12 and 13A), the orientation provided by the lens elements of the QPI/MLA assembly 230 The adjustment angle range will extend over time by the maximum joint rotation angle ±α _max provided by the gimbal. Thus, the range of directional adjustment angles provided by the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention will extend over time beyond a range of coverage, totaling ±( Θ +α _max ). For example, when the angular extent of the MLA 220 lens element is Θ = ±15° and the maximum joint rotation angle α _max = ±30°, the extended angular range provided by the time-space optical direction light adjuster will be ( Θ +α _max )=±45°, and it will be able to produce light in the direction of time [ n ( θ + α _max ) / θ ] ² = 9 × light that can be generated by QPI / MLA assembly 230 The number of adjustment directions (see Figure 14), that is, 9 (128) ² = 147, 456 light adjustment directions. It is meant that the number of light adjustment directions that can be produced by the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention will be (3n x 3n), where (n x n) is a group of pixels associated with one of the MLA 220 lens elements. The size of the group G _i (expressed as the number of QPI pixels). Thus, for this embodiment, the temporal spatial optical directional light modulator will provide one of the directional adjustment resolutions provided by the 9xQPI/MLA assembly 230 to extend the direction detection resolution. In general, the direction adjustment resolution provided by the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator will be [ n ( θ + α _max ) / θ ] ^{2 over a} range extending over an angle of ± ( Θ + α _max ).

In addition to the direction adjustment capability of the time-space optical direction light modulator of the present invention, one of the QPI pixel adjustment group G _i (N x M) arrays (such as the arrays described in the previous design examples) is used, and spatial adjustment will also It is possible. For example, if it is desired to form a directional light adjuster of the present invention having the spatial adjustment resolution of N = 16 × M = 16 providing (9 × 128) ² = 147, 456 directional adjustment resolutions of the previous example, The inventive time space optical direction light modulator will include an array (16 x 16) direction adjustment groups G _i and a time space optical direction light modulator when using one QPI having a (5 x 5) micron pixel size The total size is approximately 10.24 x 10.24 mm. Using the angular range values of the previous examples, the light emitted from the spatial optical direction light modulator of the present invention can be spatially adjusted (16 x 16) and directionally adjusted at an angle of ± 45 degrees with a resolution of 147, 456. And the color and intensity can be adjusted in each direction.

As illustrated by the previous examples, the spatial and directional adjustment resolution of the temporal spatial optical light modulator (represented by the number of individual addressable directions within a given angular range) will be selected by selecting the transmit micro-emitter array QPI device 210. The resolution and pixel pitch, the pitch of the MLA 220 lens element, the angular extent of the MLA 220 lens element, and the maximum joint rotation angle of the regulator gimbal are determined. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the MLA lens system can be designed to allow for a wider or narrower angular range, and the gimbal design can be selected to allow for a wider or narrower pitch angle and each adjustment group The number of pixels within can be selected to be smaller or larger to form a temporal spatial optical directional light modulator that can achieve any desired spatial and directional adjustment capabilities following the teachings provided in the preceding discussion.

Any desired spatial and directional adjustment capabilities can be achieved using the spatial optical directional light modulator of the present invention. The previous example may illustrate how a single 10.24 mm × 10.24 mm QPI apparatus 210 embodiment having (16) resolution and spatial resolution of ² (3 × 128) ² directions spatial optical directional light adjuster of the present invention. To achieve higher spatial resolution, the time-space optical directional light modulator of the present invention can be implemented using a tiled array of one of the time-space optical directional light modulators of the present invention that includes numerous small spatial resolutions. For example, when one of the time-space optical direction light modulators (3 x 3) array of the previous example is tiled as illustrated in Figure 11, the resulting time-space optical direction light modulator will provide (3 x 16) ² spatial resolution and (3 × 128) ² direction resolution. Due to its compact size, it is possible to tile a number of time-space optical direction adjusters of the present invention to achieve a higher spatial resolution version. For example, a time-space optical directional light modulator using a previous example of a single QPI device 210 (which itself would have an exemplary width, height, and thickness of 10.24 mm x 10.24 mm x 5 mm, respectively) can be used to form Figure 11 The larger resolution version illustrated in the figure (its width, height and thickness will have a size of 3.07 cm x 3.07 cm x 0.5 cm, respectively). For example, if the tile is expanded to include one of the smaller resolution time-space optical direction light modulators (30 x 30) array, the resulting time-space optical direction light modulator will have one (30 x 16) ² space Resolution and (3 × 128) ^2- direction resolution and the measured width, height and thickness are respectively 30.07 cm × 30.07 cm × 0.5 cm. It is possible to implement the invention illustrated in Figure 11 by bonding a plurality of previous examples of temporal spatial optical directional light modulators to the backplane using electrical contacts of a microsphere array (MBGA) positioned on the back side of a backplane. A higher spatial resolution version of the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator, which gives the zero edge feature of embodiment 1600, will enable seamless tiling of a plurality of such directional light modulator devices to implement any desired size Time space optical direction light regulator. Of course, the size of the array of temporal spatial optical directional light modulators illustrated in Figure 11 can be increased to the extent required to achieve any desired spatial resolution. It is also possible to reduce the direction resolution of the optical direction directional light modulator for a spatial resolution compromise. For example, if the pixel adjustment group size is reduced to (64 x 64), the (3 x 3) array illustrated in Figure 11 will provide (3 x 32) ² spatial resolution and (3 x 64) ² Direction resolution. Notably, the zero edge feature previously described by the time-space optical direction light modulator embodiment 1600 of the present invention provides an array of time-space optical direction light modulators that provide the expanded spatial aperture illustrated in FIG. may.

The principle of operation of the temporal spatial optical directional light modulator will be explained with reference to the illustration of Figures 8 and 9. Figure 8 illustrates the two-dimensional addressability of each of the adjustment groups G _i using m-bit resolution for direction adjustment. As explained earlier, the light emitted by the (2 ^m × 2 ^m ) individual pixels of the self-tuning group G _i is mapped to 2 by the associated MLA 220 element within the angular extent ± Θ of the associated MLA microlens element. ^2m light direction. Using the individual pixels to adjust the ( x,y ) dimensional coordinates of the individual pixels in each of the groups G _i , the angular coordinates ( θ, φ ) of the emitted beams are obtained by the following equation:

Where α _x ( t ) and α _y ( t ) are the values of the joint rotation angle around the x-axis and the y-axis at the period t , respectively, and the angles θ(t) and φ(t) adjust the sphere at the period t The value of the coordinate, where the polar axis is parallel to the z-axis of the emission surface of the adjustment group G _i at θ =0 and m=log ₂ n is used to express the position of the x and y pixel resolution within the adjustment group G _i The number of yuan. The spatial resolution of the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator is defined by the coordinates ( X, Y ) of each of the individual adjustment groups G _i within the two-dimensional adjustment group array constituting the entire time space optical direction light modulator. . In essence, the temporal spatial optical light modulator will be able to temporally generate (adjust) a light field described by the spatial coordinates ( X, Y ) defined by its adjustment group array and direction coordinates ( θ, φ ), Wherein the coordinate of the direction is defined by the value of the coordinate ( x, y ) of the emission pixel in the adjustment group G _i and the time value of the rotation angle of the joint of the time-space optical direction light adjuster, as by Equation 3 above and the equation 4 defined.

Figure 10, which illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a data processing block diagram of a spatial optical direction light modulator, also applies to the temporal spatial optical embodiment of the present invention. The previous description using 16-bit representation of direction adjustment and the use of a typical 24-bit to represent the adjusted light intensity and color in each direction is also applicable to the temporal spatial optical embodiment of the present invention.

Possible applications include

The temporal spatial optical directional light modulator of the present invention can be used to implement, for example, a tiled array (such as the array illustrated in Figure 11) implemented as a plurality of time-space optical directional light modulators having an arbitrary size A 3D display. The extended angular range that can be achieved with a time-space optical directional light modulator will enable the implementation of a compact 3D display that provides a large viewing angle without the need for a bulky and costly optical assembly. The level of compactness achieved by the time-space optical directional light modulator will achieve both desktop 3D displays and possibly mobile 3D displays. In addition, the extended spatial adjustment capability of the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator enables it to adjust a plurality of views having an angular resolution value δΘ that matches the angular separation of the human visual system eye over its extended angular range, thus Become a 3D display that will not require the use of glasses to view the 3D content of its display. In fact, it is assumed that the time-space optical direction light modulator of the present invention can produce a high number of independently adjusted light beams that will be able to adjust one of the 3D images with sufficient angular resolution values between the generated views, the 3D The image will eliminate visual convergence-conditioning conflicts (VAC) that typically impede the performance of the 3D display and cause visual fatigue. In other words, the angular resolution capability of the time-space optical direction light modulator of the present invention enables it to produce a VAC-free 3D image that will not cause visual fatigue to the viewer. The light field adjustment capability of the temporal spatial optical direction light modulator also makes it a fundamental basis for implementing a 3D light field display of a synthetic holographic 3D display.

The temporal spatial optical direction light modulator can also be used as a backlight for a liquid crystal display (LCD) to implement a 3D display. The time space optical direction light modulator can also operate as a 2D high resolution display. In this case, the individual pixels of the QPI device 210 will be used to adjust the color and intensity while the MLA 220 will be used to fill the viewing angle of the display. It is also possible for the time space optical light modulator to switch from the 2D display mode to the 3D display mode by adapting the format of its input data to match the desired mode of operation. When the time-space optical direction light modulator is used as a 2D display, its optical angle range will be the angular range associated with its MLA 220 microlens element plus the gimbal rotation angle of its gimbal ± ( Θ + α _max ), where individual The pixel resolution of the adjustment group is utilized to achieve a higher spatial resolution.

Thus, the invention has several aspects which may be practiced individually or in various combinations or sub-combinations as desired. Although certain preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed and described herein for the purposes of illustration Various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

200‧‧‧Time Space Optical Direction Light Regulator

210‧‧‧QPI device/emissive microarray QPI device

220‧‧‧2D Microlens Array/Wafer Level Optics Microlens Array/Microlens Array

230‧‧‧QPI/Microlens Array Assembly

400‧‧‧Microlens components

510‧‧‧ angular coverage profile

520‧‧‧Time angle coverage profile

600‧‧‧ Wafer-level optics lens components

610‧‧‧Optical components/microlens systems

620‧‧‧Optical components/microlens systems

630‧‧‧Optical components/microlens systems

660‧‧‧ Cover glass

720‧‧‧Microlens array layer

730‧‧‧Microlens array layer

760‧‧‧QPI device cover glass

1310‧‧‧Continuous time to rotate

1320‧‧‧Discrete or stepwise time

1500‧‧‧Time Space Optical Direction Light Regulator

1520‧‧‧2 shaft gimbal assembly/2-axis gimbal

1521‧‧‧Hinged layer

1522‧‧‧External framework

1523‧‧‧ Inner Ring

1524‧‧‧矽 hinge

1525‧‧‧Internal segment/device joint pad

1526‧‧‧矽 hinge

1527‧‧‧ device contact pads

1528‧‧‧ interval layer

1530‧‧‧ basal layer

1535‧‧‧Electromagnet

1536‧‧‧ permanent magnet

1600‧‧‧Time Space Optical Direction Light Regulator

1620‧‧‧2 axis gimbal/2-axis gimbal assembly

1621‧‧‧Cushion/hinge pad

1622‧‧‧Contact pads

1623‧‧‧Connection layer/contact pad

1625‧‧‧Spring layer

1626‧‧‧Spiral spring

1627‧‧‧Inner joint pad

1628‧‧‧Edge contact/mat

1629‧‧‧ joint pad

1630‧‧‧ basal layer

1631‧‧‧Device contact pads/contact pads

1635‧‧‧Spherical pivot

1636‧‧‧Spherical socket

d ₁ ‧‧‧Light direction/direction

d ₂ ‧‧‧Light direction/direction

d ₃ ‧‧‧Light direction/direction

d ₄ ‧‧‧Light direction/direction

p ₁ ‧ ‧ pixels

p ₂ ‧ ‧ pixels

p ₃ ‧ ‧ pixels

p ₄ ‧ ‧ pixels

x ‧‧‧axis

y ‧‧‧axis

Θ ‧‧‧ divergence angle / angular range / angle

±α _x ‧‧‧ corner

±α _y ‧‧‧ corner

Figure 1 illustrates a prior art directional light modulator of one of the practical liquid lenses.

Figure 2 illustrates a prior art directional light modulator of a practical scanning mirror.

Figure 3 illustrates a prior art directional adjustment 3D light modulator.

Figure 4 illustrates a spatial optical directional light conditioning aspect of a temporal spatial optical directional light modulator.

Figure 5 is an isometric view of the principle of directional light adjustment of a spatial optical direction light modulator.

Figure 6 illustrates an exemplary collimated wafer level optics design of a spatial optical directional light modulator.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary design of a spatial optical directional light modulator using the exemplary design of wafer level optics illustrated in FIG. 6.

8 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of directional addressability within one of a set of spatially adjusted pixels of a temporal spatial optical direction light modulator.

9 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of direction adjustment within one of a set of spatially adjusted pixels of a temporal spatial optical direction light modulator.

Figure 10 is a block diagram showing a data processing block diagram of a spatial optical direction light modulator.

11 illustrates an isometric view of one exemplary embodiment of a 3D/2D switchable display implemented by tiling a plurality of spatial optical direction light modulators.

Figure 12 illustrates an isometric view of the schematic aspect of a temporal spatial optical directional light modulator.

Figure 13A illustrates the angular emission spread that is made possible by the time-slot rotation of the time-space optical direction light modulator.

Figure 13B illustrates angular time joint rotation of a time space optical direction light modulator.

Figure 14 illustrates an extended angle coverage profile of a time space optical direction light modulator.

Figure 15 illustrates an isometric view, a side view, and a top view of an embodiment of a time space optical direction light modulator.

Figure 16 illustrates an isometric view, a side view, and a top view of another embodiment of a time space optical direction light modulator.

Claims (48)

A light modulator comprising: an emissive micro-emitter array device having a micro-pixel array, and a microlens array, each microlens of the microlens array spanning a pixel group of the emissive micro-emitter array The group whereby one of the microlenses in the array of microlenses directs illumination from each of the individual micro-emitters in the respective group of pixels in a different direction. The light modulator of claim 1, wherein each pixel group is a two-dimensional pixel group. The light modulator of claim 2, wherein each of the pixels of the emissive micro-emitter array device is individually addressable to a solid-state light emitter selected from the group consisting of a light-emitting diode and a thunder A group consisting of two diodes. The light modulator of claim 3, wherein each pixel of the emissive micro-emitter array device emits light of a plurality of colors, and each pixel is individually addressable to emit a selected color and intensity of light. The light modulator of claim 3, wherein the pixels of the emissive micro-emitter array device have a linear dimension of one ten micron or less. The light modulator of claim 3, wherein the microlens array is comprised of a plurality of stacked microlens arrays. The light modulator of claim 4, wherein the direction, color and intensity addressability of the light adjuster is performed using a multi-column data input to the light adjuster, thereby targeting the pixel groups Each specified pixel group address within the spatial array, at least one input data field is specified The direction of the emitted light and the at least one field are used to specify the color and intensity of the light emitted in a specified direction. The light modulator of claim 4, which is in the form of a plurality of tiled light modulator arrays. The light modulator of claim 4, which is in the form of a plurality of collective light modulators in a tiled array, wherein each of the light modulators has a plurality of pixels of the array of emitters Color pixels and individually addressable to emit light having a selected color and intensity, the microlens array being comprised of a plurality of stacked microlens arrays, each of the lenses of the microlens array being associated with the respective emission micro A plurality of pixels within a respective pixel group of the emitter array device are associated and aligned, wherein each lens optically maps the light emitted from the plurality of pixels to a set of one of the numerical apertures of the lens The color and intensity of the light emitted in each of the discrete directions of the discrete directions is achieved in discrete directions, thereby enabling the light modulator to produce a color across the aperture across one of the set of collective light modulators Light, intensity and direction adjustment. The light modulator of claim 4, wherein the direction, color, and intensity addressability of each pixel of the light adjusters is accomplished using a multi-field data input of one of the individual light adjusters, thereby Each of the specified pixel group addresses in the spatial array of the groups of pixels, at least one input data field for specifying a spatial direction of the emitted light and at least one field for specifying emission in a specified direction The color and intensity of the light. The light modulator of claim 4, wherein the light adjuster is switchable to act as a 3D display or as a high resolution 2D display by adapting the format of the multi-field data input to match a desired mode of operation operating. A light conditioner according to claim 4, which is used as a backlight for one of the liquid crystal displays in a liquid crystal display to form a 3D display or a 2D display. The light modulator of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the different directions of illumination from the emissive micro-emitters define an angular extent, and wherein the emissive micro-emitter array device and the microlens array are assembled Together, and as a single assembly, angular articulation about at least one axis to emit light in one of the planes of one of the emitting surfaces of the array of emissive microprojectors and within one of the positive and negative one maximum angular articulation. The light modulator of claim 13, wherein the emissive micro-emitter array device and the microlens array are configured to act as a single assembly around two orthogonal axes about positive and negative one maximum angular joints around the respective axes Rotate the angular joint within one of the rotations. The light adjuster of claim 14, wherein the angular joint rotation is configured to increase an angular resolution between the different directions, or to increase the angle from the different directions of illumination of the emitted micro-emitters range. The light modulator of claim 13, wherein the adjacent light modulators in the tiled array have certain inactive edge pixels between active pixels in adjacent groups of pixels. The light modulator of claim 3, wherein: the pixels of the emissive micro-emitter array device are multi-color pixels And individually addressable to emit light having a selected color and intensity; the microlens array having a plurality of stacked microlens arrays, each of the lenses of the microlens array and one of the emissive microprojector array devices A plurality of pixels within a group of pixels are associated and aligned, wherein each lens optically maps the light emitted from the respective plurality of pixels to a set of corresponding discrete directions in a numerical aperture of one of the respective lenses The color and intensity of the light emitted in each of the discrete directions of the set of directions is achieved: thereby enabling the light modulator to produce color, intensity, and direction adjusted light. The light modulator of claim 1, which constitutes a tiled light modulator array in a plurality of forms. The light adjuster of claim 1, wherein the light adjuster is switchable as a 3D display or as a high resolution by adapting the format of the multi-field data input to match the desired mode of operation 2D display operation. A directional light modulator comprising: a two-dimensional emission micro-emitter array device; a microlens array of one of the microlens elements; the two-dimensional emission micro-emitter array device and the microlens array assembled together and as a single The assembly performs angular joint rotation to emit light about one of the axes in one of the planes of one of the emitting surfaces of the array of emissive microprojectors and within one of the positive and negative one maximum angular joint rotations on each of the individual axes. The directional light modulator of claim 20, wherein the two-dimensional array of emitters comprises a pixel array, wherein each pixel is individually addressable to one of the solid state light emitters. A directional light modulator according to claim 21, wherein each pixel of the two-dimensional array of emitters has a size of no more than 20 micrometers by 20 micrometers. A directional light modulator of claim 21, wherein each pixel is individually addressable to adjust both the color and intensity of the light it emits. The directional light modulator of claim 20, wherein the angular joint rotation is provided by a gimbal support for the two-dimensional emission micro-emitter array device and the assembly of the microlens array for The angular joint rotation of the gimbal support extends over a range of angles on each of the two axes, thereby expanding the set of light along each of the two axes over time direction. The directional light modulator of claim 24, wherein the extended angular range is temporally continuous or discrete in time, and has a repetition rate proportional to an image input data frame rate, thereby surrounding the two The maximum angular joint rotation of each of the axes determines the extended angular extent, angular coverage, shape, and aspect ratio of the directional light modulator. The directional light adjuster of claim 25, wherein the corner joint around each of the two axes rotates at least equal to a frame rate of the input image data multiplied by the extended angular range and along each One of the ratios of the angular extents of the individual axes. The directional light modulator of claim 24, wherein the addressability of each pixel is completed using a multi-field data input to the directional light modulator Thus, for each of the specified pixel group addresses in the spatial array of the groups of pixels, at least one input data field is used to specify the direction of the emitted light and at least one field is used to specify The color and intensity of the light emitted in the specified direction. A directional light modulator, as claimed in claim 20, for use as a display operable to operate in a 3D display mode or a high resolution 2D display mode by adapting one of the input data formats to match the desired mode. The directional light modulator of claim 20 is used as a backlight that can be switched to operate as a 3D display or as a high resolution 2D display operation liquid crystal display (LCD). A directional light modulator as claimed in claim 20, which is capable of adjusting a plurality of views having an angular resolution value that matches the angular separation of the human visual system eye within its extended angular range, thereby making it unnecessary to use glasses Watch one of the 3D displays of the 3D content it displays. A directional light modulator comprising: an emissive micro-emitter array device comprising a plurality of pixels; a microlens array aligned and physically coupled to the emissive micro-emitter array device; and a two-axis gimbal There are two sets of electromagnetic actuators that are aligned with the two axes of the gimbal to affect the time angle of the bond pad about the two axes of the gimbal. The directional light modulator of claim 31, wherein the two-axis gimbal system uses a plurality of ruthenium substrate layers for implementing a two-axis pivot of the gimbal and defines the gimbal relative to a gimbal base. One of the mechanical resistance It is implemented against springs. The directional light modulator of claim 32, wherein the drive electrical signals to the electromagnetic actuators provide a time angle articulation that is temporally continuous or discrete and has a contact with the interface of the transmissive device One of the image input data frame rates is proportional and synchronized with a repetition rate, and wherein the driving electrical signals comprise a sense of one of a top side of one of the base layers joined to one of the contact pads and one of the base layers of the gimbal The correction value provided by the detector. The directional light modulator of claim 31, wherein the two-axis gimbal includes a spherical pivot on the back side of the bond pad and a matching ball socket on one of the top sides of a gimbal base. A directional light modulator of claim 31, wherein in the microlens array, each of the constituent lenses is associated and precisely aligned with a respective plurality of pixels within a two-dimensional array of pixel groups, wherein each A constituent lens optically maps the light emitted from the respective plurality of pixels to a discrete direction corresponding to a set of angular ranges defined by one of the respective constituent lenses. A directional light modulator as claimed in claim 31, for forming a tiled array of one of the directional light modulators having an expanded spatial aperture in a plurality. The directional light modulator of claim 36, wherein in each of the microlens arrays, each of the constituent lenses is associated and precisely aligned with a respective plurality of pixels within a two-dimensional array of pixel groups, wherein Each of the constituent lenses optically maps the light emitted from the respective plurality of pixels to a group corresponding to a range of angular apertures defined by one of the respective constituent lenses In a discrete direction, and the direction light modulator is further formed by a collective group of one of the spatial arrays of the groups of pixels, whereby each pixel within each group of pixels can be individually addressed for color, intensity, and direction adjustment The light thereby enabling the expanded spatial aperture direction light modulator device to produce spatially modulated light across a spatial aperture of the collective group spanning the spatial arrays, the light being also adjusted in color, intensity and direction. The directional light modulator of claim 37 is used as a backlight that can be switched to operate as a 3D display or as a high resolution 2D display to form a 3D display or a 2D display. A directional light modulator as claimed in claim 37, which is capable of adjusting a plurality of views having an angular resolution value that matches the angular separation of the human visual system eye within its extended angular range, thereby making it unnecessary to use glasses Watch one of the 3D displays of the 3D content it displays. The directional light modulator of claim 31 is used as a backlight that can be switched to operate as a 3D display or as a high resolution 2D display to form a 3D display or a 2D display. The directional light modulator of claim 31, wherein the light field adjustment capability of the directional light modulator makes it an essential basis for implementing a 3D light field display of a composite holographic 3D display. A method of forming a directional light modulator, comprising: providing an emissive micro-emitter array device; providing a microlens array of one of the microlens elements; aligning the microlens array with the emissive micro-emitter array device into a directional light a regulator subassembly such that each microlens array is microscopically A mirror element is associated with and aligned with a corresponding plurality of micro-emitters within a two-dimensional micro-emitter array of the emissive micro-emitter array device to surround the two axes in a plane of one of the emission surfaces of the emissive micro-emitter array Light is emitted in a range of positive and negative one of the maximum angular extents, whereby each microlens element optically maps light emitted from the corresponding plurality of microprojectors to an angular extent defined by one of the numerical apertures of each of the microlens elements A set of corresponding discrete directions; causing the directional light adjuster subassembly to rotate in a plane of the assembly about at least a first axis in a plane of the assembly to expand the set of discrete directions in response to angular joint rotation. The method of claim 42, wherein the direction light adjuster subassembly is rotated about the second axis in the plane of the assembly to further expand the set of discrete directions in response to the angular joint rotation, The second axis is perpendicular to the first axis. The method of claim 43, wherein: providing an emissive micro-emitter array device comprises: providing a micro-emitter array device matrix on a single substrate; providing a microlens array comprising: providing a microlens array matrix; A lens array matrix is mounted to the matrix of microprojector array devices to form a directional light modulator matrix, and the directional light modulator matrix is diced to provide a plurality of individual directional light modulators. The method of claim 44, wherein the microlens array matrix is aligned relative to the microprojector array device matrix using semiconductor wafer level alignment techniques To form a directional light modulator matrix. The method of claim 44, wherein providing the microlens array matrix comprises providing a plurality of microlens array layers, wherein the microlens array layers are mounted in a stacked form and aligned relative to one another to form the microlens array matrix. The method of claim 44, wherein each of the micro-emitters is individually addressable to control its color and brightness. The method of claim 47, wherein a light is emitted from the corresponding plurality of micro-emitters to a corresponding group of pixels in a discrete direction corresponding to a range of angular apertures defined by one of the microlens elements, each forming a corresponding pixel group, The association of the pixels within a group of pixels with the set of time-expanding directions along with the individual pixel addressability achieves the individual addressability of the set of time-expanding directions, whereby the directional light modulator is generated The set of direction-adjusted light over any of the directions of the time-expanding light direction.