RU2790681C1 - Method of cultivation of spring wheat and spring barley with application of organo-mineral fertilizers - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology; crop production.

SUBSTANCE: in the method, organo-mineral fertilizers are introduced in the form of depleted mushroom compost, in which nutrients from organo-mineral fertilizers of the mushroom block remaining after the collection of mushrooms are used, the substrate of which includes the mycelium of fungi processed in the process of decay of organic fertilizers. Peas for grain are used as a forecrop. Semi-rotted mushroom compost is applied under spring milling tillage at a dose of 50 t/ha. Pre-sowing treatment of seeds is carried out by dressing with Shansil trio, KS with a rate of 0.5 l/1 ton of seeds, followed by post-sowing rolling, caring for crops. Seeds of spring wheat or spring barley are sown in the prepared soil with a seeding rate of 5.1 million pcs germinating seeds per hectare with a seeding depth of 3.5-4.5 cm. Crops are treated against weeds, pathogens and pests with a tank mixture of the herbicide Dianate, BP, 0.3 l/ha and the fungicide Prescription Super, EC, 0.5 l/ha, insecticides Bi-58, KE and Fastak, KE at a rate of 0.15 l/ha.

EFFECT: increasing the yield of spring grain crops, their quality with an increase in the level of soil fertility through the use of organic fertilizers in the form of mushroom compost from used mushroom blocks with mushroom mycelium.

1 cl, 5 tbl

Description

The invention relates to methods for the use of organomineral fertilizers from mushroom compost waste in the form of a spent block of mushroom enterprises for growing mushrooms and can be used in agriculture to increase land fertility and improve soil structure.

The process of production of edible mushrooms in industrial production is inevitably associated with the formation of large volumes of mushroom compost waste with the content of the spent substrate remaining after mushroom picking.

Substrate waste after picking mushrooms was previously considered unprofitable, the disposal of which incurred high costs, since it was necessary to take into account environmental requirements and the rules for the destruction of these wastes. However, biologists have discovered an organically rich composition of the spent substrate in the form of mushroom compost, which can be used in agriculture. This recycling problem was relevant.

The possibility of using a spent substrate (mushroom compost), after collecting mushrooms and using mushroom blocks to improve soil fertility, is considered, first of all, from the point of view of the biological effectiveness of semi-rotted and rotted spent mushroom compost for plants, as nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and others, taking into account the fungal mycelium in the substrate at the recommended rates of introducing mushroom compost into the soil. All this is necessary for the normal functioning of living organisms.

Recently, the tendency to use organic-mineral waste in the form of mushroom compost as a fertilizer in agricultural production has begun to increase. At the same time, practice has proven that the most common organic fertilizers include bedding and bedding-free manure, bird droppings, sapropel, peat, peat-dumping vermicomposts using straw, flax fires, lignin, vegetable, wood and household waste, etc.

The average annual doses of organic fertilizers in crop rotations to maintain a deficit-free humus balance depend on the type and granulometric composition of the soil, the biological characteristics of cultivated crops.

Thus, our research and proposals are based on the determination of the biological effectiveness of semi-decomposed compost immediately after mushroom harvesting, as well as the variant with rotted spent mushroom compost stored in special landfills for one year.

Spring wheat is one of the most important and most common food crops, grain contains more protein than winter wheat grain. Of all spring crops, spring wheat, especially hard wheat, is the most demanding on soil fertility. It is demanding on nutrients, grows well on heavy clay and light sandy soils, but well fertilized.

The yield of spring wheat depends on the development of nodal roots, which are formed during the tillering phase in moist soil and penetrate to a depth of no more than 20-30 cm.

The guarantee of obtaining high yields of strong and valuable grain of soft and high-quality durum wheat is the successful development of the intensive cultivation technology of this crop, which is also based on the best predecessor, for example, after peas.

Spring barley is a crop that is greatly influenced by the doses of fertilizers applied, in particular, organic fertilizers. Legumes, including peas, can be considered a good predecessor. The future yield of barley largely depends on the choice of variety. Before choosing a variety, it is necessary to take into account the type of soil, its fertility, as well as the geographical location of the farm.

However, one of the ways to increase the yield of spring crops is the use of a spent mushroom block - a substrate that includes fungal mycelium, i.e. the resulting organomineral fertilizer used after mushroom harvesting, since mushroom compost contains natural substances that are safe for the soil and create a good harvest. The concept of mushroom blocks is reflected in the description (Patent RU No. 2332005, A01C 1/04 dated 27.08.2008). Mycelium is processed in the process of rotting the substrate used for growing edible mushrooms (champignons or oyster mushrooms) by the manufacturer.

In this regard, many are known as, for example, a method of sterilizing a grain substrate for the production of mushroom mycelium (Patent RU No. 2405304, A01G 1/04, C12N 1/00 dated 10.12.2010), as well as methods for growing grain mycelium (Patent RU No. 2189728 , A01G 1/04 dated 09/27/2002; Patent RU No. 2101914, A01G 1/04 dated 01/20/1998; Patent RU No. 2573784, N01G 1/04 dated 01/27/2016).

However, analogues relate to the field of mushroom growing and biotechnology, for preparing a substrate according to the scheme for preparing grain mycelium of higher fungi for further seeding into the mass of the prepared substrate, and the mycelium is stored at a low temperature for further use in the production of mushroom breeding.

It should be noted that the planting material is a sterile spore mycelium. It germinates from spores that are added to the substrate. At the same time, the mycelium itself grows rapidly, for example, when using pure horse manure, boiled grains of millet, rye or wheat. The mycelium grown is purchased for the industrial cultivation of mushrooms such as champignons or oyster mushrooms. To fill 1 m ² of substrate, 300 to 400 g of mycelium is required. Planting material remains viable for no more than two days. Mushrooms are planted with about 8 liters of water and mycelium is added to 1 ton of purified substrate. The soil layer in the germination chambers does not exceed 1.5 meters. It takes up to 10 days for mycelium to germinate, the temperature is about 24 ° C and the air circulation is 3 m ³ per square meter. Sprouted mycelium is filled with polyethylene bags or boxes.

From known patent sources, it is necessary to cite a substrate for growing champignons and a method for its production, including wheat straw, bird droppings and water, in order to improve the quality of the substrate and reduce its cost, it additionally contains hydrolytic ligvine with specified ratios of components (Author's certificate SU No. 1083968 , A01G 1/04 of 04/07/1984), which describes in detail the technology for testing the substrate.

There is also known a method of growing mushrooms, including preparing a substrate with cellulose-decomposing material, introducing fungi mycelium into the substrate, forming modules, keeping them for sprouting of mycelium and growing mushrooms until a fruiting body is obtained, while preparing the substrate is carried out in two stages, where homogenization is also carried out and sterilization, the formation of modules is carried out with the introduction of mycelium with the amount of substrate sufficient to grow one fruiting body of the fungus, then transferring the modules to the fruiting room until a fruiting body is obtained.

Known methods of soil preparation spring crops (Patent RU No. 2019942, A01V 79/02 dated 09/30/1994; Patent RU No. 2250591, A01C 21/00, A01G 7/00 dated 08.20.2004; Patent RU No. 2229213, A01G 1/00 , A01N 65/00 dated 01.20.2004; Patent RU No. 2423335, C05F 3/00 dated 01.18.2010; Copyright certificate SU No. 1787332, А01В 13/16, 79/02 dated 01.15.1993; Patent RU No. 2185047, А01С 21 /00 dated July 20, 2002; Patent RU No. 2539802, А01Н 1/04 dated December 27, 2013).

The disadvantages of the described technologies include the low quality of spring crops, due to the lack of a way to expand the variety of opportunities that provide the optimal choice of ways to use organic fertilizers with the composition of mushroom spent mushroom compost (substrate), which includes the use of fungal mycelium, which is processed in the process of decay depending on the cultivation of edible mushrooms, where this soil is safe, because it contains natural substances that help plants absorb useful elements.

It should be noted, in addition, the method of growing oyster mushrooms and the substrate for their cultivation, and to understand the composition and properties of the spent mushroom compost in the production of growing mushrooms and the substrate for their cultivation, the substrate which contains the straw of winter crops, buckwheat husks, spent grain, gypsum and slaked lime enriched with magnesium at a certain ratio of components in the manufacture of mushroom blocks in production facilities (Patent RU No. 2332005, A01G 1/04 dated 08/27/2008, as well as (Patent RU No. 2141753, A01G 1/04 dated 11/27/1999; SU No. 1083960 , A01G 1/04 of 04/07/1984).

The production of mushrooms is associated with the creation of conditions in which they give a high yield. The profitability of mushroom growing depends not only on the organization of the growing process, but also on the quality of the planting material. Varieties (strains) of champignons are different. They differ in size, color and taste.

Example, to fill 1 m² shelving substrate requires 100 kg (0.4 m³) manure. Most of all, horse manure is in demand with a share of straw bedding up to 70%, provided that animals are fed with oats. Suitable, also, cattle manure and chicken manure. The substrate is loosened to improve aeration. Bacteria actively multiply, the temperature naturally rises to 70 ° C. Sugar, starch and protein are taken up by microorganisms and recycled. This process is called fermentation. Due to the increase in temperature, partial pasteurization occurs, harmful organisms die. The substrate is cleared of nematodes, spores of pathogenic fungi, fungal mosquito larvae and flies. As soon as the nutrient organic matter runs out, the thermophilic bacteria that started the pasteurization go into "sleep mode" in the spore stage.

Lowering the temperature to 40°C starts the second stage of fermentation. Bacteria that decompose complex carbohydrates, hemicellulose and fiber come to life. Organics are transferred to the second stage of decomposition. The third final stage of cleaning the substrate is steam pasteurization. Bacteria are deactivated and all pathogens are completely destroyed.

The method implements the use of mycelium in the substrate to obtain mushroom compost. In this particular case, of great interest is the spent mushroom blocks remaining after harvesting the mushrooms, which were initially considered waste - a significant problem. It was necessary to solve it in practical use for plants in agriculture.

Based on the set of features, as a prototype of the claimed method, the prerequisite for the use of spent mushroom compost in the technology of growing spring crops, the invention was accepted, the described method for obtaining organomineral fertilizer (Patent RU No. 2086522, C05F 11/00, C05F 17/00), including mixing bird droppings and /or pig, horse manure with filler (straw, sawdust) and sorbents saturated with sodium ions: zeolite, activated carbon, bentonite, lime, phosphate rock, superphosphate and phosphogypsum.

The disadvantages of the known method are:

- preliminary saturation of the zeolite with sodium ions;

coal, bentonite, lime, phosphate rock, superphosphate and phosphogypsum.

The disadvantages of the known method are:

- preliminary saturation of the zeolite with sodium ions;

- entrainment of a significant amount of nitrogen by air during aeration;

- the presence of pathogenic microflora in the finished product;

- in the method there is no use of spent mushroom blocks remaining after harvesting mushrooms, how to do this, this issue was not considered in the technology of cultivation of spring crops.

The most environmentally safe and rational way is the introduction of mushroom compost, both semi-overgrown, immediately after harvesting the mushrooms, and overripe mushroom compost after storage for one year, the rate, which is determined by the calculations of the need for fertilizers to form the planned yield and its direct practical use.

The essence of the invention is as follows.

The claimed invention is aimed at solving the following problem - increasing the yield of spring crops, their quality by reducing the cost of their production, taking into account the increase in soil fertility, through the use of organic fertilizers in the form of mushroom compost from used mushroom blocks, which includes mushroom mycelium .

The problem is solved by selecting the dose of mushroom compost, production waste for growing mushrooms with organic fertilizers and applying to the soil, enriching it with organic colloids and microbiological activity of the soil for growing crops.

This is achieved by the fact that in the method of cultivating spring wheat and spring barley with the introduction of organomineral fertilizers in the form of spent mushroom compost, in which nutrients are used from organomineral fertilizers of the mushroom block remaining after the collection of mushrooms, the substrate of which includes the mycelium of fungi processed in the process of decay organic fertilizers, characterized in that peas for grain are used as a precursor, semi-rotted mushroom compost is applied for spring milling tillage at a dose of 50 t/ha, pre-sowing seed treatment is carried out by dressing with Shansil trio, KS with a norm of 0.5 l / 1 ton seeds, followed by post-sowing rolling, care of crops, seeds of spring wheat or spring barley are sown in prepared soil with a seeding rate of 5.1 million viable seeds per hectare with a seeding depth of 3.5-4.5 cm, against weeds, pathogens and pests, crops are treated with a tank mixture of herbicides yes Dianat, BP, 0.3 l/ha and fungicide Propishans Super, EC, 0.5 l/ha, insecticides Bi-58, EC and Fastak, EC at a rate of 0.15 l/ha.

The experiments were carried out in the conditions of the experimental field of the experimental agrotechnological station of the FSBEI HE RSATU, the village of Stenkino, Ryazan region, located in the southwestern part of the Ryazan region, 21 km from the city of Ryazan in 2020-2021. Composts LLC "RM-Group". The soil of the experimental plot is gray forest loamy, which is represented by the following agrochemical characteristics of the arable layer: the humus content does not exceed 3.3%, its largest amount is in the soil layer of 0-10 cm, and decreases with depth, the total potassium content in the arable horizon varies from 10.5 14.6 mg/100 grams of soil, and phosphorus from 14.1 to 15.6 mg/100 grams of soil. The reaction of the soil environment is slightly acidic.

Spring wheat of the Ladya variety and spring barley of the Vladimir variety were chosen as the object of research.

Variety of spring wheat Ladya. Pedigree: Lavett [Dawn. Included in the State Register for the North-Western, Central and Volga-Vyatka regions. Recommended for cultivation in the Kaliningrad, Vladimir and Kirov regions. Lutescens variety. The bush is semi-erect. The plant is medium. The straw is poorly executed. The wax coating on the ear is weak, on the sheath of the flag leaf and the upper internode of the straw is weak - medium. Ear pyramidal, medium density - dense, white. The spinous processes at the end of the ear are short. The shoulder is rounded - straight, of medium width - wide. The tooth is moderately curved, short - medium in length. The grain is dyed. The weight of 1000 grains is 36-45 g. The average yield in the North-West region is 27.4 c/ha, in the Central region - 33.5 c/ha, in the Volga-Vyatka region - 36.3 c/ha. In the Kirov region, the increase to the Margarita standard was 2.7 c/ha, in the Kaliningrad region - 4.0 c/ha to the Triso standard with a yield of 43.7 c/ha and 38.1 c/ha, respectively. The maximum yield is 71.6 c/ha, obtained in 2017 7, in the Vladimir region. Mid-late, vegetative period 81-104 days, ripens simultaneously with the Triso variety. Lodging resistance and drought resistance at the level of the Triso standard. Baking qualities are good. valuable wheat. Moderately resistant to hard smut. Highly susceptible to loose smut and leaf rust. Under field conditions, it was weakly affected by powdery mildew, moderately by root rot, and severely by septoria blight.

Variety of spring barley Vladimir. Pedigree: Lobea x (Dina x Bios 1). Included in the State Register for the Central and Central Black Earth regions. Recommended for cultivation in the Moscow, Tula and Belgorod regions. Nutans variety. The bush is semi-erect - intermediate. Vagina of lower leaves without omission. The anthocyanin coloration of the ears of the flag leaf is very weak - weak, the wax coating on the vagina is medium - strong. The plant is medium. The ear is cylindrical, of medium density, without wax coating. The awns are longer than the spike, serrated, with a strong anthocyanin coloration of the tips. The first segment of the spike shaft is short, without a hump. Sterile spike parallel to slightly deviated, with a rounded tip. The descent of the basal seta of the caryopsis is long. The anthocyanin coloration of the nerves of the outer lemma is weak - medium, the serration of the inner lateral nerves of the outer lemma is medium. The weight of 1000 grains is 42-51 g. The average yield in the tolerance regions is 29.5 q/ha, at the level of the average standard. In the Tula region, the increase to the Elf standard was 2.7 c/ha, in the Belgorod region - 3.7 c/ha to the Gonar variety with a yield of 31.5 c/ha. The maximum yield of 73.7 c/ha was obtained in the Lipetsk region in 2005. Mid-ripening, vegetation period 75-91 days, ripens 1-3 days earlier than the Elf variety and 1-2 days later than Gonar. In terms of resistance to lodging in the year of manifestation of the trait, it is somewhat inferior to the standard varieties Gonar, Raushan and Elf. Medium drought tolerant. Brewing and valuable in quality. Moderately resistant to head smut; highly susceptible to helminthosporiasis. Under field conditions, dwarf rust and powdery mildew were affected moderately, above the standards of Elf and Gonar.

The experiments were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of B.A. Armor (1985).

For sowing, seeds were used that met the requirements of the 1st class of the sowing standard.

The field experience is two-factor, factor A is spring crops.

Two forms of organic fertilizer were studied before the field experiments were established: semi-decomposed mushroom compost immediately after mushroom harvesting and rotted mushroom compost when stored for one year (factor B).

According to factor B, the experimental scheme included 3 options:

1. Control - without composting;

2. Mushroom compost is semi-decomposed;

3. Mushroom compost is rotted.

The qualitative composition of mushroom composts was characterized by a rather high content of basic nutrients, which are presented in Table 1.

Table 1 - Quality indicators of composts according to the test results of the Federal State Budgetary Institution SAS "Podvyazyevskaya"

No. p / p Compost name Moisture content,% Ash content, % pH _KCl Organic matter,% Content on natural humidity of the general elements, % N P K Compost 65.4 8.0 8.0 66.3 0.50 0.63 0.44 Compost
one year storage 29.3 74.1 7.3 25.9 0.45 0.51 0.39

The results of mushroom composts had a favorable pH environment and showed that significant physiological acidification of the soil was excluded.

The dose (norm) of mushroom compost application was determined in accordance with the results of calculations of the need for fertilizers for the planned crop, taking into account the analysis of scientific and production results on the programming of agricultural crops (table 2).

Table 2 - Norms of composts (t / ha) for the planned crop of grain crops

No. p / p Indicators Batteries N _{P2O5 _ K2O} Yield calculation taking into account the reserves of mobile nutrients in the soil 1 Removal of nutrients per 1 ton of main products, taking into account by-products, kg 29 13 25 2 Removal of nutrients to the planned yield, kg/ha 116 52 100 3 The content of mobile nutrients in the soil, mg / kg 50 120 150 4 Stocks of mobile nutrients in the soil, kg/ha 150 360 450 5 Plant Nutrient Utilization Factors from Soil 0.20 0.05 0.06 6 The amount of nutrients consumed by plants from the soil, kg/ha thirty 18 27 7 Nutrient deficiency for the planned crop, kg/ha 86 34 73 Fresh compost 8 Content of nutrients in compost, kg/t 5.0 6.3 4.4 9 Nutrient utilization rates from compost in the 1st year of application 0.20 0.25 0.50 10 It is necessary to make compost, t/ha 17.2 5.4 16.6 eleven It is necessary to make compost taking into account utilization factors, t/ha 86.0 21.6 33.2 Compost (1 year old) 8 Content of nutrients in compost, kg/t 4.5 5.1 3.9 9 Nutrient utilization rates from compost in the 1st year of application 0.20 0.25 0.50 10 It is necessary to make compost, t/ha 19.1 6.7 18.7 eleven It is necessary to make compost taking into account utilization factors, t/ha 95.5 26.8 37.4

In accordance with this, the average dosage of composting was 50 t/ha.

The size of the sowing plot was 100 m², and the size of the accounting plots was 50 m ² . This dose of mushroom compost was 50 t/ha. The repetition of the experiment is fourfold.

Field work on the experimental plot was carried out taking into account the weather conditions of the region and the requirements of spring crops:

Peas were the forerunner in the experience of spring grain crops. After harvesting the predecessor in the fall, disking MTZ 1221 + BDT - 7 was carried out in the second decade of August, autumn plowing MTZ 1221+ PLN 5-35, August 28. In early spring, after harrowing BZTS-1.0, cultivation of MTZ 1221 + KPE-3.8 was carried out.

The tillage system for spring wheat and spring barley does not differ from each other. The introduction of mushroom composts in the experiments was carried out under milling tillage with an MTZ 1221 + FP-1.8 unit.

Before sowing, seeds were treated with Shansil trio, KS with a rate of 0.5 l / 1 ton of seeds, which helps control root and root rot, smut diseases and snow mold.

Sowing of spring grain crops was carried out to a depth of 3.5-4.5 cm, in a continuous row method, with a SZ-5.4 seeder. Sowing time - III decade of April. Seeding rate 5.1 million units/ha. After sowing, 3KKSH-6 was rolled on all variants. All agrotechnical methods were carried out in optimal terms. During the growing season, crops of grain crops against weeds, pathogens and pests were treated with a tank mixture of pesticides.

Harvesting of agricultural crops was carried out by a continuous method using a selection combine TERRION-SAMPO SR2010.

The main research method was field experience, accompanied by numerous observations, records and laboratory analyses. All studies were carried out according to generally accepted methods for this soil-climatic zone. The experimental data obtained in the experiment were subjected to mathematical processing using analysis of variance.

In the field experiment, the duration of the period of sowing - seedlings is determined by the depth of seed placement, their sowing properties, the presence of moisture in the soil and its temperature. If the first two indicators can be fully controlled, then the values \u200b\u200bof soil moisture and temperature will largely depend on weather conditions.

However, with the introduction of organic fertilizers into the soil, in the form of mushroom compost, it is possible that they influenced the increase in the moisture capacity of the soil due to its enrichment with organic colloids, and the temperature due to an increase in the microbiological activity of the soil, which in turn has a positive effect on the ontogenesis of cultivated crops, is shown in the table 3.

As a result of data analysis, it was shown that the introduction of mushroom composts contributed to a positive effect on the processes of ontogenesis of grain crops. On the variants with the introduction of composts, seedlings of the culture appeared one day earlier than on the control.

There was also an increase in the duration of the interphase periods tillering-booting-earing compared to the control by 2 days, which indicates the passage of stages of plant organogenesis at a higher level compared to unfertilized variants.

When conducting phenological observations, it was found that the use of mushroom composts as an organic fertilizer for the main application for milling tillage contributed to the harmonious development of grain crops and a uniform increase in leaf area throughout the entire observation period.

Table 3 - The onset of phenological phases in the development of spring crops depending on the level of nutrition

culture Nutrition level Sowing date seedlings tillering Exit
into the phone heading Ripeness Cleaning date dairy waxy complete Spring wheat Control 28.04 7.05 May 25 16.06 28.06 30.07 8.08 13.08 27.08 Compost semi-rotted 28.04 6.05 May 23 18.06 30.06 1.08 8.08 13.08 27.08 rotted compost 28.04 6.05 May 23 18.06 30.06 1.08 8.08 13.08 27.08 spring barley Control 28.04 7.05 May 25 18.06 1.07 3.08 10.08 17.08 27.08 Compost semi-rotted 28.04 6.05 May 24 21.06 3.07 3.08 10.08 17.08 27.08 rotted compost 28.04 7.05 May 24 21.06 3.07 3.08 10.08 17.08 27.08

So, in comparison with the control variant, there was an increase in the linear dimensions of spring wheat plants by 3.1-10.1%, while a more powerful culm was formed. In the experiment with spring barley, the increase in plant height was in the range of 7.3-13.6%. It should also be noted that the greatest differences were achieved in the variant with the use of semi-rotted mushroom compost as an organic fertilizer are shown in Table 4.

Table 4 - Biometric indicators of grain spring crops depending on the level of nutrition in the flowering phase of the crop

culture Nutrition level Plant height, cm Leaf surface area, m ² / m Spring wheat Control 51.2 1.57 Compost semi-rotted 56.4 2.26 rotted compost 52.8 2.19 spring barley Control 50.6 1.43 Compost semi-rotted 57.5 2.14 rotted compost 54.3 2.08

The introduction of mushroom composts also had a positive effect on the formation of the leaf surface. The largest leaf area was noted in the variants with the introduction of semi-rotted mushroom compost. In the experiment with spring wheat in the flowering phase of the crop, with the introduction of semi-rotted mushroom compost, the leaf surface area was 2.26 m ² /m, which is 1.44 times more than the values of the control variant. In the experiment with spring barley, similar data were obtained - the area of the leaf surface of plants with the introduction of semi-rotted compost was 2.14 m ² /m.

The use of mushroom compost as an organic fertilizer applied before sowing for milling tillage contributed to an increase in the number of productive stems in all crops compared to the control. Thus, in spring wheat plants in the variant with the introduction of semi-rotted mushroom compost, the tillering coefficient increased by 8.9%, in spring barley this indicator exceeded the control by 6.5%.

With the introduction of rotted mushroom compost, the tillering coefficient, compared with the control, differed not significantly less: by 2.7% for spring wheat and by 5.6% for spring barley.

Also, on variants with the use of semi-rotted mushroom compost, an increase in the weight of 1000 grains was observed, in spring wheat it was 41.4 g and in spring barley 45.7 g, which is 1.3 g and 2.3 g higher than the values obtained from plants. on control options.

Thus, in all variants with the introduction of composts, the yield was formed mainly due to an increase in productive stems on the plant. The yield data obtained during field trials show the positive effect of these organic fertilizers in the form of mushroom composts on the productivity of spring crops, are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 - Yields of spring grain crops depending on the level of nutrition

culture Nutrition level Productivity c/ha increase
harvest c/ha % Spring wheat Control 25.9 - 100 Compost semi-rotted 28.2 2.3 108.9 rotted compost 26.6 0.7 102.7 spring barley Control 30.4 - 100 Compost semi-rotted 32.1 1.7 105.6 rotted compost 31.9 1.5 104.9 Sx 7.52 9.37 0.02 SD 10.63 13.25 0.03 NSR ₀₅ AB 22.64 28.23 0.07 A 13.07 16.30 0.04 IN 16.01 19.96 0.05

It can be concluded that the highest productivity of grain crop plants was formed on variants with the use of semi-rotted mushroom compost - 28.2 c/ha on spring wheat and 32.1 c/ha on spring barley, which is by 8.9% and 5.6 %, respectively, more than the yield of control options.

As a result of field tests of semi-rotted and rotted mushroom compost by RM-Group LLC as an organic fertilizer for grain crops at the experimental agrotechnological station of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Russian State Technical University, the following was revealed:

1. The development of grain crops on the variants with the introduction of mushroom composts was more intensive, earlier shoots were obtained, and the duration of the interphase periods tillering - booting - earing increased due to the passage of stages of plant organogenesis at a higher level compared to unfertilized variants.

2. There was an increase in the linear size of spring wheat plants by 3.1-10.1%, in spring barley within 7.3-13.6%. The greatest differences were achieved in the variant with the use of semi-rotted mushroom compost.

3. In the experiment with spring wheat in the flowering phase of the culture, with the introduction of semi-rotted mushroom compost, the leaf surface area was 2.26 m ² /m, which is 1.44 times more than the values of the control variant. In the experiment with spring barley, similar data were obtained - the area of the leaf surface of plants with the introduction of semi-rotted mushroom compost was 2.14 m ² /m.

4. It contributed to an increase in the number of productive stems in all grain crops compared to the control, in spring wheat plants on the variant with the introduction of semi-rotted mushroom compost, the tillering coefficient increased by 8.9%, in spring barley this indicator exceeded the control by 6.5%.

5. When rotted compost was introduced, the tillering coefficient differed less compared to the control: by 2.7% for spring wheat and by 5.6% for spring barley.

6. In the variants with the use of semi-rotted mushroom compost, an increase in the weight of 1000 grains was observed, in spring wheat it was 41.4 g and in spring barley 45.7 g, which is 1.3 g and 2.3 g higher than the values obtained from plants by control options.

7. The highest productivity of grain crop plants was formed on variants with the use of semi-rotted mushroom compost - 28.2 c/ha on spring wheat and 32.1 c/ha on spring barley, which is 8.9% and 5.6%, respectively, more yield index of control variants.

Thus, the results of field tests of composts allow us to recommend them for use as an organic fertilizer to optimize the nutritional conditions of grain crops. At the same time, to obtain the best crop productivity results, it is best to use semi-rotted mushroom compost.

Bibliographic list

1. Agro-climatic reference book of the Ryazan region - Ryazan, 1998. - 53 p.

2. Vinogradov D.V. Workshop on crop production / D.V. Vinogradov, N.V. Vavilova, N.A. Duktova, P.N. Vanyushin // Ryazan: RGATU, 2014. 320p.

3. Vinogradov D.V. Technology of storage, processing and standardization of crop production / D.V. Vinogradov, V.A. Rylko, G.A. Zholik, N.N. Sedova, N.V. Vinnikova, N.A. Duktova // Ryazan: RGATU, 2016.- 210 p.

Armor B.A. Methods of field experience. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1985. - 351s.

Claims (1)

A method for cultivating spring wheat and spring barley with the application of organomineral fertilizers in the form of spent mushroom compost, in which nutrients are used from organomineral fertilizers of the mushroom block remaining after harvesting mushrooms, the substrate of which includes fungal mycelium processed in the process of decay of organic fertilizers, characterized in that that peas for grain are used as a precursor, semi-rotted mushroom compost is applied for spring milling tillage at a dose of 50 t/ha, pre-sowing seed treatment is carried out by dressing with Shansil trio, KS with a rate of 0.5 l / 1 t of seeds, followed by post-sowing rolling , caring for crops, seeds of spring wheat or spring barley are sown in the prepared soil with a seeding rate of 5.1 million pcs. germinating seeds per hectare with a seeding depth of 3.5-4.5 cm, against weeds, pathogens and pests, crops are treated with a tank mixture of the herbicide Dianat, BP, 0.3 l / ha and the fungicide Propishans Super, EC, 0.5 l/ha, insecticides Bi-58, KE and Fastak, KE at a rate of 0.15 l/ha.