RU2804097C1 - Method of growing spring durum wheat - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture; crop production.

SUBSTANCE: in the method, in grain-fallow crop rotation, wheat is sown in May with a seeding rate of 5.5 million germinated grains per hectare; in five-field crop rotation, the soil is cultivated using a flat-cut method to a depth of 20-22 cm. In early spring harrowing is carried out, 3-4 cultivations to a depth 6-8 cm in the spring-summer period, pre-sowing seed treatment by Tuareg insecticide and fungicide, SME - 1.2 l/t. Herbicides are applied in a tank mixture Mortira, VDG - 0.025 kg/ha and Lastik Top, MKE - 0.45 l/ha. The application of mineral fertilizers - a complex of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers - is carried out in the main application and in the rows when sowing at a dose of N₃₀P_45, sowing period is May 14-16. Carry out the care of the crops - during the heading phase, foliar fertilizing with urea is carried out - 30 kg/ha a.i. with simultaneous treatment with the fungicide Zantara, KE - 0.9 l/ha, retardant HEFK, VR - 1 l/ha is applied once in the phase of emergence into the tube. Single-phase grain harvesting is carried out in the phase of complete ripeness of the grain at a humidity of no higher than 14-15% and with the stand standing for no more than 7-8 days.

EFFECT: method makes it possible to increase yield, grain quality, sowing properties of seed material, reduce crop infestation, as well as damage to plants by diseases and pests.

1 cl, 9 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture (plant growing), namely to the production of grain of durum spring wheat varieties adapted for cultivation in the West Siberian region.

The largest areas sown with durum spring wheat are concentrated in Western Siberia, the Volga region and the Southern Urals. However, at present there is an acute shortage of grain of this crop on the Russian food market. In this regard, improving the technology of wheat cultivation with the characteristics of soil and climatic zones in the main regions of its cultivation is of great theoretical and practical importance.

There is a known method of growing durum winter wheat with biological preparations [Patent RU 2614879 C1 Method of growing durum winter wheat with biological preparations. Patent holder: Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kalmyk State University named after. B.B. Gorodovikov”, Publ. 03/30/2017 Bulletin. No. 10]. The method includes seed treatment. At the same time, the predecessor in crop rotation is pure fallow, the main processing of which is carried out using the moldboard method to a depth of 18-20 cm. Agrotechnical measures for the care of fallows consist of early spring harrowing to cover moisture, the first cultivation to a depth of 10-12 cm, 2-3 cultivations to a depth 8-10 cm in spring and summer to destroy weeds. Pre-sowing cultivation is carried out 1-2 days before sowing to a depth of 4-6 cm. Moreover, an aqueous solution of the drug is used when treating seeds at the rate of 5 g of the drug and 10 liters of water per 1 ton of seeds and foliar feeding of plants grown in the tube at the rate of 1 ha sowing 7 g of the drug “Energy M” and at least 50 liters of water. The drug is used against the background of mineral fertilizers in a dose of N_thirtyP₆₀. The method makes it possible to increase productivity, improve grain quality of winter durum wheat on light chestnut soils in the arid zone of Southern Russia, and reduce the intensity of the development of root rot and septoria. The disadvantage of this method is that it is unacceptable in the conditions of Western Siberia, since it is intended for light chestnut soils in the arid zone of Southern Russia. In addition, winter durum wheat is not cultivated in this region due to harsh climatic conditions.

There is a known method of growing grain crops [Patent RU 2250591 C2 Method of growing grain crops. Patent holder: VNIIMZ, Publ. 04/27/2005 Bulletin. No. 12], which includes pre-sowing tillage, application of fertilizers, which use compost, sowing seeds, and caring for crops. Fertilizer application and seed sowing are carried out simultaneously, and a pre-prepared mixture of seeds and multi-purpose compost is added to the soil at a mass ratio of components of 1:20, respectively. The disadvantages of this method are the need to prepare compost, which requires additional labor costs, the delivery of raw materials, special equipment for its preparation and the application of large volumes of this fertilizer.

There is a known method for cultivating spring wheat in conditions of a sharply continental climate [Patent RU 2302095 C2 Method of cultivating spring wheat in conditions of a sharply continental climate. Patent holder: State Scientific Institution Caspian Research Institute of Arid Agriculture of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Publ. 07/10/2007 Bulletin. No. 19]. The method includes harvesting the predecessor, peeling the stubble, applying organic and mineral fertilizers, plowing, killing weeds, applying herbicides, applying nitrogen fertilizers, sowing and post-sowing rolling. Sarepta mustard is used as a precursor. The crushed non-grain part and carrion are distributed over the surface of the harvested strip. After applying organic fertilizers, the stubble is peeled to a depth of 12-16 cm. Mineral fertilizers - phosphorus-containing fertilizers at a dose of 15-20 kg a.i./ha (for phosphorus) and potassium fertilizers at a dose of 10-12 kg a.i./ha are applied intrasoil to a depth of 16-18 cm. In the early spring, nitrogen-containing fertilizers are applied superficially at a dose of 30-36 kg a.m./ha and the top layer of soil is cut to a depth of 8±1 cm. Sowing is carried out with three-disc coulters to the same depth. The herbicide in the form of a brine of the natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1.05-1.20 t/m3 and a rate of 300-500 l/ha is applied during sowing. This invention increases the yield of spring wheat and reduces its cost. The disadvantage of this method is that the natural mineral bischofite is not found in Western Siberia, and its transportation does not make sense, since this mineral spreads in air, especially quickly at low temperatures.

There is a known method of cultivating spring wheat on southern chernozems [Patent KZ 28411, Method of cultivating spring wheat on southern chernozems. Patent holder: LLP “Research and Production Center for Grain Farming named after. A. I. Baraeva. Publ. 05/15/2014 Bulletin. No. 5], which consists in the fact that when harvesting the predecessor, plant residues are crushed and evenly distributed over the working width of the header, leaving stubble 25-27 cm high without additional mechanical snow retention; in the pre-sowing period, herbicide pre-sowing treatment of the stubble background is carried out with glyphosate-containing herbicides with in order to destroy vegetative weeds, sowing is carried out with double-disc openers without preliminary mechanical work and additional post-sowing rolling with the simultaneous application of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers in the tillering phase of spring wheat, spraying of crops is carried out with selective herbicides; if there are signs of diseases or plant pests, fungicides and insecticides are included in the tank mixture . The disadvantage of this method is that it requires the presence of stubble, and durum wheat is cultivated mainly in a fallow field where there is no stubble cover.

The closest analogue, adopted as a prototype, is the method of cultivating durum spring wheat [Evdokimov M.G. Spring durum wheat Pearl of Siberia / M.G. Evdokimov, V.S. Yusov, Yu.V. Kolmakov // Bulletin of OmSAU, No. 1, 2011, pp. 19-22], which outlines the optimal predecessors, sowing dates and their impact on the yield and quality of grain. The disadvantage of this method is the limited agrotechnical cultivation methods.

In order to grow a high-quality harvest of durum spring wheat, it is necessary to fulfill the requirements of soil protection technology techniques: compliance with crop rotations containing a sufficient amount of clean fallows, compliance with the requirements of agricultural technology that take into account the biological characteristics of the varieties and allow eliminating the consequences of adverse weather conditions.

In areas with extreme environmental conditions, which include the southeast of Western Siberia, the principles of adaptive crop production should be a priority.

In order to more fully use the potential of the created varieties, it is necessary to take into account their biological characteristics in cultivation technology, which are determined by the difference in varieties in the duration of interphase periods, their specific reaction to meteorological elements, sowing dates and seeding rates, predecessors, etc.

The claimed invention is aimed at intensifying agrotechnical methods for cultivating durum spring wheat, ensuring maximum use of the adaptive potential of varieties, taking into account the biological characteristics exhibited by the crop in specific environmental conditions.

The technical result of the invention is to increase yield, grain quality, sowing properties of seed material, reduce crop infestation, as well as damage to plants by diseases and pests.

An example of the implementation of the method is the mid-late spring durum wheat variety “Omsk Izumrud”, which was included in the State Register of Admitted Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation in the West Siberian region in 2014. The growing season is 81-101 days (average 93 days).

The technical result is achieved through a method of growing durum spring wheat in steam, in which the main soil cultivation is carried out using a flat-cut method to a depth of 20-22 cm, mineral fertilizers and retardant are applied, pre-sowing seed treatment, crop care, and grain harvesting are carried out. A five-field grain-fallow crop rotation is used (in the crop rotation system: clean fallow - durum wheat - corn for green mass - soft wheat - oats). Agrotechnical measures for the care of fallows consist of early spring harrowing to lock up moisture, 3-4 cultivations to a depth of 6-8 cm in the spring-summer period to destroy weeds, using a complex of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the main application and in the rows when sowing N ₃₀ P ₄₅ . Sowing is carried out at the optimal time (May 14-16) with a seeding rate of 5.5 million germinating grains per hectare. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds is carried out with the insecto-fungicide Tuareg, SME with a consumption rate of 1.2 l/t (containing three active ingredients: imidacloprid - 280 g/l, imazalil - 34 g/l, tebuconazole - 20 g/l). To protect against weeds, herbicides are used in a tank mixture: Mortira, VDG - 0.025 kg/ha and Eraser Top, MKE - 0.45 l/ha. In the booting phase, a retardant - HEFC, VR (1 l/ha) is applied once, and in the heading phase, foliar fertilizing with urea is carried out at a dose of 30 kg/ha a.i. with simultaneous treatment with fungicide – Zantara, EC (0.9 l/ha). Single-phase harvesting in the phase of complete grain ripeness at a humidity not higher than 14-15%. The standstill period should not exceed 7-8 days.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention is as follows.

In order to study the effect of individual agricultural practices on yield, grain quality and sowing properties of durum wheat seeds, studies were carried out on the experimental field of the Omsk ANC. The soil of the experimental plot is meadow-chernozem, medium humus (6.2%), heavy loam, water extract pH 6.5.

Basic tillage. As a result of the research, it was found that with an extensive system, moldboard plowing has a significant advantage (2.33 t/ha). The remaining options are inferior to it by 0.22-0.48 t/ha (Table 1). In semi-intensive technology, flat-cut and combined processing are not inferior to plowing, and in intensive technology, flat-cut processing has a slight advantage. Therefore, flat-cut processing is more economical compared to plowing.

Table 1 – Productivity of grain crops depending on the intensity of cultivation technology in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia (t/ha)

Processing system
soils in a five-field grain-fallow crop
crop rotation Intensification level Increase from complex chemicalization to control, % extensive
(control) semi-intensive intensive Moldboard plowing 2.33 2.74 3.05 31 Combined 2.11 2.76 3.12 45 Flat cut 2.07 2.71 3.19 54 Minimum zero 1.85 2.51 2.90 57 NSR _0.5 - 0.22 t/ha

LSD _0.5 – the smallest significant difference at a 5% significance level;

Extensive – lack of chemicals;

Semi-intensive – use of herbicides and fertilizers;

Intensive – application of herbicides, fertilizers, fungicides and retardants

Pre-sowing seed treatment. The need to treat seeds arises due to their unsatisfactory phytosanitary condition. Phytopathological examination of seeds before sowing, carried out in 2010-2014. Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture did not identify pathogen-free batches. The overall infestation during the years of observation ranged from 38.0% to 91.0%. Among common pathogens, the pathogen Alternaria ssp occupies the largest share. (19.0-74.0%). Pathogens of the genus Bipolaris sorokiniana Sh., Fusarium ssp., and molds (from the genera Penecillicum, Aspergillus, Cladosporium , etc.) are very often observed; their distribution is 3-8%.

In the comparative experience of disinfectants, the highest indicators of biological effectiveness against root rot in the tillering phase were obtained as a result of seed treatment with a tank mixture of fungicidal and insecticidal preparations Scarlet, ME (0.35 l/t) + Imidor Pro, KS (1.0 l/t), complex Tuareg, SME (1.2 l/t) - 72.3%, fungicidal Vial Trio, VSK and Scarlet, ME, 76.4% and 72.3%, respectively (Table 2).

Table 2 - Efficiency of drugs for pre-sowing treatment of spring wheat seeds against root rot, 2014-2017.

Option Drug dose, l, kg/t Epicotyl lesion Productivity, t/ha Tillering phase Milk ripeness R B.E. R B.E. Control - 10.1 - 21.7 - 1.92 Vitaplan, JV 0.02 6.7 33.7 16.0 26.3 2.03 Scarlet, ME 0.35 2.8 72.3 11.9 45.2 1.98 Scarlet, ME + Vitaplan, SP 0.35+0.02 4.5 55.4 9.6 55.8 2.06 Scarlet, ME + Emistim 0.35+0.001 3.9 61.4 11.2 48.4 2.04 Scarlet, ME +
Imidor Pro, KS 0.35+1.0 1.8 82.2 7.7 64.5 2.24 Inshur Perform, KS 0.55 4.1 59.4 10.5 51.6 1.97 Tycoon Total, KS 0.9 5.0 50.5 16.2 25.4 1.92 Polaris, ME 1.4 3.6 64.4 11.2 48.4 1.94 Redigo Pro, KS 0.45 5.2 48.5 10.9 49.8 2.00 Touareg, SME 1.2 2.8 72.3 7.0 67, 7 2.28 Vial Trio, VSK 1.0 2.2 76.4 6.0 73.6 1.99 NSR _0.5 X X X X X 0.20

R – development of infection;

B.E. – biological effectiveness

Accounts during the phase of milky ripeness of the crop showed that the most long-lasting protection is provided by the protectants Vial Trio, VSK, Tuareg, SME and the tank mixture Scarlet, ME + Imidor Pro, KS, where the damage to the epicotyl was lower than the untreated control, respectively, by 73.6%, 67.7% and 64.5%.

The high biological effectiveness of seed treaters against root rot does not always lead to an increase in grain yield, as, for example, in the case of Vial Trio, VSK. During the research period 2014-2017. The greatest increase in spring wheat grain yield of 0.36 t/ha was provided by the variant of the insecto-fungicide Taureg, SME, containing imidacloprid 280 g/l.

Application of mineral fertilizers and retardant. Increasing the level of mineral nutrition through the use of phosphorus fertilizer, its combination with nitrogen during the main application and in rows during sowing, led to a noticeable increase in grain yield. The integrated use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers at a dose of N ₃₀ P ₄₅ in the main application provided the greatest increase in yield for the Omsky Izumrud variety - by 0.65 t/ha (30%).

With differentiated application of mineral fertilizers (P _{45 +} foliar feeding (NP) N ₃₀ in the heading phase), the increase in yield was 0.29 t/ha of grain.

Table 3 – Effect of fertilizers and retardant HEFC, VR on grain yield of the durum spring wheat variety “Omsky Izumrud”, 2022.

Option Productivity, t/ha Deviation (to control), t/ha Yield with retardan, t/ha Deviation (to the option without HEFC, VR), t/ha Plant height, cm Reducing plant height,
cm Control 2.17 - 2.29 0.12 74 -12 R ₄₅ 1.72 -0.45 3.09 1.37 82 -5 P ₄₅ +NP N ₃₀ at heading 2.46 0.29 3.15 0.69 84 -8 N ₃₀ R ₄₅ 2.82 0.65 2.64 -0.18 84 -9 R ₂₀ in rows 2.14 0.03 1.97 -0.17 81 -14 NSR _0.5 X 0.22 X 0.24 X X

Efficiency of using retardant HEFC, VR. Its single application during the booting phase had a significant impact on the productivity of the Omsky Izumrud variety. Additionally received grain increase both on a natural background of fertility - 0.25 t/ha, and on options with the use of mineral fertilizers - 0.35-0.86 t/ha of grain. On average, based on the factor of using retardant, the yield of this variety was 2.65 t/ha, compared to the background without it - 2.30 t/ha. At the same time, options using P₄₅and P₄₅₊NP N_thirty in the heading phase, providing the greatest increase in yield of 0.86 t/ha (Table 3). The use of a growth regulator on the Omsky Izumrud variety reduced plant height by 5-14 cm, which is a positive factor in the resistance of the stem to lodging. The number of productive stems has increased, especially in the variants of the main application of P₄₅and P₄₅₊NP N_thirty and amounted to 390 and 426 pcs/m² at 350 pcs/m² on control, productive tillering increased to 1.9-2.3 (1.8 on control).

Sowing dates. Studies have shown that on average for 2011-2015. for the variety “Omsky Izumrud” the highest yield was obtained in the first and second sowing periods (3.36 and 3.45 t/ha), and in the third period it amounted to 3.02 t/ha, with a difference of 0.34 t/ha ( Table 4).

On average for 2011-2015. Nature was higher in the 1st sowing period - 769g/l. The decrease in the indicator in the second period for the Omsky Izumrud variety was 17 g/l. The differences between the second and third terms were minor. The glassiness of the grain was higher in the “Omsky Izumrud” variety in the first period (66%). At the same time, the differences in sowing time were insignificant - 3-4%.

The protein content in grain was higher in the first sowing period (14.80%). In terms of gluten content, the indicators for this variety were similar in all sowing periods, with a slight advantage in the second. Larger grains were formed in the first early sowing period.

The sowing properties of seeds changed according to sowing dates. “Omsk Emerald” produces seeds with the best sowing properties in the first sowing period. Germination energy increased in the first by 5 and 12% than in the second and third sowing dates.

Table 4 - Influence of sowing dates on yield, grain quality and sowing properties of seeds of spring durum wheat varieties, average for 2011-2015.

Variety Sowing time Productivity, t/ha Deviation (by 1st date), t/ha Nature,
g/l Glassiness, % Protein content, % Gluten content,% Weight of 1000 grains, g Energy, % Germination rate, % Omsk emerald 14-16.05 3.36 - 769 66 14.80 29.2 41.6 76 83 20-22.05 3.45 +0.09 752 63 14.73 29.8 37.8 71 83 26-28.05 3.02 -0.34 749 65 14.75 29.3 39.1 64 74 NSR ₀₅ X X 0.26 12 3.1 0.53 2.2 1.7 4.4 5.2

Seeding rate. Studies have shown that there is an influence of seeding rates on the yield of durum wheat varieties and other indicators, but it is significantly less than the sowing time.

On average for 2011-2015. for the variety “Omsky Izumrud” the yield level was the same at rates of 3.5 and 4.5 million (3.19 and 3.18 t/ha). An increase in yield by 0.29 t/ha occurred only at a seeding rate of 5.5 million (Table 5).

Table 5 - Influence of seeding rates on the yield and quality of grain of spring durum wheat varieties, (average for 2011-2015)

Variety Seeding rate, million germinating grains per hectare Productivity, t/ha Deviation
(to 3.5 million), t/ha Nature,
g/l Glass visibility,
% Protein content,
% Gluten content,
% Weight of 1000 grains, g Omsk emerald 3.5 3.19 - 756 64 14.82 29.4 40.7 4.5 3.18 -0.01 753 63 14.82 29.6 39.1 5.5 3.47 +0.28 761 62 14.64 29.4 38.6 NSR ₀₅ X X 0.25 10 2.7 0.43 2.2 1.5

The grain volume was higher at a seeding rate of 5.5 million (761 g/l). The glassiness of grain did not change significantly according to seeding rates. The protein content was higher in the Omsky Izumrud variety - with 3.5 and 4.5 million viable grains per 1 hectare. There were no differences in gluten content.

Application of herbicides. In studies 2014-2017. On spring wheat crops sown as a second crop after fallow, the biological and economic effectiveness of a number of variants of tank mixtures of herbicides against dicotyledonous and bluegrass species and preparations against the entire complex of weeds was studied. Before herbicide treatment, annual bluegrass weeds predominated, in particular, barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crusgalli L. ), millet grass ( Panicum miliaceum ruderale L. ), and gray bristle grass (Setaria glauca L.) ; juvenile dicotyledons – bindweed (Fallopia convolvulus L. ), Tatarian buckwheat ( Fagopyrum tataricum L. ), cistus rosemary ( Galeopsis ladanum L. ), root shoots – bristly thistle ( Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess. ), field sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis L. ), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), etc. The infestation of crops was significantly higher than the economic threshold of harmfulness (ELT). During the study period, the weight of weeds on the control variants by the end of the growing season averaged 1307.0 g/ ^m2 (Table 6).

Table 6 - Efficiency of herbicide treatment of spring wheat, second crop after fallow, 2014-2017.

Option Dose of the drug, l, kg/ha General
mass of weeds,
g/ ^m2 Reducing the wet weight of weeds,
in % to control Productivity, t/ha bluegrass dicotyledons total mass Control - 1307.0 956.5 350.5 - 0.96 Ballerina, SE + Puma Super 100, CE 0.5+0.6 413.6 72.4 73.1 68.4 1.38 Ballerina, SE + Eraser Top, FEM 0.5+0.45 487.2 60.9 77.6 62.7 1.31 Speaker, CE + Puma Super 100, CE 0.2+0.6 326.0 96.5 27.1 75.0 1.27 Speaker, FE + Eraser Top, FEM 0.2+0.45 325.5 91.1 22.5 75.0 1.14 Status Grand, VDG + Puma Super 100, CE 0.04+0.6 378.7 75.7 68.7 71.0 1.30 Status Grand, VDG + Eraser Top, FEM 0.04+0.45 356.8 71.2 69.8 72.7 1.15 Ballerina, SE + Ovsyugen Express, CE 0.5+0.5 341.2 72.5 73.6 73.9 1.32 Speaker, CE + Ovsyugen Express, CE 0.2+0.5 482.2 87.2 21.3 63.1 1.24 Mortar, VDG + Puma Super 100. CE 0.025+0.6 295.0 82.0 67.6 77.4 1.25 Mortar, VDG + Eraser Top, FEM 0.025+0.45 349.1 79.5 52.4 73.3 1.29 Pallas 45, MD 0.45 583.4 45.7 46.8 55.4 1.28 NSR _0.5 X X X X X 0.18

Treatment of plots with herbicides at the end of tillering reduced the total biomass of weeds relative to the control by 55.4 - 83.1%, the best performance was for tank mixtures “Mortar, VDG + Puma Super 100, EC” (77.4%), “Speaker, EC + Puma Super 100, CE", "Speaker, CE + Eraser Top, FEM" (75.0%), "Mortar, VDG + Eraser Top, FEM".

Treatment of crops with a tank mixture of herbicides “Mortira, VDG + Eraser Top, MKE,” along with high biological efficiency and cost-effectiveness, significantly increased wheat yield by 0.33 t/ha compared to the control level. It should be noted that both drugs are available on the sales market.

Application of fungicides. During the research period from 2014 to 2017. Among the leaf-stem diseases on spring wheat, brown leaf rust ( Puccinia triticina Eriks .) and powdery mildew ( Erysiphe graminis DC. ), and to a lesser extent, septoria (ssp. Septoria ) and stem rust ( Puccinia graminis Rers. ), have become widespread. There was a high level of leaf rust infestation in 2015 and 2016, under control, up to 73.7% and 54.9%, respectively, and powdery mildew in 2014 (60.4%) and 2017. (38.0%). Septoria blight appeared to a moderate degree in 2016 (23.2%). Linear rust became widespread in 2015 and 2016. In 2017, powdery mildew developed early but moderately; brown rust pustules appeared quite late - during the period of grain formation. During grain filling, weak development of stem rust was observed.

On average, over 4 years, the highest indicators of biological effectiveness against rust infections - 93.3-97.7% - were obtained from treatment in the flag leaf - heading phase (Table 7).

Table 7 - Biological effectiveness of fungicides in spring wheat crops after fallow, average values for 2014-2017.

Option Norm
consumption yes
preparation, l, kg/ha Infection development (R) and biological effectiveness (BE) 20 days after fungicidal treatment, % Yield, t/ha powdery mildew brown rust septoria R B.E. R B.E. R B.E. Control - 39.8 - 55.5 - 15.6 - 2.24 Rex S, KS 0.7 11.2 71.9 6.1 89.0 4.2 73.1 3.46 Abacus Ultra, SE 1.5 3.3 91.7 2.5 95.5 4.5 71.2 3.60 Zantara, KE 0.9 4.2 89.4 2.6 95.3 4.4 71.8 3.46 Rakurs, SK 0.35 6.7 83.2 2.2 96.0 5.1 67.3 3.42 Impact 500, KS 0.25 15.3 61.6 5.6 89.9 6.7 57.0 3.00 Kolosal Pro, KME 0.35 8.7 78.1 3.7 93.3 5.4 65.4 3.26 Title Duo, KKR 0.3 10.0 74.9 4.1 92.6 7.3 53.2 3.32 NSR _0.5 X X X X X X X 0.43

The best results against powdery mildew were obtained from the use of Abacus Ultra, SE and Zantara, CE. The biological effectiveness of drugs against septoria is somewhat lower, but for the variants “Rex S, KS”, “Abacus Ultra, SE” and “Zantara, CE” it exceeded 70%.

Over 4 years of research, the greatest increase in grain yield of 1.36 and 1.22 t/ha was provided by treating crops with fungicides “Abacus Ultra, SE” and “Zantara, KE”. But, given the availability of drugs on the Russian market, we recommend using the fungicide “Zantara, EC” (0.9 l/ha).

When using fungicides, it is necessary to take into account that the Omsky Izumrud variety has restraining mechanisms of race-nonspecific resistance, which slow down the development of leaf diseases (Table 8). Therefore, treatment against these diseases is effective during years of severe epiphytotics.

Table 8 – Damage to durum wheat variety “Omsky Izumrud” by leaf diseases, average 2015-2022.

Variety Brown rust,% Stem rust, % Powdery mildew, % Omsk emerald 10.1 33.0 17.0 Pearl of Siberia (standard) 41.3 88.3 27.0 +/- to standard - 31.2 - 55.3 -10.0

Optimal cleaning time . During the period from waxy ripeness to standstill in the crops of the Omsk Emerald variety in 2019, 7 samples were taken in duplicate for grain quality: waxy ripeness (grain moisture content 21-24%) - 23.08, full ripeness (grain moisture content 16-18% ) – 28.08, rest period 5 – 2.09, rest period 10 days – 7.09, rest period 15 days – 12.09, rest period 20 days – 17.09, rest period 25 days – 22.09.

In the conditions of the southern forest-steppe, during overstagnation, the grain content decreased in steam without fertilizers from 780 to 750 g/l, in steam with fertilizers - from 792 to 779 g/l (Table 9). A significant decrease in grain nature was noted after resting for 15 days, and vitreousness for 10 days. The decrease in glassiness with steam was 4-6%. With a rest period of 5 days, no decrease in this indicator was observed; it occurred only on days 7-8. A decrease in protein content was not noted during overstagnation on a fertilized background, but in the variant without fertilizers - after overstaying for up to 5 days. Consequently, durum wheat “Omsk Emerald” in the conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the West Siberian region is recommended to be harvested directly (single-phase) in the phase of full ripeness of the grain; the optimal duration should not exceed 7-8 days. Separate harvesting should be used in exceptional cases in case of high contamination, unevenness of the stem in the waxy ripeness phase and grain moisture content of 21-24%. At the same time, laying in windrows is not permissible.

Table 9 – Grain quality of durum wheat “Omsk emerald”, depending on the period of rest (southern forest-steppe), 2019

Date of sampling Grain ripeness phase, standing still Steam without fertilizers Decline Steam with nitrogen fertilizer, N35 Decline Nature, g/l 23.Aug. waxy 780 absent 792 absent 28.Aug. full 781 absent 795 absent 02.Sept. stop for 5 days 787 absent 793 absent 07.Sept. stop for 10 days 788 absent 785 -7 12.Sept. stop for 15 days 750 -thirty 798 absent 17.Sept. stop for 20 days 749 -31 782 -10 22.Sept. stop for 25 days 750 -thirty 779 -13 Vitreousity % 23.Aug. waxy 56 absent 57 absent 28.Aug. full 55 absent 55 absent 02.Sept. stop for 5 days 54 absent 55 absent 07.Sept. stop for 10 days 50 -6 56 absent 12.Sept. stop for 15 days 35 -21 40 -17 17.Sept. stop for 20 days 53 -3 59 absent 22.Sept. stop for 25 days 50 -6 53 -4 Protein, % 23.Aug. waxy 12.50 absent 12.7 absent 28.Aug. full 12.48 absent 12.69 absent 02.Sept. stop for 5 days 12.32 -0.18 12.57 -0.13 07.Sept. stop for 10 days 11.27 -1.23 13.78 absent 12.Sept. stop for 15 days 8.90 -3.60 9.47 -3.23 17.Sept. stop for 20 days 12.22 -0.28 15.05 absent 22.Sept. stop for 25 days 12.31 -0.19 13.98 absent

Thus, the studies have shown that when growing durum spring wheat, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of the cultivated variety, as well as the ability to demonstrate its adaptive potential in specific environmental conditions.

The proposed method allows you to increase productivity, improve grain quality and sowing properties of seeds, as well as reduce crop contamination, plant damage by diseases and pests, in the conditions of growing durum spring wheat in the West Siberian region.

Claims (1)

A method of growing durum spring wheat in the Western Siberian region, in which in a grain-fallow crop rotation, wheat is sown in May with a seeding rate of 5.5 million viable grains per hectare, characterized in that in a five-field crop rotation the soil is tilled using a flat-cut method to a depth 20-22 cm, early spring harrowing is carried out, 3-4 cultivations to a depth of 6-8 cm in the spring-summer period, pre-sowing seed treatment by pre-sowing treatment of seeds with Tuareg insecto-fungicide, SME - 1.2 l/t, herbicides are applied in the tank mixtures of Mortira, VDG - 0.025 kg/ha and Eraser Top, MKE - 0.45 l/ha, application of mineral fertilizers - a complex of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is carried out in the main application and in the rows when sowing at a dose of N ₃₀ P _45, sowing period 14 -May 16, they take care of the crops - during the heading phase they carry out foliar fertilizing with urea - 30 kg/ha a.i. with simultaneous treatment with the fungicide Zantara, EC - 0.9 l/ha, the retardant HEFK, VR - 1 l/ha is applied once in the booting phase, and single-phase grain harvesting is carried out in the phase of complete ripeness of the grain at a humidity not higher than 14-15% and let the stem stand for no more than 7-8 days.