RU2525255C1 - Method of reclamation of fallow lands for hayfields and pastures and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: group of inventions relates to the field of agriculture. The method comprises pasturing by animals, destroying of not eaten, harmful and poisonous plants, levelling animal excrement, and removal of uneaten residues by harrows and rakes, fertiliser application, as well as creation of tree and shrub shelterbelts. At that on the area intended for hayfields and pastures area after pasturing by animals the fertilisers are initially applied, and then the uneaten plants are destroyed, tilting them and applying herbicide by method of smearing it on their biomass, including stems and lower surface of leaves. Harrowing and treatment the grass with rake is carried out after the start of regrowth of plants eaten by animals. The device comprises a reservoir for the herbicide, as well as a pump for feeding it to the tubular perforated rods with means for application of the herbicide to the plants. The perforated rods are mounted behind each other in parallel with the ability of horizontal and vertical displacement, and the device for application of the herbicide to the plants is made in the form of capillary cloth located between the pressure plates and attached on the perforated parts of the said rods which are connected and framed with the cloth and placed in the tubular casings with longitudinal slots through which the cloth is passed, compressed by the pressure plates fixed on the edges of the slots. And the perforated tubular rods are communicated with each other by the hose, at that the inlet end of the front tubular rod is connected to the pump and the outlet end of the rear rod through the drainage tube with the valve - with a reservoir for the herbicide to form a flow regulated system. Furthermore, the perforated tubular rods and their casings are attached to the frame, mounted on the propellers, with freedom of vertical and horizontal displacement.

EFFECT: inventions enable to simplify the technology of creation of forage land on fallow lands with simultaneous formation of tree-shrub belts.

6 cl, 3 dwg, 2 ex

Description

The present invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in the development of fallow lands to create hayfields and pastures on them, including forest parks.

There is a method of creating highly productive seeded cultural pastures and hayfields by preparing the soil, adding ameliorants and fertilizers to it, sowing grass seeds and forming a grass stand (Parakhin N.V., Kobozev I.V., Gorbachev I.V., Lazarev N.N. , Mikhalev S.S. Fodder Production.M .: KolosS, 202, p. 150-250).

With all the advantages (good productivity, high quality feed), the implementation of this method requires large funds, including on the mechanization of work, the creation of grass stands, fertilizing. Currently, it is not yet applicable for the development of 47 million hectares of former arable land.

There is a method of creating a forest park of fodder land and the creation of cultivated hayfields and pastures, including on slopes and floodplains with alternating grass stands and forest shrubbery with natural grassy vegetation (Kobozev I.V. Influence of anthropogenic factors on the condition of agricultural land in floodplains of small rivers of the Non-Chernozem zone. Izvestiya TSKhA, issue 4, 1983).

This method has the same disadvantages as the method proposed above. Closest to the proposed technical solution is the well-known method of creating pastures on old-growing, natural grass stands, as well as on fallow lands by periodically mowing undeatable, harmful and poisonous plants, selective processing of their curtains (I. Kobozev “Optimization of the production process in agroecosystems - Doctoral the dissertation of agricultural sciences, M .: MAAA, 1997, p.235).

This method has the following disadvantages:

- requires a long time to cultivate the grass stand;

- requires painstaking execution of the operation for selective processing of the grass stand with a herbicide and manual labor during its execution;

- an organized forest shrub belt is not created;

- when treating grass stands with a herbicide, incl. curtains with undeatable vegetation, useful fodder plants are also damaged.

Close to the claimed device is a trailed sprayer boom OP-2000-02, including a container for the herbicide, as well as a pump for feeding the herbicide into the rod, which is equipped with a device for applying it to plants, which is made in the form of spray nozzles (Khalansky V.M. Gorbachev, I.V., Agricultural Machines, Moscow: KolosS, 2000, p.228-229).

The disadvantage of the device are:

- high consumption of herbicide;

- hit of the herbicide on the soil and on useful plants;

- the complexity of the design of the nozzles, the unreliability of their work.

Closest to the claimed device is a rotowipek contact wetting sprayer from Enginering interrational LTD for sowing weed with high stem weeds, including a container for the herbicide, a pump for feeding it into the rods, on which the rotating cloths are in contact with the rotating brushes (Promotional Roteringipek brochure LTD. Internet _bottom / 222 / zapehasti_zapasnje_chasti_k_opriskivatelyam_navesnjm.html // (Newtechagro Company LLC, 39A, Voronezh, 31A Designers Str.).

The disadvantages of this device are:

- the complexity of the device for applying the herbicide to weeds;

- poor efficiency when working on fallow lands and meadows and unreliability in these conditions.

The invention is aimed at simplifying the technology of creating fodder land on fallow lands with the simultaneous formation of tree-shrub strips.

The formed problem is solved due to the fact that in the method of developing fallow lands for hayfields and pastures, including grass grazing by animals, destruction of uneatable, harmful and poisonous plants, leveling of animal excrement and harvesting of uneaten remains with harrows and rakes, fertilizing, as well as the creation of wood shrubbery protective strips, in the area allotted for hayfields and pastures, after the grass is grassed by animals, they first fertilize and then destroy the uneaten plants by tilting x and applying herbicide by spreading it on their biomass, including stems and leaves a lower surface, and the processing of grass harrow and rake performed after the start of regrowth of edible animals and plants drying uneaten.

Before grass grazing by animals, future tree-shrubby forest belts are plowed on both sides, subsequently destroying grassy vegetation on plowed strips, and its destruction is carried out by the herbicide lubrication of herbaceous plants, pre-bending them over seedlings and young shoots of woody-shrubby plants. form a tree-shrub strip of plants obtained by self-seeding.

In the device for implementing the development of fallow lands for hayfields and pastures, including a reservoir for the herbicide, as well as a pump for feeding it into tubular perforated rods with devices for applying the herbicide to plants, perforated rods are installed one after another in parallel with the possibility of horizontal and vertical movement, and the device for applying the herbicide to plants is made in the form of a capillary cloth fixed on the perforated parts of said rods, which are connected and framed by polo beggar and placed in tubular casings with longitudinal slots through which a sheet is passed located between the pressure plates fixed on the edges of the slots, the perforated tubular rods being connected to each other by a hose, while the input end of the front tubular rod is connected to the pump and the output end of the rear rods through a drain hose with a crane with a reservoir for the herbicide, forming a flow-through adjustable system, in addition, perforated tubular rods and their casings are mounted on a frame installed on movers, with freedom of vertical and horizontal movement.

The capillary plate is covered with a moisture-proof film on top, and the casings with perforated tubular rods located inside them are placed in the front and rear cylindrical containers, while in the back container below, perpendicular to its axis, cuts with a rim are made, in which capillary vertical tapes are placed, located with the narrow side along device movement.

The frame is equipped with a transverse front beam, fixed with the possibility of vertical movement and changing the height of its location.

The frame is made with the possibility of reducing the length of the telescopic bars and is equipped with additional trailed brackets mounted on its side, and the tubular rods are placed in a plane inclined backward from the transverse front rod.

Due to the fact that grazing is carried out using pasture, the height of the most valuable fodder plants is only 5-10 cm. Non-eatable species, including and widespread terrestrial reed, poisonous common St. John's wort, buttercups, etc., as well as harmful, such as tansy and others, have a height of 40 or more cm at the same time. Moreover, valuable herbs are, as it were, under the cover of the latter, which helps to reduce exposure herbicides at first. This effect is enhanced due to the fact that the herbicide is applied to overgrown low-value plants, by lubricating their biomass, pre-tilting them. This ensures their complete processing, including stems and the lower most delicate surface of the leaves. Since the herbicide is applied not in the form of drops, but with the help of a cloth moistened with it, the herbicide practically does not fall on the valuable plants located in the lower tier, which are under the cover of low value ones. However, with this treatment, low-value plants are destroyed throughout the area, and not just selectively on curtains.

Due to the fact that fertilizer, especially nitrogen, is applied not after the destruction of uneaten residues, as is customary, but before the herbicide is used, valuable plants grow faster, while damage to their herbicide decreases, they quickly take the place of destroyed plants. It is noted that the application of fertilizers increases the physiological status of the seedlings of plants, reducing their damage by herbicides. When dying, the soil becomes more loose. In addition, since dried plants, incl. shrubs and young shoots of woody-shrubby plants are harvested using a rail harrow and a transverse tractor rake, then the excrement of animals is evened out and crushed.

With this treatment, the formation of a highly productive grass stand in the feed ratio is improved. With this method, before etching the grass stand with animals and treating it with a herbicide, the field is marked out on peculiar pens, beating off future tree-shrub strips with claws, reducing their width taking into account their plowing. The untreated strip of the deposit, where there is a tree-shrubby vegetation, is plowed on both sides. The soil is loosened and leveled. Due to this, the boundaries of the areas where livestock grazing should be carried out, and where to apply fertilizer without affecting future protective strips that are located horizontally on the slope, are visible. In the future, strips will become an effective means of combating soil erosion and converting surface runoff into subsoil. This helps to increase the productivity of the surrounding agrolandscape, improve the hydro mode.

Moreover, in the first year after the plowing of the strips on the plowed and loosened soil, ligneous vegetation and shoots (seedlings) of tree-shrub plants appear. The latter are oppressed by grassy vegetation. The proposed method of destroying the latter contributes to the conservation of seedlings and young tree-shrub plants. Since the herbicide does not fall on the latter, since it is not applied with a sprayer, but by wetting the high inclined weed grasses with capillary tissue, under the cover of which there is a tree-shrub vegetation on which the herbicide does not fall.

In the future, woody-shrubbery vegetation becomes competitive, its thinning is thinned and forest belts are formed, which contribute to the conversion of precipitation to soil, improve the microclimate, prevent soil erosion and preserve useful fauna, including natural pollinators of feed plants. At the same time, dividing the field into peculiar pens, it facilitates the observance of rational hay-pasture rotation and the system of proper use of forage land.

It should be noted that such treatment of deposits allows the use of rapidly decomposing herbicides of continuous action, for example: tornadoes, roundups, oatals, etc. In this case, all unnecessary plants are damaged and destroyed, while useful ones located in the lower tier under their cover remain practically undamaged.

The implementation of the proposed method is greatly simplified due to the simple manufacture and use of the proposed device, mounted on a tractor.

This is achieved due to the fact that the device for applying the herbicide to plants is made in the form of a sagging capillary cloth, which is constantly wetted by the herbicide, since the front and rear ends of the said cloth are framed by perforated tubular rods into which the herbicide is fed. Moreover, the excess herbicide does not fall on the ground, since these rods are placed in the casing and tubular capacity. It is important that the tubular rods are connected to each other in one system, representing a flow line with no dead ends.

The presence of a tap on the drain hose allows you to adjust the flow of the solution to the capillary tissue. Moreover, the design of the device allows you to adjust the height of the fabric, and the presence of a transverse beam in it ensures the inclination of tall unnecessary plants before they are smeared with this fabric with a herbicide. In addition, due to the fact that on the back of the container, in which the casing with the perforated rod and fabric is located, slots are made in which capillary tapes are inserted, lubricating the plants of the upper tier with herbicides not only from above, but from two sides. The treatment of the plants with the herbicide solution is improved because the capillary tissue on top is covered with a moisture-proof film. The effect is somewhat increased if capillary cords with weights on the lower end are fixed on the fabric and in the holes in the lower back casing. However, such fabric (linen or cotton) cords that form a fringe or brush quickly wear out. Experience has shown a rather high efficiency of capillary vertical tapes.

The method and device are justified experimentally (example 1 and 2).

Example 1. The vegetation is located on an 8-year-old deposit; it is mainly represented by reed grasses and terrestrial vegetation. Different types of clover, cereal grasses and forbs are present in the grass stand, including valuable (40-45% for projective coverage). Herbage was used as a pasture for goats and gobies. The following year, the yield of seeded grass species was 60-65% t / ha of green mass. After pasture use, a field experiment was carried out as in Example 1, in which the operations described below are carried out.

Cattle grazing is carried out on the deposit, after which good and satisfactory plant species of 5-10 cm height remain. As a result, an upper tier of harmful, weedy and poisonous plants forms above the tier of grasses of high forage dignity. Then carry out the usual herbicidal treatment. A month after the formation of the grass stand with a solution of roundup, it is treated with a rail harrow, destroying mole, ant and even plant bumps, leveling dry excrement of animals. Then the dry residues are harvested, fertilizers N ₄₅ P ₃₀ K ₃₀ are applied, and grass is used as a pasture or haymaking.

The experiment showed that already in the 2nd year, grass from a weedy deposit became a hay-pasture with the content of valuable plant species 60-70%, their yield was 100-110 t / ha of green mass. It should be noted that with this treatment, young tree and shrub plants are also destroyed. Valuable types of herbs are also damaged.

Example 2. Marking of pens, outlining future protective strips with natural grassy and woody-shrubby vegetation. The width of the strips is 6-10 m, they are covered with a plow 4-6 m wide on both sides. Then, the grass stand is treated in accordance with Example 1. The grass stand is grazed with animals, but fertilizers are applied after grazing, then the uneaten remains of the upper tier are crushed with a roller or rail harrow.

Experience has shown that after grazing, if the grass is eaten mainly consists of legumes, then phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are applied, for example P ₄₀ K ₆₀ , if grass is mainly composed of cereals (bluegrass), then N _{30-60 is used} .

The capillary tissue moistened with the herbicide solution is moved along the inclined grass stand. In the experiments we used linen homespun canvas folded in half and stitched with thread.

It was experimentally revealed that, compared with the usual effect of the herbicide (roundup) with the help of a sprayer, its concentration should be increased by 2-3 times. If 4-6 kg / ha of herbicide dissolved in 300 l of water (concentration 1.3-2.5%) is usually applied per 1 ha, then when applying roundup in this way, the concentration of the working solution is 3-5%, but its consumption is about 50 kg / ha, i.e. the cost of the herbicide is only 1.5-2.5 kg / ha instead of 4-6 kg / ha, 2.5-3.2 times less. An increase in the concentration of the herbicide is necessary because the ligneous vegetation is in the later stages of development, in which the arboreal and shrub vegetation that has appeared is preserved, excluding grazing on these strips. When grassy vegetation appears, the above herbicide treatment is carried out, excluding harrowing.

When processing according to example 2, the content of valuable types of herbs in it was 75-85% (according to the projective cover), and their yield was 14.0-14.5 t / ha.

Thus, the totality of the features of the method allows to obtain the maximum effect with the lowest labor costs and eventually transform the abandoned fallow lands into highly productive hay-pasture plots framed by tree-shrub protective forest belts.

The most simple, efficient and cheap implementation of this method of the proposed device (Fig.1-3).

Figure 1 presents the General diagram of the device (partial vertical section).

Figure 2 shows the connection diagram of the main working bodies of the device (top view).

Figure 3 explains the layout of the rear perforated tubular rod in the casing and capacity, as well as the fastening of capillary tissue and vertical tapes.

The device is made in the form of a tank 1 for a solution of the herbicide and a pump 2 for feeding it to the working bodies, which are mounted on a frame 3, equipped with a mounting unit for hanging on the tractor’s hydraulic hinged system.

The frame 3 is equipped with a front transverse beam 5, mounted with the possibility of vertical movement and changing the height of its location above the ground. This beam 5 is necessary for tilting the uneaten plants 6, to increase the efficiency of the subsequent treatment with the herbicide and to create a better cover over the edible valuable species of herbs 7.

On the frame 3 is fixed a device for applying the herbicide to plants 6 that do not have feed value. This device is made in the form of a capillary cloth 8, the ends of which are placed in cylindrical nodes 9 and 10. The front 9 of them are fixed on the frame 3 motionless, and the rear 10 with freedom of vertical and horizontal movement. This is necessary to change the height of the capillary cloth 8 and its configuration, providing the most effective application of the herbicide to plants 6. Nodes 9 and 10 are necessary for supplying the solution to the capillary tissue and collecting its excess.

The front node 9 is connected at one end via a hose 11 to the pump 3, and the other hose 12 to the rear node 10. The latter is equipped with capillary tapes 13 and its output end is connected via a hose 14 to a crane 15 with a capacity of 1.

The frame 3 is made of a fold of telescopic bars (not indicated) and mounted on the support wheels 16, fixed with the possibility of changing the height of the rear end of the frame 3.

Frame 3 is made fold for ease of transportation, since the width of the capillary panel and the entire device can reach 5 m or more. In this regard, trailed brackets 17 are fixed on the frame 3 on its longitudinal beam for towing the device after changing its length to 2.5-3.0 meters and ensuring the movement of the device in the direction of placement of the cylindrical nodes 9 and 10. For the same purpose, the device is equipped removable wheels 18, which can be mounted on the frame 3 or on the mounting unit 4 (figure 1).

The main working bodies of the proposed device are as follows (Fig.1 and 2). The nodes 9 and 10 are containers 19 and 20, in which tubular perforated rods 21 and 22 are placed, which are framed by the ends of the capillary cloth 8, which are enclosed in a casing 23, which the cloth 8 is pressed by perforated rods 21 and 22. A longitudinal slot is made in the casing, on the edges of which the clamping plates are made 24. The blade 8 is passed through the specified slot, compressed by the clamping plates 24 on its edges (see figure 3).

In the tanks 19 and 20, longitudinal slots are made on the outer edges of which the pressure plates 25 are made, between which the capillary plate is located 8. The ends of the perforated rods 21 and 22 located on the right side of the device are connected by a hose 12. The input (left) end of the front the rod 21 is connected via a hose 13 to a pump 2, the suction device of which is in communication with the tank 1.

The left (discharge) end of the rear boom 22 is connected via a hose 14 to the control valve 15 to the tank 1. Thanks to this connection with the hoses 12 and 14 of the rods 21 and 22 to the pump 2 and the tank 1, a reliable adjustable flow system for supplying the herbicide solution to the capillary cloth 8 is provided (figures 1 and 2). The rear node 9 for supplying the herbicide solution to the capillary cloth 8 (figure 3) is fixed with freedom of vertical and horizontal movement (figures 1 and 2). For reliability, its cylindrical container 20 is reinforced with brackets 26, in addition, it is equipped with a viewing glazed window 27. Tanks 19 and 20, casings 23 are made detachable.

In the tank 19, transverse slots 28 are made perpendicular to its axis with outer rims in the form of flattened shells 29, in which the capillary vertical tape 13 is compressed in a narrow part, installed along the device.

To improve the functioning of the capillary cloth 8 on top is covered with a waterproof film 30.

The device operates as follows. The transverse beam 5 lowers to the height of valuable plants 7 etched when grazing. When the device moves, the beam 5 tilts forward the uneaten plants 6.

The capillary cloth 8 and the rear assembly 10 for supplying the herbicide to it are installed so that the capillary tapes 13 and said cloth 8 are in contact with the tilted uneaten plants 6. Then, the pump 2 from the tank through the hose 11 feeds the herbicide solution into the front perforated tubular rod 21, wetting the framed capillary cloth 8.

To accelerate the wetting of the panel 8 and the tapes 13, the valve 13 on the hose 14 is covered. Excess solution from the tubular rod 22 through the hose 14 and the valve 13 is discharged into the tank 1.

The capillary flow of fluid in the panel 8 is enhanced by the presence of a casing 23, pressing against the perforated rods 21 and 22 framing the ends of the panel. This effect is enhanced by their location between the plates 24 and 25.

Part of the herbicide solution enters the container 20, from which it enters the capillary tape 13, compressed in oblate shells 29.

The capillary cloth 8 gets wet and partially sags, lubricating uneaten plants with a solution of the herbicide. For greater contact with them, the cloth 8 is loaded, for example, by placing on it long polymer bags or pipes filled with sand.

The herbicide is applied to plants 6, located not only under the capillary cloth 8, but also between the tapes 13, i.e. a more complete treatment with the herbicide of destroyed uneaten plants is carried out.

Under the moisture-permeable film 30, the capillary cloth 8 is well moistened, when it moves, the moisture is distributed over the inclined, uneaten plants 6 without droplets, i.e. the risk of damage to valuable plants 6 is minimized. When an excess of the herbicide solution appears on the cloth 8, either the pump 2 feeds into the hose 13 or decreases, or by opening the valve 15 on the hose 14, the discharge of the herbicide into the container 1 is increased, i.e. its transit through the tubular rod 21 and 22 and hoses 12, 13 and 14 increase.

At the end of the work, due to the longitudinal bars of the frame 3, the telescopic nodes 9 and 10 are brought together and fixed. Removable wheels 18 are installed, the device is removed from the tractor’s hydraulic linkage and transported using brackets without interfering with traffic.

Thus, the totality of the features of the method and device allows for the most complete achievement of the goal: to quickly and cheaply develop fallow lands for hayfields and pastures, to create tree-shrub protective strips around their sections. Moreover, if necessary, hayfields and pastures can be converted to arable land, the fields of which are provided with anti-erosion protection, while improving the hydro regime, microclimate and maintaining useful fauna, including pollinators.

Claims (6)

1. The method of development of fallow lands for hayfields and pastures, including grass grazing by animals, destruction of uneatable, harmful and poisonous plants, leveling animal excrement and harvesting of uneaten remains with harrows and rakes, fertilizing, as well as the creation of tree-shrub protective strips, characterized in that in the area allotted for hayfields and pastures, after grass grazing by animals, fertilizers are initially applied and then the uneaten plants are destroyed by tilting them and applying the herbicide by the method spreading it on their biomass, including the stems and the lower surface of the leaves, and harrowing and treating the grass stand with a rake is carried out after the start of regrowth of animals eaten by animals. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that before the grass stand is grazed by animals, future tree-shrubbery strips are plowed from two sides, subsequently destroying the grassy vegetation on the plowed strips, and its destruction is carried out by the lubrication of grassy plants, pre-bending them over the shoots and young shoots of woody-shrubby plants, while further forming a woody-shrubby strip of plants obtained by self-seeding. 3. A device for implementing the method of developing fallow lands for hayfields and pastures, including a reservoir for the herbicide, as well as a pump for feeding it into tubular perforated rods with devices for applying the herbicide to the plants, characterized in that the perforated rods are installed one after another in parallel with the possibility horizontal and vertical movement, and the device for applying the herbicide to the plants is made in the form of a capillary panel located between the pressure plates and mounted on perforated parts of said rods, which are connected and framed by a sheet and placed in tubular casings with longitudinal slots, through which a sheet is passed, compressed by pressure plates fixed on the edges of the slots, and the perforated tubular rods communicated with each other by a hose, while the input end of the front tubular rod connected to the pump, and the output end of the rear boom through the drain hose with a tap to the herbicide reservoir, forming a flow-through adjustable system, in addition, perforated tubular rods and shrouds fixed to the frame mounted on the propellers, with the freedom of vertical and horizontal displacement. 4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the capillary sheet is covered with a moisture-proof film on top, and the casings with perforated tubular rods located inside them are placed in the front and rear cylindrical containers, while cuts with a border are made in the bottom container from below perpendicular to its axis, in which capillary vertical tapes are located, located on the narrow side in the direction of travel of the device. 5. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the frame is equipped with a transverse front rod, mounted with the possibility of vertical movement and changing the height of its location. 6. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the frame is made with the possibility of reducing the length of the telescopic bars and is equipped with additional trailed brackets mounted on its side, and the tubular rods are placed in a plane inclined backward from the transverse front rod.

Images