RU2483510C1 - Method for reclamative preparation of drained mineral soil for sowing of galega orientalis - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and land reclamation. The method includes selection of a ventilated area with no shade, with fertile drained reclaimed soil of sandy-loam or light-loamy grain size and acidity close to neutral. Main treatment of soil in the year before sowing includes clipping of stubble, application of organic and higher doses of mineral phosphorus and potassium fertilisers for plowing with a colter for depth of ploughed layer and pre-sowing treatment of soil. After plowing of soil, if level of ground water is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of drains, deep tillage is carried out for depth of at least by 25 cm of less than depth of drains installation at the angle of 45° to their direction with minimum permissible distance between strips with simultaneous combing of stones and their further removal. At least in a month, if ground water level is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of drains, deep tillage is repeatedly carried out in direction perpendicular to the direction of the first tillage with the same distance between strips with simultaneous combing out of stones and their subsequent removal. Moreover, the depth of repeated deep tillage is by 10-15 cm less than of the first one. In process of tillage a layer of peat is added onto a plough foot with thickness of at least 15 cm, and organic fertilisers are represented by multi-purpose compost in the dose of 10-15 t/ha.EFFECT: method makes it possible to reduce amount of weeds and extent of soil compaction, to improve their water-air regime and development conditions, and also to accelerate growth of underground part of plants.1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and land reclamation and can be applied in the Non-chernozem zone both when using drained mineral soils, and in the design, reconstruction and construction of drainage systems for growing eastern goatskin for many years (up to 30 years or more) in one place without reseeding.

Eastern goatskin is grown in the vast majority of regions of the Non-Chernozem zone, receiving sufficiently high yields of feed and seeds on old arable lands that are mostly not in need of drainage (Eastern goatskin is a priority crop in the modern feed production system // Feed production. - 1999. - No. 10). However, due to some biological characteristics of this culture and its special requirements for growing conditions, it is not always possible to successfully grow this unique culture.

21st century feed production technologies and Petersburg Biotechnologies LLC provide for the creation and implementation of the technology of cultivation of Eastern goatskin with a period of use without reseeding for 30 years or more (A. Popov. Eastern goatskin and its cultivation biotechnology are the basis of a solid forage base in any region of the Russian Federation // The chief agronomist. - 2009.-№2. - P.52 ... 53). Such technologies are inseparable from the proper level of resolving the issues of ameliorative preparation of soil intended for cultivation of eastern goatskin in the humid zone for a long period in one place without reseeding. By cultivating the eastern goatskin in one place without plowing for many years, it is possible to significantly reduce material and labor costs (Ivanova NN, Baklanov AM, Tyulin VA. Method of soil preparation for planting winter rye after perennial grasses / VNIIMZ. - Patent RU 2325793 C1, published October 2, 2008). With the elimination of old-age crops of Eastern goatskin, its intensive growth in the crops of the subsequent crop takes place, leading to a decrease in its yield.

Eastern goatskin is a perennial herbaceous highly productive plant from the legume family up to 2.0 m high. As a root system, it belongs to stem plants that form root offspring. The root system is powerful, it is located mainly in a layer up to 90 cm deep. In the Non-Chernozem zone, the depth of penetration of the root system into the soil according to the data of Russian State Autonomous University - Moscow Agricultural Academy K.A. Timiryazev (2006, E.R. Mukhamedzhanov) can reach from 132 to 145 cm, and according to VNIIMZ (2008; D.A. Ivanov and A.D. Kapsamun) - from 125 to 132 cm.

The goatskin is quite frost-resistant: it tolerates frosts up to (-25) ° С in snowless winters, plants withstand spring frosts up to (-5 ... -6) ° С. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 5 to 6 ° C with an optimum of 10 to 12 ° C. Regrowth of eastern eastern goatskin begins in early spring from buds and root offspring wintering on the underground part of the stem. During this period, the growth of the goat is due to the reserve nutrients in the root system, and in the later phase, the effect of fertilizers is manifested.

One of the valuable properties of Eastern goatskin is its ability to grow early. No bean plant can compare with it in yield at the beginning of the growing season. The duration of the growing season from the beginning of regrowth to seed ripening, depending on the soil, ranges from 85 to 110 days. When grown for fodder purposes, the first mowing is carried out on average after 58 days, the second mowing - after 60 ... 70 days.

A characteristic feature of the eastern goatskin: in the initial period of growth, the aboveground mass develops slowly and, as a rule, lags significantly behind the growth of the underground - root system. Eastern goatskin grows especially slowly in the first year of life, developing mainly the root system, the development mass of which exceeds the aboveground mass by 1.5 ... 1.8 times. After the formation of the root system is completed, the growth of the aboveground mass is accelerated. The root system reaches its maximum size and mass in the third, but no later than the fourth year of life, and then stabilizes.

Given the longevity of the culture and the duration of the economic use of the plantation, the selection of a site for the placement of fodder and seed crops of Eastern goatskin is carried out carefully. As a rule, it is selected outside the crop rotation or the goat area for field or fodder crop rotation is excluded for this period. This culture makes high demands on soil fertility: without the application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in the required doses, its potential productivity cannot be fully realized.

The regime of additional artificial moistening of the eastern goatskin, as well as other crops, is prescribed taking into account the thickness of the settlement layer, in which the bulk of the roots spread. In the first year of life of the eastern goatskin, the thickness of the estimated root layer according to the recommendations of VNIIGiM is taken from 0.3 m (Maksimenko V.P., Bondarenko A.N., Volchkova T.L. Galega eastern - reality and perspective. - M .: VNIIGiM, 2005 .-- P.48).

The recommendations for the cultivation of Eastern goatskin for seeds and feed in Bashkortostan, developed by the Bashkir Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, emphasizes that the eastern goatskin cannot be placed on heavy soils.

Known technical solutions aimed at the cultivation of Eastern goatskin in one place for 20 years or more (Method for creating an energy-efficient feed base on an abandoned arable land. - Patent RU 2374810, CL. А01В 79/02, 2007; Method for producing biofuel from an eastern galega. - Patent RU 2418039, Cl. C10L 5/44, AB 79/02, 2009). In this case, it is supposed to be grown on well-ventilated and illuminated, organic rich, neutral or slightly alkaline soils.

There is a method of preparing mineral soil for the cultivation of eastern goatskin in the Non-Chernozem zone, developed by VNIIMZ (Technology of cultivation of the eastern goatskin for feed and seeds on the lands of reclaimed landscapes of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation: Practical Guide / N.G. Kovalev, AM Baklanov, etc. - Tver: VNIIMZ , 2002. - P.21 ... 23; prototype), which includes the selection of a site characterized by good illumination and ventilation with fertile drained cultivated soil of sandy loam or light loam granulometric s put and acidity close to neutral, basic tillage in the year prior to sowing, including shallow plowing and plowing plow with coulters at a depth of arable layer, making plowing of high doses of organic and mineral phosphate and potash fertilizers and seedbed preparation.

A common disadvantage of the known technical solutions is the lack of reclamation preparation of drained mineral soils for sowing eastern goatskin. It is known that when draining soils, nutrients are carried out from the arable layer to the drainage. The well-known technology of cultivation of eastern goatroot (prototype) does not take into account the removal of nutrients from the soil profile with drainage runoff, weakly stimulates the development and growth of eastern goatroot and its root system in the initial period of development, and does not take into account the possibility of long-term plant growth in one place without reseeding. Manure or compost under the Eastern goatskin is recommended to be made rotted, without weeds, which is almost impossible to provide. Weeds drown the shoots of the Eastern goatskin.

The problem solved by this invention is to develop a method of ameliorative preparation of the drained mineral soil formed on the moraine for sowing Eastern goatskin in order to ensure its effective cultivation for a long time (30 or more years) in one place without reseeding.

The technical result consists in reducing the number of weeds and the degree of compaction of soil, improving their water-air regime and, ultimately, improving the conditions for the development and acceleration of growth of the underground part of plants, especially in the initial period of their development, and, as a result, in increasing plant longevity.

The object of the invention is solved by the fact that the method of ameliorative preparation of the drained mineral soil for sowing eastern goatskin involves the selection of a ventilated area with no shading, with fertile drained cultivated soil of loamy or light loam granulometric composition and acidity close to neutral, the main tillage per year sowing, including stubble cultivation, the application of organic and increased doses of mineral phosphorus and potassium fertilizers for plowing plow with coulters at a depth of arable layer, and seedbed preparation. After plowing the soil with a plow with a skimmer to the depth of the arable layer when the soil level is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drains, deep loosening is carried out to a depth of not less than 25 cm less than the depth of the drains at an angle of 45 ° to their direction, with the minimum permissible the distance between the loosening strips with the simultaneous combing out of the stone and its subsequent cleaning, and not less than a month later, provided that the level of soil and groundwater is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drain, re-deep loosening is carried out in the direction perpend in the circular direction of the first loosening, with the same distance between the loosening strips with the simultaneous combing out of the stone and its subsequent harvesting, the depth of repeated deep loosening being 10 ... 15 cm less than the first, in addition, during the first and repeated deep loosening, a layer is applied to the plow sole of the cultivator peat with a capacity of at least 15 cm, and multipurpose compost in a dose of 10 ... 15 t / ha is used as organic fertilizer.

The proposed method of ameliorative preparation of drained mineral soil for sowing eastern goatskin is due to the biological characteristics of the cultivated crop, the properties of the soil and the duration of use of its plantation in one place without reseeding. At the same time, the presence of additional moisture and nutrients in peat contributes to the development of a powerful root system of the eastern goatskin and increases its moisture supply in dry periods, reducing the need for irrigation. Toward the end of the complete cessation of the aftereffect of deep loosening (3 ... 4 years), the root system of the eastern goatskin reaches its maximum size and acts on the soil properties as an ameliorant, improving them.

The effectiveness of deep loosening of soil and the duration of its aftereffect largely depend on the moisture content of the soil at the time of loosening. Therefore, it is accepted that deep loosening is performed only with sufficiently dry, loosened soil-soils, as a rule, when the level of soil-groundwater is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drain.

When deep loosening of moraine soil is carried out, combing and squeezing out of the subsurface horizon into the arable layer and on the soil surface of stones is carried out. Therefore, both after the first loosening, and after the second, their harvesting is provided, which will provide good conditions for growing and harvesting Eastern goatskin. If this is not done, then the stones, as a result of freezing of the soil and the formation of layers of ice in it, are squeezed out of the subsurface horizon and the arable layer and will periodically appear in the arable layer and on its surface for many years cultivating the eastern goatskin in one place, which will prevent the implementation of work on its cultivation and harvesting.

In recent years, compost preparation technologies have been constantly improved, aimed at a significant reduction in composting time, at a further increase in the content of nutrients and beneficial microflora in fertilizers, and at the production of composts with predetermined fertilizing and technological properties and without germinating weed seeds. One of the new technologies of accelerated (in 6 ... 7 days) production of high-quality environmentally friendly compost was developed at VNIIMZ. The production of this fertilizer - multipurpose compost (KMN) is carried out in special biofermenter chambers. One ton of KMN contains 25 ... 30 kg of nitrogen, 15 ... 20 kg of phosphorus, 10 ... 15 kg of potassium and all trace elements necessary for cultivated plants. In the process, in the manufacture of KMN, pathogens die and the germination of weed seeds is lost. In terms of quality indicators, KMN fully meets the requirements of the technical conditions for its use (TU-9841-003-00668732-2011). In addition, the presence of calcium in the composition of indigenous metals contributes to a decrease in soil acidity.

When applying KMN, there is a high cost recovery: when applying half the doses of this fertilizer, the yield of cultivated crops is not inferior, but often exceeds the yield using traditional organic fertilizers, the doses of which are equivalent to the doses of KMN in the content of plant nutrients. The high efficiency of indigenous peoples due to its increased microbiological activity, which allows for several years after fertilizing to mobilize from the hardly soluble chemical compounds contained in the soil, an increased amount of nutrients available to plants.

The claimed method of ameliorative preparation of drained mineral soil for sowing eastern goatskin includes the following operations:

1. The choice of a ventilated area with no shading, with fertile drained cultivated soil of sandy loam or light loam granulometric composition and acidity close to neutral (acidic soils lime), as a rule, near the farm. At the same time, the depth of the drainage in the selected area must comply with applicable standards and rules.

2. The main tillage in the year preceding sowing:

- stubble peeling to a depth of 7 ... 8 cm after harvesting of the predecessor (after late harvested crops, peeling is not carried out);

- the introduction of organic fertilizers - compost for multipurpose purposes in a dose (taking into account the nitrogen content in the soil and the fact that the eastern goat is a legume crop) 10 ... 15 t / ha;

- the introduction of high doses of mineral phosphorus and potash fertilizers;

- if necessary, liming the soil;

- plowing by a plow with a skimmer to the depth of the arable layer;

- carrying out continuous deep loosening of soil, when the level of soil and groundwater is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drains, to a depth of not less than 0.25 m less than the depth of the drains, at an angle of 45 ° to the direction of the drains, combing out the stone and making on the plow sole of the ripper of a peat layer with a thickness of at least 15 cm;

- carrying out stone cleaning;

- repetition not less than a month after the first loosening when the soil level is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drain, continuous deep loosening in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the first loosening, and also with peat, while loosening is carried out to a depth of 10 ... 15 cm less than the first loosening, and re-comb the stone;

- carrying out stone cleaning.

3. Conducting pre-sowing tillage:

- cultivation with harrowing;

- leveling and rolling of the soil surface.

An example of the method. In 30 years of VNIIMZ experiments on lands drained by closed drainage, eastern goatskin exceeded the cloverothymic mixture by 1.7 times the yield of green mass, and 2.4 times by annual grasses by 2.4 times. With an average level of soil fertility and relatively small doses of fertilizer applied, it yielded a crop of green mass from 30 to 40 t / ha, and on a high agricultural background - from 70 to 100 t / ha or up to 21 t / ha of hay. Eastern goatskin is also a good honey plant. When using eastern goat's silage in the diets of dairy cows, the concentration of concentrated feed per head was 268 kg per year, and the specific weight of concentrates in the diet of cows decreased from 30.1 to 22.3%. Field experiments also confirmed the high efficiency of application of indigenous peoples and loosening of soil. The mass of roots is redistributed from the arable layer to the arable horizons, gradually cultivating them, enriching them with organic matter and lowering the density of addition.

The technical result consists in reducing the number of weeds and the degree of compaction of soil, improving their water-air regime and, ultimately, improving the conditions for the development and acceleration of growth of the underground part of plants, especially in the initial period of their development, and, as a result, in increasing plant longevity. Harvesting the stone leads to a reduction in costs for both the cultivation of Eastern goatskin and for harvesting. At the same time, additional moisture and nutrients are accumulated in the introduced peat layer, which are carried out from the upper horizons of the soil profile, which leads to a decrease in their removal to water bodies and streams and an increase in the quality of water in them. The presence of additional moisture and nutrients in peat contributes to the development of the root system of the eastern goatskin and increases the supply of moisture to plants during dry periods. The complex of measures under consideration leads to the acceleration of the development of the root system of the Eastern goatskin and its acceleration of its inclusion in the function of ameliorant, and ultimately to the high yield of the eastern goatskin for many years (30 or more years) cultivating it in one place without reseeding. At the same time, the applied technology of ameliorative preparation of mineral soil for sowing eastern goatskin and its long-term cultivation also creates conditions for increasing the reliability of closed drainage.

This invention is aimed at creating conditions that ensure effective long-term economic cultivation of this highly profitable forage crop on drained mineral lands in one place without reseeding.

Claims (1)

A method for ameliorative preparation of drained mineral soil for sowing eastern goatskin, including the selection of a ventilated area, with no shading, with fertile drained cultivated soil of sandy or light loam granulometric composition and acidity close to neutral, the main soil cultivation in the year preceding sowing, including sowing, the introduction of organic and high doses of mineral phosphorus and potassium fertilizers for plowing with a plow with a skimmer to the depth of arable lye, and pre-sowing tillage, characterized in that after plowing the soil with a plow with a skimmer to the depth of the arable layer when the soil level is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drain, deep loosening is carried out to a depth of at least 25 cm less than the depth of the drain at an angle of 45 ° to their direction with the minimum permissible distance between the strips with the simultaneous combing out of the stone and its subsequent cleaning, and not less than a month later, provided that the level of soil and groundwater is not more than 10 cm above the bottom of the drain, conduct second deep loosening with the minimum permissible distance between the strips in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the first loosening, with simultaneous combing of the stone and its subsequent harvesting, and the depth of repeated deep loosening is 10-15 cm less than the first, in addition, during the first and repeated deep loosening a plow sole of the cultivator is made with a peat layer with a thickness of at least 15 cm, and multipurpose compost in a dose of 10-15 t / ha is used as organic fertilizer.