RU2435032C1 - Development method of mineral resources by spiral pit - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining. ^ SUBSTANCE: drilling of each inclined pit is started at design distance from the adjacent line of the cross-over to horizon of the first mining operations of mineral resources and along adjacent line of its bottom to mining horizon there performed is entry way of effective length and in the section of its faces and entry way in design coordinates there formed is straightline longitudinal front and during preparation of horizon for drilling of new pit and movement through design distance of longitudinal front of the rock it is developed within design limits with intermediate front which is transverse to common pit or nonconvex to it, and it is continued to be formed in design sequence and interrelation of works; roads on horizons are formed along straightline routes and operations on each below lying horizon are performed beyond the section of adjacent point of its inclined pit to the above lying horizon and design point of the latter aboard the stage and it is mined with entry ways transverse to the board by means of combination of works on formation of the near-board pillar. Analytical relationships and expressions of determination of location of inclined pits and transverse entry ways, parameters, sequence and combination of works and the limits restricting them are specified. ^ EFFECT: increasing efficiency and intensity of development of pits by rational opening of horizons and mineral resources. ^ 6 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the mining industry and can be used in the open development of mineral deposits.

A known method of opening minerals (PI), including sinking a common internal trench of a spiral shape of the track on the sides of the quarry along the limiting position of its contour by successive sinking of inclined trenches to the base of the ledges, the development of mining operations on horizons, moving the front of mining operations on each horizon in a fan pattern with a turning point at the junction of the horizontal track to the inclined and transportation of rocks (GP) to external dumps [1].

The disadvantages of the method, reducing the technical and economic indicators (TEC) and the intensity of mining, is the following.

1. A large amount of overburden during construction and in the initial period of quarry operation due to the need to develop the main volume of GP upper horizons (in most of the quarry field area) to ensure the possibility of work on the underlying (for example, fourth, fifth, etc.) ledges .

2. A large amount of work on the sinking of split trenches at horizons along the limiting contour of the quarry with reduced productivity of mining transport vehicles (GTM) in cramped conditions and increased seismic impact on the sides of the quarry when exploding strong GP in a clamped environment in the contours of the trench, the increased difficulty of forming slopes sides of the quarry by excavators from the trench and increasing the distance of transportation of GP worked out in the contours of these trenches by their curvature, predetermined by the adjoining of split trenches throughout Line to the rectilinear marginal contours pit walls, as well as the disabled move basic volumes GP force of gravity and energy explosions in the direction of transportation by trucks.

3. The presence of sections of the front of the mining operations that are convex in the plan in the direction of the general trench at horizons that exclude the straightness of the GP transportation routes along the working platforms of the ledges to the congress, and thereby increase the GP transportation distances and the volume of construction and maintenance of roads.

Closest to the proposed technical solution is a method for opening PI, including the formation of a common internal trench of a spiral form of the route along the limiting contour of the quarry mining stage by successive sinking of inclined trenches from the previous working horizon, after the development of mining operations on it, to the subsequent, fan-like development of the front of work on each horizon that is opened inside the quarry mining phase and the transportation of GP to external dumps in the oncoming movement of loaded and empty dump trucks s [2] (prototype).

However, this method is characterized by the following disadvantages that reduce the intensity and efficiency of the construction and operation of the quarry.

1. A large amount of overburden during construction and in the initial period of operation of the quarry, due to the need to develop GP upper ledges in a large area of the quarry field to create the possibility of opening the underlying ledges.

2. A large amount of work on the sinking of split trenches on the working horizons along the limiting contour of the stage, reducing the performance of the geological and technical measures and TEP of overburden operations:

2.1. the constraint of work in the trench contours, which allows the use of only a deadlock approach for dump trucks, the maneuvers of dump trucks for which are 5-6 times longer than the end-to-end scheme, which reduces the productivity of vehicles and accordingly increases the downtime of excavators in anticipation of it;

2.2. the curvature of trenches carried out along the non-linear contours of the quarry stage, extending the route, reducing the speed of dump trucks and increasing the consumption of combustible materials, as well as increasing the volume of work and costs for the formation and maintenance of roads;

2.3. the inappropriateness of the trenches and the directions of development of work on the horizons from them for moving the main volumes of GPs by gravity and explosive energy in the direction of their transportation by dump trucks, which prevents the GP transportation distances from decreasing: according to [2] GPs of the ledges move around these forces crosswise or against the desired direction, respectively or not decreasing or increasing the distance of transportation of GP (either not improving or worsening the TEC of overburden production):

2.3.1. non-provision in the vicinity of the site of adjoining the longitudinal front of the work to the exit on each horizon, the conditions for the formation of the shortest roads and the proximity of the GP to the exit force of the explosion;

2.4. the mismatch of the location of the split trenches (which is subordinate to the direction of the spiral path in the contours of the stage) to minimize the seismic effect of explosions on the near-mine array and the technology of forming the slopes of the side of the stage by excavators, because blasting strong GPs in the contours of trenches with blocks located along the sides of the stage adjacent to them in a clamped medium determines the maximum seismic effect on the sides of the stage (especially negative in their sections close to the limiting contour of the quarry) compared to any other arrangement of blocks, and the formation of slopes by excavators from trenches (especially with a narrow bottom and gentle slopes) is more complicated and less effective than from working platforms of ledges with openings across the sides;

2.5. the tightness of blasting explosives in the contours of the GP trench, which reduces the quality of their crushing and, accordingly, the rate of penetration of trenches due to an increase in the time of excavation and loading cycles and downtime of excavators due to the replacement of cables and the repair of buckets, which are more frequent by the presence of oversized bullets.

3. The presence on the working horizons of curved sections of the front of work with a convexity facing the general trench in plan, lengthening the transportation routes of the GP to the congress and increasing the volume of construction and maintenance of roads.

The objective of the invention is to increase the efficiency and intensity of quarrying by rational opening of work horizons and minerals.

The problem is solved in that in the method of opening minerals, including the formation of a common internal trench of a spiral shape of the route along the limiting contour of the quarry mining stage by successive sinking of inclined trenches from the previous working horizon, after the development of mining operations on it, to the subsequent, fan-like development of the front of work on each horizon that is opened inside the quarry mining phase and GP transportation to external dumps in the oncoming movement of loaded and empty dump trucks, after the preliminary to determine the contours of the stage of mining the quarry and the junction line of the exit to the horizon of the first extraction of mineral resources, the sinking of the first and each subsequent inclined trench begins at a distance from it, determined by the dependence

where P _j is the length of the horizontal projection of the common trench between the lines of its adjacency to the horizon of the first mining and the beginning of the "j-th" inclined trench to the work horizon, m;

j is the serial number of the inclined trench from top to bottom from the earth's surface;

D _j and B, respectively, the elevations of the abutment lines of the beginning of the “j-th” inclined trench to the work horizon and the general trench to the horizon of the first mining, m;

i is the weighted average slope of the inclined trenches of the considered section of the common trench, ^o / _oo ;

l _n - the average length of regulatory areas between adjacent inclined trenches in the considered section of the common trench, m;

h is the height of the working ledge, m,

and from and along the abutment line of its bottom to the working horizon, a run is made with a length defined by the expression

2R≤l _s = W _d × K,

where R is the turning radius of dump trucks, m;

l _s - the minimum allowable for technical and economic indicators of work, the length of the entry at the bottom, m;

W _d - the width of the bottom of the inclined trench, m;

K is the value of the ratio of the length of the first transverse board of the approaching stage along the bottom to the width of the bottom of the trench (K> 1),

and from it, until adjoining the opposite side of the quarry stage, transverse trenches form the longitudinal straight front in the alignment of the ends of the first run and the run at a distance determined by the dependence

,

,

where L is the length along the board of the stage of the working horizon between the junction line of the inclined trench and the projection onto it of the lower edge of the forward slope of the upcoming first transverse approach on the underlying horizon, m;

W _s - the width of the entry on the whole rocks, m,

dependency length

l _p = l _s + h (ctgα + ctgβ) + Ш _n + B,

where l _p - the length of the lateral run-down at a distance of "L" on the side of the quarry from the abutment line of the bottom of the inclined trench to the working horizon, m;

α and β are the angles of inclination of the side of the quarry stage and the slope of the working ledge between the opened and the underlying horizons, deg .;

W _p and B - respectively, the width of the transport lane on the opened working horizon and the berm on board the quarry stage in the vertical plane of the lower edge of the front edge of the first slope of the first transverse approach of the underlying horizon, m,

and after completion of the preparation of the horizon for driving a new inclined trench, the front is turned relative to the end of the first transverse approach at a distance from the point of contact with the side of a similarly defined underlying front, determined by the dependence

l _f = h · ctgβ + III,

where l _f - the shortest distance in horizontal projection between the upper brows of the longitudinal fronts of adjacent horizons from the point of contact of the underlying of them to the side of the quarry stage, m;

W - the width of the site between adjacent longitudinal fronts at the side of the quarry stage, taken according to practical data of the flank rock collapse, m,

and in the foregoing and in the sequence and relationship of work on horizons, determined by the dependence

j = η + ρ,

where η is the serial number of the working horizon from top to bottom;

ρ is the serial number of the position of the longitudinal rectilinear front on the horizon,

continue to form a common spiral trench to the horizon of the first extraction of minerals, while a transverse intermediate front is formed between the positions of the longitudinal fronts at the horizons and during the development of the rocks it is moved in the direction of the opposite side of the quarry stage from the value determined by the expression

In _p ≥l _s ,

where In _p - the magnitude of the discrepancy between the executed and the performed positions of the longitudinal front in the transverse common trench direction, m,

to the instrument pillar by the width defined by the expression

W _c ≥l _s ,

where W _c - the width of the instrumental pillar of the rocks from the lower edge of its slope to the side of the quarry stage, m,

and in combination with the works on its formation, the whole pillars are worked out to the side of the quarry stage by crossings that are transverse to it, and weak rocks are worked out to the side non-convex to the common trench, or by a transverse intermediate front, the roads on the horizons are formed and the rocks are transported to ramps along straight lines and work on each the underlying horizon is performed beyond the alignment of the point of contact of its inclined trench to the overlying horizon and the point of the latter on board, spaced from its longitudinal front to the underlying by the amount of " ".

The proposed method differs from the known [2] and others in the above sequence of operations, the direction of mining and the parameters characterizing the method, presented in the form of mathematical dependencies and expressions. The features set forth in this aggregate are absent in the known solutions [1], [2] and others and provide a positive effect — the solution of the problem posed. The proposed method has properties that do not coincide with the properties of the distinguishing features of the known solutions [1], [2] and others.

An analysis of the known solutions showed that the essence of the proposed solution is not disclosed in them, it is not obvious and is characterized by a new set of features, which allows it to be considered relevant to the criteria of “novelty” and “inventive step”.

Figure 1 shows the contours of the first inclined trench and the upcoming work on the horizon in the reference points, view in plan; figure 2 - the contours of the development on the working horizon and the upcoming second inclined trench, a plan view is a diagram for deriving mathematical dependencies; figure 3 - the position of mining at the time of the beginning of the excavation of the third inclined trench, plan view - a diagram for deriving mathematical dependencies; figure 4 is a diagram of the implementation of the rotation of the longitudinal fronts and the formation of a new front for opening the horizon of the first mining and development of work on it; figure 5 - scheme of combining in time the work of turning longitudinal fronts with the transportation of rocks along straight lines; in Fig.6 - the position of the ledges of the quarry stage at the time of the beginning of the development of mining operations at two horizons, a plan view is a diagram for deriving mathematical dependencies.

The method is as follows.

According to the geological surveying and design materials containing the horizontal plans and sections with the contours of the PI, ledges and sides of the quarry on them, pre-determine the contours of the mining stage of quarry 1 (Fig. 1) and the horizon of the first PI mining and the intersection line “av” in them with the side plane of the quarry mining stage in the vicinity of the roof of PI 2. In this case, the contours of stage 1 are established taking into account the peculiarities of the occurrence of PI in the bowels and the need to minimize the distance of transportation of rocks over the surface of the quarry. They are installed in compliance with the normative stability of the side of the stage (for example, with stability factors of 1.3 ÷ 1.5) so that the line of abutment “av” of the horizon of the first production to the side of the stage is separated from the PI and their presence under the future exit on it is excluded. Perpendicular to this abutment line "av", from it in the vicinity, for example, the end face of PI 2, lay a straight line "cd" (see Fig. 1) with a length equal to the design width of the ramp, and thus the line of adjacency of the ramp to the first production horizon is previously determined PI.

After that, from the line “ef” on the earth’s surface along the contour of stage 1, the first inclined trench 3 is drilled at a distance from the line “cd” of the junction of the ramp to the horizon of the first PI mining, determined by the dependence obtained as follows.

According to figures 1 and 6

where P ₁ is the length of the horizontal projection of the common trench between the lines of its adjacency to the horizon of the first mining of PI and the beginning of the first inclined trench to the horizon of work - the earth's surface, m;

n is the number of working ledges from the earth's surface to the horizon of the first mining of PI;

D ₁ and B are, respectively, the elevations of the abutment lines of the beginning of the first inclined trench to the work horizon — the earth’s surface and the general trench to the horizon of the first PI mining, m;

h is the height of the working ledge, m;

i is the weighted average slope of the inclined trenches of the considered section of the common trench, ^o / _oo ;

l _n - the average length of the sites between adjacent inclined trenches in the considered section of the common trench, corresponding to the normative parameters of the turntable and the required width of the passage on the section of the junction of straight roads to the ramp, m

By the joint solution of (1) and (2) we obtain

» и «l_н», что учитывается общей зависимостьюAccording to Fig.6, the length of the horizontal projection of the exit P _j from the beginning of each subsequent inclined trench to the line "dc" of its intersection with the horizon of the first production of PI decreases relative to that calculated by dependence (3) by the corresponding number of values "

"And" l _n ", which is taken into account by the general dependence

where P _j is the length of the horizontal projection of the common trench between the lines of its adjacency to the horizon of the first mining of PI and the beginning of the "j-th" inclined trench to the work horizon, m;

j is the serial number of the inclined trench from top to bottom from the earth's surface;

D _j - elevation of the junction line of the beginning of the “j-th” inclined trench to the work horizon, m

Obviously, for j = 1 (the serial number of the inclined trench), dependence (4) turns into dependence (3).

For example, under conditions D = 506 m; B = 458 m; i = 0.109 ^o / _oo ; l _n = 34 m; h = 12 m, (see Fig. 6) according to (4),

;

;

P ₁ = 48 · (9.166 + 2.833) -34-0;

P ₁ = 48.11.999-34;

P ₁ = 575.947-34;

P ₁ = 541.947≈542 (m);

;

;

P ₂ = 575.947-68-1.109.991;

P ₂ = 397.956≈398 (m);

similarly P ₃ = 254 m; P ₄ = 110 m.

Dependence (4) is a prerequisite for the implementation of the method, since it determines on the earth's surface and on the working horizons the locations of the starting points for the inclined trenches, which together provide the intersection of the general trench of the first mining horizon at the point most appropriate to the peculiarities of their occurrence in the bowels and their intensification needs autopsy; dependence (4) is an important component in the system of the sequence, directions, parameters and limits of mining, which determines the volumes and rates of their production and the depths of the quarry. The choice of the starting points for driving inclined trenches independently of (4), ceteris paribus, entails either the emergence of a common internal trench on the horizon of the first extraction of PI in the distance from them and thereby increases the volume of opening, the time of construction of the quarry and the start of mining, or entails the implementation of internal trenches in the vicinity of PI over the horizon of the first production with the spread of the underlying slope (below it) on the PI and leaving some of them on board during further mining of the quarry.

After driving the inclined trench to the base of the ledge, mining on the horizon develops, in contrast to [1], [2], [3] and others. Without a horizontal cut trench along the contour of the side. To do this, from the abutment line “gm” (FIGS. 1 and 2) of the bottom of the inclined trench 3 to the working horizon, along it, the first transverse inclined trench and the side of the quarry stage are run in 4 times defined by the expression

where R is the turning radius of dump trucks, m;

l _s - the minimum allowable for technical and economic indicators of work, the length of the entry at the bottom, m;

W _d - the width of the bottom of the inclined trench, m;

K is the value of the ratio of the length of the first transverse side of the approaching stage along the bottom to the width of the bottom of the trench - an integral indicator of ensuring the technological parameters of the rational development of work on the horizon (K> 1), determined by practical data.

For example, with R = 8.11 m, W _d = 16 m and K = 2,

2 · 8.11 <l _s = 16 · 2; 16.22 <l _s = 32 (m).

Expression (5) is a prerequisite for the implementation of the method, since the first transverse approach with a length of "l _s ≥ 2R" begins to form a rotary platform of the standard width necessary for transport communication of the working horizon through the exit with the surface of the quarry. Along with this, “l _s ” determines the amount of work to complete the run 4 itself and how the parameter of the geometric figure between the run 4 and the contours of stage 1 and the longitudinal front 5 (see figures 1 and 2) affects its area and the volume of penetration of a new inclined trench 6 stripping operations, and also affects the length of subsequent lateral crossings within the mentioned limits of the figure and indirectly through their length - on the performance of the geological and technical measures. The region of existence of the first transverse approach is determined by the right-hand side of expression (5): l _s = W _d · K, for K> 1, because when K≤1, l _s ≤ _{W d} , i.e. lateral entry does not exist. The specific value of "K" is taken taking into account the above influence of the entry on the technological parameters and performance indicators, presented in more detail below.

After completing approach 4, from it to the opposite side of the quarry stage, a longitudinal front of operations is formed by 5 quasi-parallel approach 4 by subsequent transverse trenches 3 approaches represented by “double-dotted line” lines in the dynamics of the future development of the works in Fig. 1 (in Fig. 1- 5 these lines show the contours of the upcoming mine workings, the arrows show the directions of work and straight lines for transporting rocks at the horizons to the ramp).

The longitudinal front 5 is formed rectilinear in the alignment of the ends of the first transverse approach 4 and the transverse side of the approach stage at a distance determined by the dependence obtained as follows.

According to figure 2,

where L is the length along the board of the stage of the working horizon between the line "gm" of adjoining the inclined trench to it and the projection on it of the lower edge "sr" of the forward slope of the upcoming first transverse approach on the underlying horizon, m;

W _s - the width of the entry on the whole rocks, m

The approach at a distance of "L" perform the length determined by the dependence obtained as follows.

According to figure 2 and 3,

where l _p - the length of the lateral run-down at a distance of "L" on the side of the quarry from the abutment line of the bottom of the inclined trench to the working horizon, m;

α and β are the angles of inclination of the side of the open pit stage and the slope of the working ledge between the opened and underlying horizons, deg .;

W _p and B - respectively, the width of the transport lane on the opened working horizon and the berm on board the quarry stage in the vertical plane of the lower edge "sr" of the forward slope of the first transverse approach of the underlying horizon, m,

For example, in the above calculation conditions, according to dependence (4) and expression (5), l _z = 32 m, for W _z = 18 m, α = 54 °, β = 75 °, W _n = 24 m and B = 0 on the first working horizon (see figure 2) and W _p = 24 m and B = 16 m (transport berm) on the second working horizon (figure 3), according to (6), on the first and also on the second horizon

; L=162 (м),

; L = 162 (m),

According to (7), l _p = 32 + 12 (ctg54 ° + ctg75 °) + 24 + 0;

l _p = 56 + 12 (0.7265 + 0.2679); l _p = 56 + 11.93; l _p = 67.93≈68 (m) - on the first working horizon and l _p = 32 + 12 (0.7265 + 0.2679) + 24 + 16; l _p = 72 + 11.93;

l _p = 83.93≈84 (m) - on the second working horizon.

;

и на втором горизонте (см. фиг.3) составляет

;

, что показывает существенное увеличение длины поперечных заходок относительно первой на горизонтах и необходимость учета этого увеличения при определении «l_з» по выражению (5) как и учета уменьшения длины заходок на участке выклинивания выработки в борту (в точке «z»), а также подтверждает значимость параметров «l_з» и «l_p» и соответственно выражения (5) и зависимостей (6) и (7) для выполнения способа. В целом зависимости (6) и (7) являются необходимым условием выполнения способа, поскольку вкупе они определяют координаты точки, определяющей положение продольного фронта горных работ (и соответственно объем и сроки выполнения горных работ на горизонте до проходки наклонной траншеи), необходимое для недопущения распространения развала ГП на участки выполняемой или выполненной от линии «υu» наклонной траншеи 6 (см. фиг.2). В частности, входящим в зависимость (7) параметром «Ш_п» (в определяемом зависимостями (6) и (5) месте на горизонте) и «l_з» определены:Obviously, due to the inequality of conditions, the value of “l _p ” is individual for each horizon, while “L”, if the conditions are equal, can be constant at the horizons. The ratio of the values established in the conditions under consideration according to dependence (7) and expression (5) on the first working horizon (see figure 2) is

;

and on the second horizon (see figure 3) is

;

, which shows a significant increase in the length of the transverse cuts relative to the first at the horizons and the need to take this increase into account when determining “l _s ” according to expression (5) as well as to take into account the decrease in the length of the cuts in the wedging out section of the mine on board (at the point “z”), and confirms the significance of the parameters “l _s ” and “l _p ” and, accordingly, expressions (5) and dependencies (6) and (7) for performing the method. In general, dependences (6) and (7) are a prerequisite for the implementation of the method, since together they determine the coordinates of the point that determines the position of the longitudinal front of mining (and, accordingly, the volume and timing of mining on the horizon before the inclined trench is drilled), necessary to prevent the spread the collapse of the GP into sections performed or performed from the line "υu" inclined trench 6 (see figure 2). In particular, within the dependence (7), the parameter "W _n" (in the defined dependencies (6) and (5) location on the horizon) and «l _z" are defined:

- the position of the longitudinal front of mining operations, necessary and sufficient to prepare the horizon for the sinking of a new inclined trench to the underlying horizon in minimum volumes and terms of work, ensuring their safety and proper performance of the geological and technical measures;

- the possibility of transporting between the front 5 and the upper edge of the end face of the future first transverse excavation on the underlying horizon along straight lines to the ramp of the worked volume of the GP collapse formed along the entire length of the front 5 in the process of moving it to a new position 7 (see Fig. 3).

Thus, according to the above, dependencies (6) and (7) determine the possibility of safe and economical combination of mining operations by changing the position of the longitudinal front and driving an inclined trench to a new horizon and the possibility of intensifying the opening of horizons.

A longitudinal front 5 is formed until it adjoins the opposite side of the stage at point “z” (see FIG. 2) with transportation of the worked-out GP to the ramp along straight lines (see FIG. 1) until the GP is completely removed in contours 1 and 5 and wedged out development on board, without leaving the GP ledge between the vertical plane of the front lower edge “sr” of the first transverse approach of the future inclined trench and the point “z”, and this completes the preparation of the horizon for the passage of a new inclined trench 6 from the “υu” line. The foregoing excludes the transportation of the indicated volumes of GP along non-linear paths that are inevitable in the case of mining these GPs after or in the process of sinking trench 6.

After the completion of this (excluding transportation of GP along non-linear paths) horizon preparation begins from the υu line, the position of which is determined by dependence (1), the inclined trench 6 is drilled and the front 5 is moved to a new position 7. These operations are performed with time matching, without combining in one vertical plane, at a safe distance from the faces of the overlying and underlying horizons from each other.

The longitudinal rectilinear front 5 is rotated according to the proposed method relative to the end face of the first transverse approach 4 with movement along the opposite side of the quarry stage. Its new position 7 is defined as follows. The dependencies (4) - (7) determine the position 8 of a similar front on the underlying second horizon, necessary for the passage from it of the third inclined trench 9 to the third working horizon (see figure 3). From the point “o” adjacent to the board of the upper edge of this front 8, the overlying front 7 (first horizon) is distant at the side by a distance determined by the dependence obtained as follows.

According to figure 3, the shortest distance between the positions of the 7th and 8th fronts on the side of the side in horizontal projection is represented by the straight line segment "ω" perpendicular to the overlying front 7, consisting of the step of the step slope equal to "h · ctgβ", and the width of the platform "W ". Denoting "l _f " this segment, we obtain

where l _f - the shortest distance in horizontal projection between the upper edges of the longitudinal fronts of adjacent horizons from the point of contact of the underlying of them to the side of the quarry stage to the overlying, m;

Ш - the width of the platform between adjacent longitudinal fronts at the side of the quarry stage, taken at the base of the ledge of weak rocks equal to "Ш _з ", strong rocks - equal to the width of the flank collapse of the blown GP according to practical data or more, m

For example, in the above conditions, at the base of the first ledge of weak rocks,

l _f = 12 · ctg75 ° + 18; l _f = 12 · 0.2679 + 18; l _f = 3.2148 + 18; l _f = 21.2148≈21.2 (m);

at the base of the second ledge of strong GPs with the width of the flank camber of blasted rocks according to practical data of 20 m,

l _f = 12 · ctg75 ° + 20; l _f = 3.2148 + 20; l _f = 23.2148≈23.2 (m).

Dependence (8) is a prerequisite for the implementation of the method, since it determines the presence in the dash zone of the quarry stage of a site that provides:

- safety of work on the underlying horizon. Without this platform, between fronts 7 and 8, pinching out in the mine on the second horizon is possible only by doubling two technological steps into a single slope 24 m high (in our example), not decorated with a cutting slot and not excluding dumping and rolling pieces of GP into a narrow reference space works, and in the vicinity of the end face of the mine (in the vicinity of the point “z ′”) - through the formation of a berm between two ledges, insufficient to protect people and the width technique, which is unsafe. To ensure the safety of work in these cases, it is necessary to eject the ledges in the instrument part of the fronts by forming a cutting gap, which is irrational due to the additional time and money spent on drilling and blasting;

- non-proliferation of GP (when moving the overlying longitudinal front) in the development performed on the underlying horizon. In the absence of the indicated site, it is inevitable that part of the GP of the first ledge will be dumped into the development and subsequent mining of this pile on the second working horizon (instead of the first) with an increased transportation distance between the second ledge and the side of the stage, after an additional drive of the excavator to the site of previously completed works; otherwise, it is inevitable to stop the preparation of the second horizon for driving the third inclined trench 9 until the overlying front moves to position 7 and a platform is formed between fronts 7 and 8, which is determined by dependence (8), i.e. stopping the work to provide the necessary conditions for the implementation of the method, but already in a longitudinal approach, with the loss of the benefits of transverse calls and with a decrease in the rate of opening;

- transportation of GP worked out camber at the end of transverse runways along a straight line between the front in position 7 and the line "υо" (see figure 3);

- Compliance with the technology of testing the instrumental pillar of rocks described below.

After turning the longitudinal rectilinear front 5 into position 7, according to dependencies (4) - (8), a front 8 and then a trench 9 are formed. Thus, depending on (8) the locations of the overlying and underlying fronts, with the repetition of the above operations for driving inclined trenches, continue to form a common internal trench with a spiral shape of the route in the sequence and relationship of work at the horizons, defined by the following.

According to the above, overburden work on the first working horizon is carried out by the first step (the sequence numbers of the step and the horizon coincide) with the first longitudinal front 5 (or front 5 in its first position) to be prepared to prepare the horizon for the second inclined trench 6. To prepare for the third inclined trench 9, the longitudinal front 5 of the first horizon with the first ledge is moved to the second position 7 and on the second working horizon with the second ledge, the longitudinal front is formed in its first position 8. Similarly, the third them the position of the front of the first ledge, the second position of the front of the second ledge and the first position of the front of the third ledge prepare the third horizon for the sinking of the fourth inclined trench to the fourth horizon of the first mining PI (figure 4). The stated sequence and relationship of these works on the horizons determines the dependence

where η is the serial number of the working horizon from top to bottom;

ρ - serial number of the position of the longitudinal rectilinear front on the horizon.

For example, for driving a second inclined trench (see figure 2)

2 = 1 + 1; for driving the third inclined trench (see figure 3) the situation on the first horizon 3 = 1 + 2; on the second horizon 3 = 2 + 1; for driving the fourth trench - the situation on the first horizon 4 = 1 + 3; on the second horizon 4 = 2 + 2; on the third horizon 4 = 3 + 1.

Dependence (9) is a necessary condition for the implementation of the method, since failure to perform it on any working horizon in the range from elevations of the base of the first ledge to the level of the horizon of the first ore mining entails either a deterioration in the TEC of the work, or a deterioration in the TEC and safety of the work, or their shutdown. So, the formation of the front 5, for example, is first closer to the side of the stage than in FIG. 2, followed by moving to the second position 5 in violation of dependence (9), because 2 ≠ 1 + 2, - entails a decrease in the length of the transverse approaches relative to the minimum permissible TEC “l _s ” and, accordingly, in the prevailing part of the area between the side of the stage and front 5, it entails the development of the GP with a split horizontal trench adjacent along the length to the side and longitudinal approaches with all their disadvantages described above, worsening TEC and work safety. Similarly, the foregoing will be a consequence of the formation of front 8 on the second horizon through one movement (two positions) or two movements (three positions), for which 3 ≠ 2 + 2 and 3 ≠ 2 + 3, etc. The formation of the front 8 without moving the front 5 (at which 3 ≠ 1 + 1 and 3 ≠ 2 + 0) is not feasible. It is impossible to form a front of the required length on the third horizon for driving the fourth inclined trench at the second position 7 of front 5, (at which 4 ≠ 1 + 2), which holds the front 8 of the second horizon in the first position (4 ≠ 2 + 1); only a small part of the work is possible in the vicinity of the end face of the third inclined trench. The consequences of other addiction disorders are similar (9).

When the longitudinal rectilinear front 5 is rotated to position 7, and then to position 10, and front 8 to position 11 (Fig. 4), weak and strong GPs between the indicated positions of the fronts begin to work out accordingly without blasting and, with their help, from the ends of the first transverse inclined trenches 3 and 6 calls from the points “о ′” and “о ″” with moving the works in the general direction of the opposite side of the quarry stage and thereby provide the opportunity to transport the worked GP to the ramp along straight lines. Moreover, between the executed and performed positions of these fronts, until they diverge in the transverse general trench direction by an amount not less than “l _s ”, the volumes 12 and 13 of the rocks are worked out by insertions (with a decrease in the length of each subsequent entry relative to the previous one), consonants (parallel and quasi-parallel) executed fronts (lower edges of their slopes “o′m ′” and “o ″ r ′” (see figure 4). Processing GP in the circuits “o′-m′-c′-o ′” and “о ″ -R′-e′-o ″ ”with their transportation along the first and second working horizons to the exit along straight lines along the horizons, a transverse intermediate front is formed along the “сm” line of the first and the second step along the “er” line. When it is formed by working out strong GPs, for example, volume 13 or 12 in the presence of strong GPs, they improve and increase the use of explosive energy as follows.

By turning the longitudinal front 5, front 8, etc., relative to the end face of the first transverse runway adjacent to the inclined trench on each horizon, the angle between the longitudinal front and the path of the common trench is reduced compared to the angle obtained by turning this front relative to the junction of the horizontal split trench to the inclined by known methods [1-3] and others (that is, relative to the points "g" and "b '" in Fig.1-3). By this displacement of the axis of rotation from points “g” and “b ′” to points “o” and “o ″” and a decrease due to this angle of rotation of the longitudinal front with respect to the path of the common trench, a favorable corresponding displacement of the location of the blasted GPs relative to the site between inclined trenches, for example, 6 and 9 (a greater approximation to them, or a smaller distance from them compared to known methods, but in any case, when blasting parallel to the longitudinal front of the blocks, displaced and collapsed by a GP explosion at a smaller angle between the fr ntom and general trench are located closer to the named congress sites).

Thus, the transverse intermediate front in the sections of the transverse common trench of no less than “l _h ” diverges the positions of the longitudinal fronts at the horizons by working off points “о ′” and “о ″” in the direction of the opposite side of the stage of volumes 12 and 13 GP and thereby provide a decrease in the transportation distance of these gas stations by technological creation and maintaining rational conditions for the formation of straight roads and improving the use of explosive energy.

When the front 8 is moved to position 11, and also when the front 5 is described as being moved to positions 7 and 10, if the first step is working hard rock and when the front 16 is formed by the third step (see figure 4), there are strong GPs between executed (former ) and the provisions of the longitudinal fronts are fulfilled with the help of a BWR with a transverse common inner trench by the intermediate front by moving it towards the opposite side of the quarry stage and thereby provide the shortest transportation routes for GP and reducing the length routes by moving the explosives in the direction of their transportation. The transverse intermediate front is moved from the line “с′m ′” of the transverse divergence of the positions of the longitudinal front — the lower edge of the transverse front on the first working horizon and the line “e′r ′” of the difference - the lower edge of the transverse front on the second horizon (see Fig. 4) value defined by the expression

where In _p - the magnitude of the discrepancy between the executed and the performed positions of the longitudinal rectilinear front in the transverse common internal trench direction - the length of the lower edge of the transverse intermediate front, m;

to the lower edge of the instrument rear sight (for example, from the lower edge of the slope of the intermediate front “er ′” to the lower edge “u′-ω′-s” of the instrument rear sight 17 strong GP of the second ledge), the width defined by the expression

where W _c - the width of the instrumental pillar of the GP from the lower edge of its slope to the side of the quarry stage along its horizon, m

For example, in the above conditions, l _s = 32 m, and the length of the first transverse approach along the line “e′r ′” between the positions of the front 8 and 11 of the second ledge is 36 m, the width (across the side of the pit stage) of the target pillar GP 17 at the lower edge front 8 on the working platform of the base of the second ledge - (on the second working horizon) is 32 m, at the lower edge of position 11 of this front - 72 m (see figure 4); 36> 32 and 32≤32 ÷ 72, i.e. the accepted parameters correspond to expressions (10) and (11).

Expressions (10) and (11) are a prerequisite for the method, because the boundaries of the rational use of the transverse intermediate front within the limits of the longitudinal fronts are determined by the TEP of the work. Refining GP between them with a transverse intermediate front with a length shorter than “l _s ”, and (or) the formation of an instrument pillar with a width shorter than “l _s ”, and its subsequent working out with round-the-clock stages, entail an increase in the idle time of the excavator and idle times in anticipation of dump trucks , i.e. entail a decrease in the performance of geological and technical measures and a decrease in the TEC of works.

Expressions (10) and (11) are the constituent elements of the totality of all the mathematical dependencies and expressions of the method, which are generally necessary and sufficient to ensure the intensity and efficiency of opening the PI, safety and rational directions, boundaries and sequence of work that eliminate the above disadvantages of the known methods.

In order to reduce the seismic effect of explosions on the stage board and the limiting side of the quarry, the taillight pillar, in the process and as it is formed by setting an intermediate transverse front along the “u′-ω′-s” line, at a safe distance from its face, transverse of the quarry stage by calls consistent with the moved front 8, for example, in the area “s′-z′-υ′-ω′-s”, with the side setting in the design position. In the course of these works, the width of the pillar at the executed 8 and performed 11 fronts is leveled (approximated to “l _z ” and brought closer to “l _z ”) by, for example, blasting blocks along the line u′ω ′ after working off the transverse side of the block in the area “s “-Z′-υ′-ω′-s” ”or their simultaneous blasting followed by making calls first across the board, then along it with the drilling of the next transverse side of the block, etc. Thus, operations to refine the pillar and its formation alternate and combine, i.e. the whole pillar is worked out in the process of its formation and formed in the process of its development. This ensures the maximum possible advantage of the transverse intermediate front under the given conditions in terms of movement by explosions in the direction of transportation by dump trucks of all GP volumes, except for those limited by the permissible call-in length across the side. By combining the work on the formation of the rear sight with consonant board approaches and the development of the rear end by transverse board approaches, they achieve equality or closeness of the length of the latter to the value “l _s ” in order to prevent explosions from moving improper volumes of explosives along the side and ensure their movement from the side in the direction of the exit.

In the absence of strong GPs within the first step between positions 5, 7, and 10 of its longitudinal front, weak GPs work out without blasting to the opposite side of the stage, non-convex to the common trench (without convexity of the resulting contour in plan towards the common trench) with an intermediate front of 14 approaches, for example parallel, or subparallel (consonant) to the former (movable) front 5 (or its position 7 when moving to position 10 (Fig. 5), i.e., calls that are non-convex to the common trench (in its direction), an intermediate front 14, provide ayuschimi transportation of such kinds of GP to Congress on rectilinear tracks. In developing weak rocks first shoulder on sections transverse divergence of the longitudinal edge positions 5 and 7 and positions 7 and 10 for no less «l _z" value can transition from non-convex intermediate edge 14 (see. FIG .5) to the transverse 15 (see figure 4), with which weak GPs work out to the opposite side of the stage with setting it to the limit position.

In the process of moving longitudinal fronts, as well as in the process of preparing the horizons for driving inclined trenches as described above, roads from excavators to adjoining the horizons of inclined trenches (to a horizontal or slightly inclined platform between inclined trenches) are formed by, for example, planning works along straight lines (shown by arrows in FIGS. 1 and 5) and worked-out GPs are transported through them over the shortest distances. To do this, work on each underlying working horizon (for example, on the second) is carried out outside (outside the strip between the longitudinal front, for example 7, and the line "υо") of the alignment of the abutment points: the inner (relative to the quarry) abutment point "υ" of its inclined trench 6 to the overlying (first) working horizon and the adjacency point of the last (ie, this overlying horizon) on board (point “o”), spaced from its longitudinal front 7 to the underlying longitudinal front 8 (in the shortest direction from the lower edge of the front slope 7 to the top bro Front ke 8 at its junction with "o" board) by an amount "W" (see. Figures 3 and 5).

Since the first working horizon is the basis of the first ledge, often (and adopted in the considered example) of weak GPs worked out without explosive blasting (and without rock collapse by explosion), the “Ш” value on this horizon is “Ш _з ” and the point “о” it is also the point of contact of the former lower edge of the ledge, which existed prior to the last approach from the previous ones, which occurred when moving the front 5 in position 7 non-convex to the common trench intermediate front (see figure 5).

Similarly, work on the third horizon is performed outside (without crossing) the alignment of the junction point “e ″” of its inclined trench 9 to the overlying (second) working horizon and its point “b ″” on board, which is separated from the lower edge of its longitudinal front 11 by the shortest (perpendicular) distance “Ш” to the underlying front 16 (towards the front 16), while taking into account the hard rocks of the second ledge worked out from the blast furnace, the value “Ш” is taken to be equal to the width of the flank (at the end face of the intermediate transverse front 18) collapse GP, determined mine according to practical data (see figure 4), or more of it. This, along with the need for the mathematical dependence (8) described above in the comments, eliminates the violation of straight roads of the overlying horizon by works on the underlying horizon and minimizes the distance of transportation of GP along working horizons and the possibility of combining work on moving fronts on horizons in time (i.e., intensification autopsy) without interference with the implementation of other advantages of the method, increasing the intensity and TEC of the work.

As shown in Fig. 5, for example, when working out weak GPs of the first ledge with an intermediate front 14 not convex to the common trench and transporting the GP between it and the target point “υ” and “o” on the horizon from the bottom of the excavator to the site between inclined trenches 3 and 6 along straight (shortest, shown by arrows) routes — outside this point alignment — the υo lines, the front 8 of the second ledge is moved by the transverse intermediate front a′t ′ to the о o ’a’ position - part of position 11 of the front. After adjusting the stope face another non-convex bead 14 to the front stage, ie. "O" moves to "W _s" to perform position 10, target "υo" changes position and an intermediate edge «a't '» respectively move it in the direction of the opposite phase side with the GP moving by explosions in the direction of their transportation by dump trucks, which is carried out over the shortest distances along straight lines, as well as on an overlying horizon.

From the points of adjacency of the inclined trenches to the working horizons (from the rotary platform common for the horizon and exit) and from the bottom of the excavator in the next inclined trench to the surface of the quarry, GPs are transported along the bottom of the already completed part of the inclined trench and the general trench with a width corresponding to the standard width of the ramp required for oncoming traffic of empty and loaded dump trucks. On roads on the earth's surface and exits to dumps, GPs are transported to external dumps.

By the time the horizon for the first production of PI is opened by driving an internal common trench to the dc line (see FIGS. 1 and 6), longitudinal straight fronts on the working horizons should be brought at least to positions 10, 11 and 16 (and in the best case work should already be done to move these fronts to a subsequent position according to the above mathematical dependencies), which makes it possible to form a front 19 with the associated mining of roofing PIs, go through an inclined trench 20 and deploy on the underlying horizon 21, in the area “d′-g′-f ′ -D "Mining operations, including for the extraction of PI (see Fig.6). A different position of the fronts at the time of driving the inclined trench to the dc line, for example, corresponding to smaller angles of rotation from position 7 to position 10 and from position 8 to position 11 (see Fig. 4) entails stopping work on the horizon of the dc line and the conservation of the site in anticipation of the movement of the overlying fronts in the position shown in Fig.6.

The implementation of the described operations predetermined the feasibility of further opening the horizons and excavation of mineral resources from the bowels of the proposed method until the end of the mining stage. It is most appropriate to use it from the beginning of the construction of quarries, but it is quite realistic to use it effectively in quarries under construction by known methods, since the proposed method can bring the actual position of mining into the required one. For this, for example, on the situational plan of mining, according to dependence (4), points of adjacency of inclined trenches to working horizons are established and dependencies (5-9) determine the necessary positions of the fronts in their sequence, relationship and parameters, and in the process of their implementation already existing ( actual) ledges and workings are organically built into the proper contours of the fronts.

At stageless quarries, the opening of horizons and PI is carried out according to the proposed method in their limiting contours.

The advantages and technical effect of the proposed method are as follows.

1. To reduce the volume of stripping operations during construction and in the initial period of operation of the quarry by:

1.1. determination by dependencies (5), (6) and (7) of the boundaries of the necessary and sufficient amount of work to prepare horizons for the sinking of new inclined trenches to the underlying horizons and thereby eliminating unnecessary work and the timing of their implementation;

1.2. determination by dependencies (8) and (9) of the rational positions of longitudinal fronts moved on the horizons, by parameters, sequence and interrelation of work, excluding additional volumes that occur when performing work without dependencies (8) and (9);

1.3. performing complex operations of the proposed method. According to figure 1-6 in the total volume of rock mass in the contours of the stage of mining the quarry 14627790 m ³ , the access of the geological and technical measures to the horizon of the first production of PI is provided by overburden operations from the line "ef" to the line "cd" in the amount of 1153104 m ³ , amounting to 7, 9% of the total volume of the quarry stage (1153104: 14627790 = 0.079; 0.079 · 100% = 7.9%), significantly less than when opening the PI by known methods. In this case, the first step led to the development of an area of 63644 m ² from the total area of the open pit stage up 282602 m ² , which is 22.5% (63644: 282602 = 0.2252; 0.2252 · 100% = 22.5%).

According to the state of mining at the time of mining, two (fourth and fifth) steps (see Fig.6) mined 2872920 m ^{3 of} rock mass, which is 19.6% - the fifth, non-main part of the volume of the quarry stage (2872920: 14627790 = 0, 1964; 0.1964100% = 19.6%). This is a positive result of the construction and the initial period of exploitation of the quarry, confirmed by the source [1], on p.83 of which the lack of opening with spiral trenches stated "... the need to carry out the main overburden work in the initial period of exploitation of the quarry".

2. In the exception of the penetration of horizontal split trenches along the contour of the quarry stage and the inherent disadvantages of the above-described disadvantages in the known methods of opening the working horizons and PI, providing:

2.1. reduction of the volume of stripping and side-loading operations of the side of the stage, which is carried out with reduced performance of the geological and technical measures and increased cost in the conditions of tight spaces, and improvement of the conditions for the development of mining operations on horizons.

According to the state of mining at the time of mining two ledges (see Fig.6), i.e. in the presence of five working horizons and five inclined trenches, by known methods it is inevitable to drive five split (horizontal) trenches 16 m wide at the bottom (corresponding to the bottom width of the inclined trenches 16 m) along the top - 24 m, various sources from 150 to 250 ( an average of 200) m and, accordingly, a volume of 48,000 m ³ each, or a total volume of 240000 m ³ (5 · 48000 = 240000). This volume is in the volume of work performed according to Fig.6 8.4% (240000: 2872920 = 0.0835; 0.0835 · 100% = 8.4%) and we will perform it according to the proposed method without reducing the productivity of the geological and technical measures and increasing the cost overburden, which is predetermined by the cutting of split trenches along the contour of the stage (as well as along the limiting contour) of the quarry - by excavation of GP between the side of the stage (for example, 36 m in the third horizon, 48 m in the fourth, 60 m in the fourth, etc. .) and the side of the trench 12 m high with a width of its bottom 16 m (one third higher than the height of its side (16: 12 = 1.333) under constrained conditions the work and placement of geological and technical measures in a narrow space, in which a deadlock scheme for feeding dump trucks for loading, as well as the difficulties of forming the side of a quarry stage by an excavator from a trench, etc., are listed below.These difficulties are practically eliminated in the proposed method, or at least areas of their presence are significantly reduced in size and their complex is reduced by the following.

So, according to the proposed method, sections of the first transverse approach 4 and wedging out of the mine on board in the vicinity of the point z (and z ′) (see FIGS. 1-3) are worked out under the least favorable conditions, improved in comparison with the conditions for driving split trenches, that the work is carried out by visits not along the contour of the stage, but across the first of the named sections, at the second at an angle to this contour (along the longitudinal front 5) with an adjoining length of 18 m on the first section, and 16 m on the second. most reduced the length of the stages of the clearance side in cramped spaces, as the total length of adjoining sections to the side on one horizon is 34 m, i.e. reduced relative to the length of the abutment to the side of the cutting trench stage by 5.88 times (200: 34 = 5.88), increased space for the placement of geological and technical measures (see Figs. 1-3), reduced the size and improved location of the explosive blocks of the GP relative to the side of the stage a career with a corresponding reduction in the seismic effect of explosions on it.

The volume mined in the first section of the GP is 10848 m ³ , in the second - 3576 m ³ , the total volume on the horizon is 14424 m ³ (10848 + 3576 = 14424 (m ³ ), the volume on five horizons is 72,120 m ³ (14424 · 5 = 72120 (m ³ ) is 0.3 volume of split trenches (72120: 240000 = 0.3) and 0.5% of the volume of the quarry stage (72120: 14627790 = 0.0049; 0.0049 · 100% = 0.5% )

Thus, the sections and volumes of GP worked out under the least favorable conditions are insignificant and the above-mentioned disadvantages, predetermined by the sinking of split trenches, are essentially reduced to a negligible amount.

2.2. the absence of the need to transport volumes of split trenches (in accordance with clause 2.1, which constitutes 8.4% of the total volume of GP worked out at five horizons) along curved roads (limited by the curved side of the quarry stage and the sides of the trenches), which increases the distance of GP transportation, the consumption of combustible substances (lengthening ways and reducing the speed of dump trucks) and the amount of work and the cost of time and money on the formation and maintenance of roads;

2.3. reduction of seismic impact on the side of the quarry stage and the quarry massif and improvement of crushing of strong GPs by explosions by means of working out the GP transverse to the general trench and onboard stages of the penetrations. It is well known that the blasting of blocks having an additional free surface of the slope of the ledge to the transverse side of the front quarry, incl. when practicing the instrument rear sight 17 (see Fig. 4), in comparison with blasting the clamped medium with blocks along the side and adjoining it in the contours of the cutting trench, it significantly reduces the seismic effect on the side and the near-mine array and improves the quality of crushing and productivity of the geological and technical measures ( a decrease in oversized output and the number and time of excavator repairs, an increase in the rate of excavation and loading operations);

3. In reducing the distances of transportation of rocks by dump trucks by:

3.1. determining and implementing the contours of the quarry mining stage in accordance with the features of the occurrence of PI in the bowels, ensuring a minimum amount of work to open the horizon of the first production (the horizon crossing the PI in the vicinity of their roof) and taking into account the locations of the areas allocated for external dumps. For example, at the highest elevations of the roof of the solid body of PI in the southeastern part of the field (see Fig. 1) and its extension and fall to the north-west (or the roof of the overlying PI from separate bodies when located in an array of underlying bodies in the central and north -western part of the deposit) and in the presence of areas for the placement of waste dumps in the north-western part of the land allotment (not shown in Fig.), the position and configuration of the PI extracting from the bowels of the contour of the quarry stage are determined by the criterion of minimizing distances transporting GP to external dumps in accordance with a certain dependence (4) on the length of the general trench from the most acceptable section of the first PI mining (from the dc line) to the ef line at the intersection of the earth’s trench at a minimum distance from the dumps;

3.2. providing straight-line routes for transporting GP on working horizons by:

3.2.1. the development of works on the horizons and their preparation for the sinking of new inclined trenches with transverse common trenches by passages that allow from any bottom of the excavator to the horizon between the inclined trenches, for example "gmu-υ-g" (see figure 2) to transport the GP along straight lines ( see figure 1);

3.2.2. full mining on the horizon at certain boundaries defined by dependencies (5), (6) and (7) with wedging out of the mine in the side of the stage (in the vicinity of the points “z” and “z” (see FIGS. 2-5) before starting new inclined trenches 6, 9, and others to the underlying horizons, because after their penetration, transportation of part of the left (unfinished, cut off by the transverse front) volumes of the GP is possible only along a curved track;

3.2.3. GP processing when moving the longitudinal front of operations on the horizon to a new position (front 5 to position 7, then 10, front 8 to position 11) non-convex to the common trench, or transverse to it by an intermediate front, or with the non-convex front transformed to the transverse and by working off lateral crossings on board the quarry stage with instrumented rear sightings 17. These positions of the fronts and openings allow transporting the GP from the faces of the excavators to the site where the common trench adjoins the horizon along straight lines.

» - четвертую часть длины окружности; при отработке карьера по предлагаемому способу (приемлемому для отработки карьеров любой конфигурации в плане) максимальная длина продольного фронта составляет «2R» и среднее расстояние транспортирования пород - «R» (2R:2=R), а по остальным трассам - меньше «R». Сопоставление расстояний транспортирования по способам показывает:The feasibility of straight lines can be represented by the example of deep open pits of circular shape with a spiral exit. In practice, they are worked out by steps (representing concentric circles in plan) from the center to the periphery, respectively, the road routes are 2πR circles and are rationally used by πR semicircles (where R is the radius of the circle, m) adjacent to the ramp (to general trench). The average distance of transportation of the GP on the horizon in a semicircle is "

"- the fourth part of the circumference; when mining a quarry according to the proposed method (acceptable for mining quarries of any configuration in plan), the maximum length of the longitudinal front is “2R” and the average distance of transportation of the rocks is “R” (2R: 2 = R), and for other routes - less than “R” . Comparison of transportation distances by methods shows:

;

;

,

;

;

,

those. ideally, the distances of transporting GPs on working horizons (or weighted average over all horizons) by traditional methods are no less than 1.57 times the distances by the proposed method. And although for quarries of a different configuration, the value of the indicator of this comparison will differ from that obtained, however, its significance is obvious, as is the effectiveness of the proposed method.

3.2.4. the observance of technological parameters in the sequence and interrelation of activities determined by dependencies (8) and (9), which ensure the development of volumes of flanking collapse of the GP (formed during work on moving the front to a new position) and their transportation along the shortest routes of its horizon, for example, during mining GP of the first ledge from the line "ωо" to the site "gmu-υ-g" (see Fig.2 and 3), and when working out the second ledge between the position 11 of the front and the target points "e" "and" b "" (see Fig. 4).

Failure to comply with the specified parameters and work sequence entails:

- development of a part of the indicated volumes (overlying horizon) on the underlying horizon and their transportation along an elongated route from the vicinity of the point “z ′” through the line “b′t” (with curvature of the route between them due to the ongoing (or completed) penetration of the inclined trench 9) along an inclined trench 6 to the aforementioned site between it and trench 3, moreover, to excavate the bulk of the GP, an additional digging of the excavator to the area of previously completed works (points “z ′”) is required;

- the presence of sections for embedding slopes of two, three or more ledges into a single unsafe slope not formed by a cutting slot (without berms), or with areas lacking between the slopes of the ledges, sufficient to capture the volumes of rock breakup width and prevent their spread to underlying horizons;

- a temporary cessation of work (a decrease in the rate of opening and productivity of the geological and technical measures) in anticipation of restoration at the lower horizons, determined by dependencies (8) and (9), of parameters and the order of work on overlying horizons.

The foregoing, reducing the intensity and efficiency of opening horizons and in general opening of PI, is excluded by dependencies (8) and (9).

3.2.5. performance of work on each underlying horizon beyond the alignment of the point of contact of its inclined trench to the overlying horizon and the point of the latter on board, which is величину Sh ’away from its longitudinal front in the direction of the underlying front. This target - the υо line in Figs. 3 and 5 (also shown in Fig. 6) provides a combination of works in time at horizons adjacent to vertical elevations (intensification of the autopsy), delimits them and, by adjusting their sequence and matching the pace, saves formed by straight roads on overlying horizons. Non-intersection by mining operations on the underlying horizons of these overlying sections is a prerequisite for the implementation of the method, because otherwise transportation of GPs with detours of worked out sections is inevitable (transportation along curved routes).

3.3. rational areas of work using physical processes:

3.3.1. moving GP by the energy of explosions in the direction of their transportation by dump trucks. When preparing horizons for driving new inclined trenches and moving longitudinal fronts to new positions by blasting blocks (in strong GPs) located along transverse intermediate fronts, destroyed GPs are thrown out in the direction of their transportation by dump trucks, which reduces the transportation distance, because loading points for dumped trucks with excavators of destroyed rocks are closer to the ramp than when loading these GPs from the pillar: the projection of the center of the destroyed masses on the working horizon with a GP collapse width of 26 m is 9 m away from the projection of the center of mass in the rear of the center of gravity on the approach path (or 0.009 km) in the direction perpendicular to the front of the work.

With the total amount of work performed according to the state of FIG. 6, their state is 2872920 m ³ , incl. 1314336 m ^{3 of} rock mined without blasting, including on driving an inclined trench, the volume of GP pillar pillars at horizons of 92160 m ³ , volumes 12 and 13 (see figure 4) 96768 m ³ , when blasting blocks of which the direction of rock movement deviates from the direction of their transportation by dump trucks, although generally the collapsed masses approach to the ramp, the total volume of four inclined trenches (one taken into account in the volume of weak rocks) 52,800 m ³ , - the volume of explosions transported by explosions in the direction of transportation of dump trucks by dump trucks is 1316856 m ³ (2872920-1314336-92160-96768-52800 = 1316856 (m ³ ). With a bulk mass of rocky and half-scale of rocks of 2.7 t / m ^{3 by} moving explosions in the direction of transportation of gas equipment, the volume of cargo transportation is reduced by 31999.6 t · km (1316856 · 0.009 · 2.7 = 31999.6 (t · km)), which at a cost of 5.5 RUB / t · km saves 175997.8 rubles (31999.6 · 5.5 = 175997.8 (rubles)). Saving per 1 m ^{3 of} rock exploded along the transverse fronts is 0.024 t · km / m ³ and 0 , 13 rubles / m ³ (31999.6: 1316856 = 0.024 (t km / m ³ ) and 175997.8: 1316856 = 0.13 (rubles / m ³ )).

The ratio of the total volume of the instrument pillars (17, etc.) and the sections 12 and 13 of the discrepancy of the longitudinal fronts by an amount less than “l _s ”, which is 188928 m ³ (92160 + 96768 = 188928 m ³ ), to the volume of blasted rocks (excluding volumes four inclined trenches 52800 m ³ ), which is 1505784 m ³ (2872920-1314336-52800 = 1505784 m ³ ), equal to 0.1255 (188928: 1505784 = 0.1255). Given the further development of the quarry without driving a common trench (it is completed), the following remains to be done.

Of the total volume of the quarry, 14627790 m ³ , including 3391224 m ^{3 of} weak GPs according to the state of mining, presented in Fig.6, 2872920 m ^{3 are} mined, incl. 1314336 m ^{3 of} weak SOEs, and in the future, until the quarry stage is fully developed, 11754870 m ^{3 of} rock mass (14627790-2872920 = 11754870 m ³ ) will have to be removed from the subsoil, including 2076888 m ³ weak GP (3391224-1314336-2076888 m ³ ). It is necessary to work out with BVR 9677982 m ³ (11754870-2076888 = 9677982 m ³ ), including in pillars like 17, and in volumes between the positions of the fronts to a value of their transverse divergence less than "l _s ", like 12 and 13, - 1214586.7 m ³ (9677982 · 0.1255 = 1214586.7 m ³ ) and 8463395 , 3 m ³ (9677982-1214586.7 = 8463395.3 m ³ ) of gas transported by explosions in the direction of transportation by dump trucks. The savings in freight traffic will amount to 205660.5 t · km (8463395.3 · 2.7 · 0.009 = 205660.5 t · km), the savings in money will be expressed in 1131132.7 rubles. (205660.5.5.5 = 1131132.7 rub.).

In total, the volume from 9780251.3 m ³ (1316856 + 8463395.3 = 9780251.3 m ³ ) moves from the beginning to the end (for the entire period) of mining, by blasting strong SOEs in the direction of automobile transportation. The savings will be: freight transportation 237660.1 t · km (31999.6 + 205660.5 = 237660.1 t · km), cash 1307130.5 rubles. (175997.8 + 1131132.7 = 1307130.5 rubles).

3.3.2. displacement of rock by gravity.

Crushed by the bucket of the excavator at an angle of 75 ÷ 90 ° (and in the upper part of the pile at a reverse angle), destroyed GPs with a natural slope angle of 32 ÷ 42 ° collapse to the base of the ledge (to the working horizon) by gravity. This saves the time of filling the bucket and extending the handle, reduces the radius of rotation of the filled bucket, and generally reduces the time of the excavation and loading cycle, i.e. increases excavator performance.

During excavator passes along the transverse intermediate front, destroyed GPs collapsing by the force of gravity move (crumble) in the direction of transportation by dump trucks, thereby reducing transportation distances. According to [1], p.306 (Table 42 and Fig. 195), with a GP camber width of 26 m, according to indicators that provide the smallest volumes and distances of moving GPs by gravity: the angle of repose of the destroyed masses is 42 °, trimming them with an excavator 75 °, the angle of rotation of the excavator in the bucket digging zone is up to 120 °, which ensures the development of a “tape” with a width of 14 m (less than the entry width) with the location of the axis of the first pass of the excavator at a distance of 6 m from the bottom edge of the pile of destroyed rocks, according to the results of graphoanalytical calculation, at the first pass Vator is worked out 67.9% of the volume of the pillar of rocks in the contours of the entry width of 18 m (with the width of the "tape" equal to "W _s ", the angle of rotation of the excavator to 180 ° and the location of the axis of the excavator at a distance of 9 m from the bottom edge of the pile of rocks worked 84, 7% of the total call volume). All other things being equal - the distances from the lower edge of the slopes to the axis of movement of vehicles, the loading points of GPs in dump trucks when they are worked out in the contours of the approach completely and when working out the first “belt” of destroyed GPs are separated from each other by the distance between the axes of the excavator passages in the first and second case. The axes of the aforementioned passages of the excavator are separated from the lower edge of the slope formed in the rear: in the first case, by 9 m, in the second by 20 m, the distance between the axes is 11 m (20-9 = 11 (m). This distance is close to the exit 67, 9% of the volume of the landing on the entire GP of the forces of explosion and gravity.The contribution of the explosion to this result is the displacement of the center of mass of the landing taken into account in paragraph 3.3.1 by 9 m displacement of its projection onto the working horizon. Therefore, the proportion of gravity in the movement of the volume of the GP of the landing on the whole is taken into account two meters (11-9 = 2 (m). According to the state of mining, presented in Fig.6, the volume rocks transported by gravity in the direction of transportation by dump trucks is 894145.2 m ³ (1316856 · 0.679 = 894145.2 (m ³ ), where 0.679 = 67.9%: 100%). The value of freight transportation savings is 4828.4 t · km (894145.2 · 2.7 · 0.002 = 4828.4 t · km), - costs - 26556.2 rubles (4828.4 · 5.5 = 26556.2 rubles). At the time of the full development of the career stage by force 5746645.4 m ³ (8463395.3 · 0.679 = 5746645.4 m ³ ) will be moved by gravity. The value of freight transportation savings is determined by 31031.9 t · km (5746645.4 · 2.7 · 0.002 = 31031.9 t · km) , cash - 170 675.4 rubles. (31031.9.5.5 = 170675.4 rubles.).

4. In increasing the efficiency and intensity of quarrying through the rational opening of work horizons and minerals, providing:

4.1. decrease in freight traffic at working horizons.

Within the boundaries of the open pit mining stage and the longitudinal fronts at the horizons shown in Figures 1 and 6 on a scale of 1: 4000, the volumes of cargo transportation to the exit at the time of development of mining operations at the fourth and fifth horizons were determined. Also, taking into account the laying of the sides of the stage for each horizon according to Figs. 1-6 and to the full depth of the quarry (between circuit 1 and the line “g′f ′” in Fig. 6), the volumes of cargo transportation at the time the stage was fully worked out were determined by means of graph-analytical modeling career. The calculations are carried out in comparison of the production of works by known and by the claimed methods. The results are shown in the table.

Table Cargo transportation at working horizons Horizons
No. n / a from top to bottom Cargo volumes, t · km in the contours of work on
6 according to methods for the full development of the career stage by the methods famous claimed famous claimed one 1266219 1025182 3352323 2645155 2 836042 668080 2926656 2370688 3 385866 303730 2692364 2014247 four 73197 63998 2347022 1730345 5 5814 5012 2068383 1461176 Total 2567138 2066002 13386748 10221611

According to the results presented in the table and taking into account what is stated in paragraph 3, according to the state of work according to Fig. 6, the volume of cargo transportation by the present method will be 2029174 t · km (2066002-31999.6-4828.4 = 2029174 t · km), which 1.26 times less than by known methods (2567138: 2029174 = 1.26), and as a result of the complete development of the quarry stage, the volume of freight traffic will be 9952919 t · km (10221611-237660.1-31031.9 = 9952919 t · km) which is 1.345 times less than by known methods (13386748: 9952919 = 1.345); freight savings will be 3433829 t · km (13386748-9952919 = 3433829 t · km), or 18886059 rubles. (3433829.5.5 = 18886059 rub.), I.e. 1.29 rubles / m ³ (18886059: 14627790 = 1.29 rubles / m ³ ).

The weighted average density of the rocks is γ, t / m ³ , in the contours shown in Fig.6, is equal to 2.654 t / m ³

;

; γ=2,654 (т/м³).

;

; γ = 2.654 (t / m ³ ).

The weighted average distance of transportation of rocks at the horizons will be:

- by known methods - 0.3367 km

, или 0,3367 т·км в среднем приходится на транспортирование 1 т горной массы по горизонтам до съезда;

, or 0.3367 t · km on average accounted for the transportation of 1 ton of rock mass horizons before the exit;

- by the claimed method - 0.2661 km

или 0,2661 т·км приходится на 1 т горной массы.

or 0.2661 t · km per 1 ton of rock mass.

The relative decrease in the weighted average distance of transportation of rock due to the use of the proposed method will be 21%

Weighted average density of rocks in the contours of the quarry stage γ = 2.6768 t / m ³ ;

;

; γ=2,6768 (т·м³).

;

; γ = 2.6768 (tm ³ ).

The weighted average distance of transportation of the GP at the horizons will be:

;- by known methods - 0.3419 km

;

- by the claimed method - 0.2542 km

;

;

; относительное уменьшение расстояния заявляемым способом составит 25,65% the weighted average distance of transportation of GP at the horizons (before the exit) by known methods is 1.345 times greater than by the proposed method

; the relative decrease in distance of the claimed method will be 25.65%

.

.

Obviously a decrease in material, labor and time costs for the formation and maintenance of roads in horizons due to the proposed method;

4.2. combining the factors described in paragraphs 1–4 into a complex to increase the productivity of gas and oil and gas and fuel and energy production works and reduce their volume during the construction period and the initial period of quarrying.

INFORMATION SOURCES

1. The technology of open development of mineral deposits. Part 2. Technology and complex mechanization of open cast mining / M.G. Novozhilov, B. Khokhryakov, G. D. Pchelkin, etc. - M .: Nedra, 1971, p. 62-63, 66, 80-85, 132-133 258-259, 310-312.

2. Anistratov Yu.I. The technology of open mining of ores of rare and radioactive metals. - M .: Nedra, 1988, p. 328-329, 334-336, 346-353, 364-367.

3. Khokhryakov B.C. Open pit mining. - M .: Nedra, 1982, p. 251-253.

4. Anistratov Yu.I. Open Mining Technology: A Textbook for High Schools. - M .: Nedra, 1984, p. 267-271.

5. Rzhevsky V.V. Open cast mining. Part 2. Technology and complex mechanization. - 4th ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Nedra, 1985, pp. 88-104, 169-171, 354-363.

6. Rzhevsky V.V. Technology and comprehensive mechanization of open cast mining. - 2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Nedra, 1975, p. 383-384, 417-421.

7. Stream technology of open development of rocky rocks / A.O. Spivakovsky, V.V. Rzhevsky, M.V. Vasiliev, etc. - M .: Nedra, 1970, p.299-301.

Claims (1)

A method for opening minerals with a spiral trench, including the formation of a common internal trench of a spiral form of a route along the limiting contour of the quarry mining stage by sequentially driving inclined trenches from the previous working horizon, after the development of mining operations on it, to the subsequent, fan-like development of the work front for each open inside the stage mining the horizon and transporting GP to external dumps in the oncoming traffic of loaded and empty dump trucks, characterized in that after a preliminary determination of the contours of the stage of mining the quarry and the line adjoining the exit to the horizon of the first extraction of minerals, the sinking of the first and each subsequent inclined trench begins at a distance from it, determined by the dependence

where P _j is the length of the horizontal projection of the common trench between the lines of its adjacency to the horizon of the first extraction of minerals and the beginning of the j-th inclined trench to the work horizon, m;
j is the serial number of the inclined trench from top to bottom from the earth's surface;
D _j and B are, respectively, the elevations of the junction lines of the beginning of the jth inclined trench to the work horizon and the total trench to the horizon of the first mining, m;
i is the weighted average slope of the inclined trenches of the considered section of the common trench, ^o / _oo ;
l _n - the average length of regulatory areas between adjacent inclined trenches in the considered section of the common trench, m;
h is the height of the working ledge, m,
and from and along the abutment line of its bottom to the working horizon, a run is made with a length defined by the expression
2R≤l _s = W _d · K,
where R is the turning radius of dump trucks, m;
l _s - the minimum allowable for technical and economic indicators of work, the length of the entry at the bottom, m;
W _d - the width of the bottom of the inclined trench, m;
K is the value of the ratio of the length of the first transverse board of the approaching stage along the bottom to the width of the bottom of the trench (K> 1),
and from it, until adjoining the opposite side of the quarry stage, transverse trenches form the longitudinal straight front in the alignment of the ends of the first run and the run at a distance determined by the dependence

,
where L is the length along the board of the stage of the working horizon between the junction line of the inclined trench and the projection onto it of the lower edge of the forward slope of the upcoming first transverse approach on the underlying horizon, m;
W _s - the width of the entry on the whole rocks, m,
dependency length
l _p = l _s + h (ctgα + ctgβ) + Ш _n + B,
where l _p - the length of the lateral run-down at a distance of "L" on the side of the quarry from the abutment line of the bottom of the inclined trench to the working horizon, m;
α and β are the angles of inclination of the side of the quarry stage and the slope of the working ledge between the opened and the underlying horizons, deg .;
W _p and B - respectively, the width of the transport lane on the opened working horizon and the berm on board the quarry stage in the vertical plane of the lower edge of the front edge of the first slope of the first transverse approach of the underlying horizon, m,
and after completion of the preparation of the horizon for driving a new inclined trench, the front is turned relative to the end of the first transverse approach at a distance from the point of contact with the side of a similarly defined underlying front, determined by the dependence
l _f = h · ctgβ + III,
where l _f - the shortest distance in horizontal projection between the upper brows of the longitudinal fronts of adjacent horizons from the point of contact of the underlying of them to the side of the quarry stage, m;
W - the width of the site between adjacent longitudinal fronts at the side of the quarry stage, taken according to practical data of the flank rock collapse, m,
and in the foregoing and in the sequence and relationship of work on horizons, determined by the dependence
j = η + ρ,
where η is the serial number of the working horizon from top to bottom;
ρ is the serial number of the position of the longitudinal rectilinear front on the horizon,
continue to form a common spiral trench to the horizon of the first extraction of minerals, while a transverse intermediate front is formed between the positions of the longitudinal fronts at the horizons and during the development of the rocks it is moved in the direction of the opposite side of the quarry stage from the value determined by the expression
In _p ≥l _s ,
where In _p - the magnitude of the discrepancy between the executed and the performed positions of the longitudinal front in the transverse common trench direction, m,
to the instrument pillar by the width defined by the expression
W _c ≥l _s ,
where W _c - the width of the instrumental pillar of the rocks from the lower edge of its slope to the side of the quarry stage, m,
and in combination with the works on its formation, the whole pillars are worked out to the side of the quarry stage by crossings that are transverse to it, and weak rocks are worked out to the side non-convex to the common trench or transverse intermediate front, the roads on the horizons are formed and the rocks are transported to ramps along straight routes, and the work on each the underlying horizon is performed beyond the alignment of the point of contact of its inclined trench to the overlying horizon and the point of the latter on board, spaced from its longitudinal front to the underlying by the amount of "".

Images