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NO174211B - Veivkassesm!remiddel for bruk i bilmotorer omfattende en hovedmengde av en sm!reolje med lavt innhold av fosfor og sink, og konsentrat - Google Patents

Veivkassesm!remiddel for bruk i bilmotorer omfattende en hovedmengde av en sm!reolje med lavt innhold av fosfor og sink, og konsentrat Download PDF

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Publication number
NO174211B
NO174211B NO880847A NO880847A NO174211B NO 174211 B NO174211 B NO 174211B NO 880847 A NO880847 A NO 880847A NO 880847 A NO880847 A NO 880847A NO 174211 B NO174211 B NO 174211B
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Norway
Prior art keywords
weight
oil
copper
mixture according
phosphorus
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NO880847A
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English (en)
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NO174211C (no
NO880847D0 (no
NO880847L (no
Inventor
Terence Colclough
John Frederick Marsh
Frederick Alistair Gibson
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Exxon Chemical Patents Inc
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Publication of NO880847D0 publication Critical patent/NO880847D0/no
Publication of NO880847L publication Critical patent/NO880847L/no
Publication of NO174211B publication Critical patent/NO174211B/no
Publication of NO174211C publication Critical patent/NO174211C/no

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Description

Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår et veivkassesmøremiddel for bruk i bilmotorer omfattende en hovedmengde av en smøreolje, 5 til 500 vekt-ppm tilsatt kobber tilstede i oljeoppløselig form, en eller flere tilsatte oljeoppløselige svovelholdige forbindelser slik at blandingen omfatter fra mer enn 0,5 til 2,0 vekt-# totalt svovel og en effektiv mengde av en lagerkorrosj onsinhibitor.
Oppfinnelsen angår også et konsentrat av et slikt veivkasse-smøremiddel .
Det er i dag en stadig tendens til å redusere mengdene fosfor i smøremidler på grunn av de skadelige virkninger fosfor har på katalysatorer som vanligvis benyttes i katalytiske konvertere som benyttes ved utslippsregulering. Fosfornivåer har karakteristisk vært i størrelsesorden 0,1%, men det er en økende tendens til å redusere fosfornivåene til under 0,05 vekt-# eller å fjerne fosfor totalt. Imidlertid har sink-dialkylditiofosfater, ZDDP, og andre fosforholdige additiver, hyppig vært benyttet som antislitasje- og/eller antioksydant-additiver og bare å redusere eller å fjerne slike komponenter resulterer i smøremidler med dårlig maskinytelse.
US-A-2356661 beskriver smøreoljer inneholdende 50 til 1000 ppm kobber som en oljeoppløselig organisk forbindelse som kobberdialkylditiokarbamater og inkluderer fosforholdige forbindelser sammen med fra 0,1 til 0,5 vekt-% totalt svovel i oljen, idet svovel tilveiebringes som oljeoppløslige organiske svovelforbindelser slik som tiokarbamater.
US-A-2343756 beskriver tilsetning av kobberforbindelser inkludert fosforholdige kobberkomplekser i forbindelse med svovelforbindelser, til smøreoljer. Mengder fra 0,1 til 0,5 vekt-% svovel beskrives, idet mengder utover 0,5 vekt-% svovel beskrives som potensielt skadelige. I US-A-2442580 er kobber(I)tiofosfater innarbeidet i smøremiddelblandinger i relativt høye nivåer, som gir høye fosfornivåer i oljene.
I US-A-3346493 benyttes et vidt spektrum av metallholdige polymere amin-metallreaktanter som detergenter i smøre-preparater. I et isolert eksempel beskrives nok et smøremid-del inneholdende inter alia et kobbersalt av en acylert nitrogenforbindelse, 0,075% fosfor som et ZDDP omsatt med heksenoksyd, og en sulfurisert metylester av en talloljesyre. Andre kobberholdige smøremidler inneholder enten mer fosfor eller intet svovel. US-A-4122033 beskriver hele gruppen av overgangsmetallforbindelser som antioksydasjonsstabilisatorer i forbindelse med aminer, selenider, fosfiner eller fosfitter og kan benyttes i forskjellige anvendelser inkludert som additiver for smøremidler. Ingen av de foregående dokumenter beskriver helt ut de ferdigformulerte smøremiddeloljer som ville være egnet til å oppfylle de krav man stiller til moderne smøremidler og ingen retter seg spesielt mot reduksjon av fosfornivåene med samtidig opprettholdelse av ytelsen med henblikk på antislitasje, antioksydasjon og korrosjonsinhibering.
EP-A-24146 beskriver smøremiddelpreparater inneholdende et askefritt dispergeringsmiddel og/eller et polymer - viskositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel og kobber som kan foreligge i form av et ditiokarbamat, men som krever nærvær av 0,01 til 0,5 vekt-% sink og fra 0,01 til 0,5 vekt-% fosfor. Tiadiazolpolysulfider er en eventuell komponent.
US-A-4330420 beskriver oljer med redusert fosforinnhold (men kun til 0,05% P) ved bruk av blandinger av dialkyldifenylamin og et sulfurert polyolefin for å kompensere for reduksjon mengden ZDDP. Det er ingen beskrivelse hva angår bruken av kobber eller tiadiazolpolysulfider.
EP-A-89844 beskriver reaksjonsprodukter av 4,4'-metylen-bis(2,6-di-t-butylfenol) og tri-sec-C4_12-alkylortoborat og deres bruk i smøremidler for å muliggjøre at mengden av ZDDP reduseres til fra 0,05 til 0,11 vekt-% P.
US-A-4490265 beskriver smøreoljer som omfatter borholdige hetereocykliske forbindelser som kan foreligge i form av et metallsalt inkludert et kobbersalt, tiadiazolpolysulfider, tereftalsyre og som oksydasjonsinhibitor enten et bis(ditio-benzil)metallderivat der metallet inter alia kan være kobber eller en svovel-broslått, bis-behindret fenol. Ønskeligheten av å redusere eller å eliminere fosfor er ikke beskrevet og alle eksemplene på smøremidler inneholder 0,05 vekt-% P.
US-A-4623474 har en tilsvarende beskrivelse.
US-A-4627930 beskriver også borholdige heterocykliske forbindelser som kan foreligge i form av et kobbersalt og som kan være sulfurerte. Tiadiazolpolysulfider og kobberkarboksy-later er også beskrevet. Selv om de borholdige heterocykliske forbindelser er beskrevet som fosforfrie, er det ingen beskrivelse med henblikk på en fullt ut formulert olje som inneholder mindre enn 0,05 vekt-% P. US-A-4629580 har en tilsvarende beskrivelse. US-A-4629579 beskriver bor- og metallborderivater for bruk som ekstrem trykk-, antislitasje-og friksjonsreduserende additiver for smøreoljer og prepa-rater inkludert en som ikke inneholder ZDDP, men det er en beskrivelse av en blanding som inneholder små eller ingen mengder fosfor, men med svovel og kobber.
Smøremiddelblandinger inneholdende lave eller ingen mengder fosfor, men intet kobber er beskrevet i WO-A-8604601, WO-A-8604602 og WO-A-8606092.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse tar sikte på å tilveiebringe smøremidler med antislitasje-, korrosjonsinhiberende og antioksyderende virkning egnet for moderne oljekrav med reduserte eller ingen mengder sink og fosfor og uten behovet for store mengder eller kostbare former for antioksydasjons-midler.
Uttrykket "moderne olje" slik det her benyttes i forbindelse med bilveivkasseol j er henviser til en olje som kan møte dagens krav for veivkassesmøremidler i de større industri-land. Høyytelsesmaskiner inkludert langtidsopphold mellom oljeskift og høyere driftstemperaturer bidrar alt til de økede ytelser fra smøremidlene som benyttes. Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår spesielt bilsmøremidler som oppfyller og overskrider kravene for SF API "Engine Service Category" for serviceoljer og/eller CD-kravene for CD API Engine Service Category for kommersielle oljer (dieselmotorer), fastlagt sammen av API, SAE og ASTM.
I henhold til dette angår foreliggende oppfinnelse et veivkassesmøremiddel for bruk i bilmotorer omfattende en hovedmengde av en smøreolje, 5 til 500 vekt-ppm tilsatt kobber tilstede i oljeoppløselig form, en eller flere tilsatte oljeoppløselige svovelholdige forbindelser slik at blandingen omfatter fra mer enn 0,5 til 2,0 vekt-% totalt svovel og en effektiv mengde av en lagerkorrosjonsinhibitor, og smøremidlet karakteriseres ved at blandingen inneholder mindre enn 0,05 vekt-% fosfor og i det vesentlige intet sink.
Som nevnt innledningsvis angår oppfinnelsen også et konsentrat, og dette karakteriseres ved at det omfatter en oljeoppløsning inneholdende: (1) mindre enn 0,1 vekt-% fosfor og i det vesentlige intet sink; (2) fra 1 til 50 vekt-% av en oljeoppløselig svovelholdig forbindelse; (3) fra 0,005 til 2 vekt-* kobber; (4) fra 0,1 til 20 vekt-% av en lagerkorrosjonsinhibitor; og (5) fra 0 til 60 vekt-% av et askefritt dispergeringsmiddel og/eller fra 0 til 40 vekt-% av et polymervis-kositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel.
I spesielt foretrukne utførelsesformer av oppfinnelsen vil smøremiddelblandingen også inneholde ett eller flere askefrie dispergeringsmidler og/eller ett eller flere viskositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmidler og/eller ett eller flere overbasede additiver som virker som antacid- og antirustmidler, slik som overbasede kalsium- eller magnesium-sulfonater eller -fenater.
Bruken av kobber muliggjør ifølge oppfinnelsen at en olje med lavt fosforinnhold hvis ytelse møter kravene til moderne oljer økonomisk kan oppnås og med god kontroll av oksyda-sjonen, og som i en bilmotor katalyseres av metall akkumulert i oljen på grunn av slitasje eller korrosjon, idet jern er en spesiell oksydasjonskatalysator. Ved utilbørlig lave kobberkonsentrasjoner kan den antioksyderende effekt være utilstrekkelig for visse anvendelser. Ved utilbørlig høye konsentrasjoner vil askenivået i oljen økes og den økende tendens til lagerkorrosjon kan observeres. Mengden tilsatt kobber i blandingene vil generelt ligge innen området 10 til 400 ppm, karakteristisk 10 til 300, fortrinnsvis 10 til 200 og aller helst for eksempel 60 til 200 ppm.
Evnen til blandingene ifølge oppfinnelsen, inneholdende lave mengder oljeoppløselige kobberforbindelser og meget lave eller ingen mengder av fosfor, til å gi tilstrekkelig antioksyderende og antislitasjeytelser for de strenge krav man stiller til moderne motorprøver er overraskende. Kobber er kjent å virke i mange situasjoner som oksydasjonspromoter eller -katalysator og nær beslektede metaller som kobolt og krom er ikke effektive smøremiddelantioksydanter. EP-Å-24146 beskriver nærværet av minst 0,01 vekt-% av hver av fosfor og sink.
Det er også overraskende at kobberforbindelsen effektivt virker i blandinger som kan inneholde sink og andre metall-forbindelser som kalsium- eller magnesium-overbasede additiver som har en inherent pro-oksydant aktivitet. Kobberforbindelsene som benyttes som antioksydanter i blandingen ifølge oppfinnelsen, kan velges blant de som er beskrevet i EP-A-24146 som egnet for smøremidler forutsatt at kobberforbindelsene i det vesentlige er frie for fosfor.
Således kan kobber være iblandet i oljen som det oljeoppløse-lige kobbersalt av en syntetisk eller naturlig karboksylsyre. Eksempler på egnede karboksylsyrer C^Q.j^g-f ettsyrer som stearin- eller palmitinsyre, umettede syrer som olein-syre, forgrenede karboksylsyrer som naftensyrer med molekyl-vekter 200 til 500, neodecan- eller 2-etylheksansyre og alkyl- eller alkenylsubstituerte dikarboksylsyrer som polyalkensubstituerte ravsyrer, for eksempel oktadecenyl-, dodecenyl- og polyisobutenylravsyrer.
Kobberet kan iblandes i oljen som oljeoppløselige kobber-ditiokarbamater med den generelle formel (RR'NCSS)nCu, der n er 1 eller 2 og R og R' er like eller forskjellige C±- i8~ > fortrinnsvis Cg-i^-hydrokarbylrester som alkyl-, alkenyl-, aryl-, aralkyl-, alkaryl- og cykloalkylrester. Andre kobber-og svovelholdige forbindelser som kobbermerkaptider,-disulfider og -tioxantater er egnet for bruk ifølge oppfinnelsen. Kobbersulfonater, -fenater og -acetylacetonater kan også benyttes.
Alternativt kan kobber innføres i oljen i en oljeuoppløselig form forutsatt at kobberet, i den ferdige smøremiddel-blanding, foreligger i form av en oljeoppløselig forbindelse. Uttrykket "tilsatt kobber" er ment å utelukke kobber som er tilstede i oljen som et resultat av akkumulering av kobber i oljen under bruk, for eksempel ved slitasje eller korrosjon av kobberholdige komponenter.
Smøremiddelblandingene ifølge oppfinnelsen inneholder en tilsatt oljeoppløselig svovelforbindelse. En foretrukket klasse slike svovelforbindelser er ditiokarbamater, fortrinnsvis med formelen: (RR'NCSS)n M, der R, R' og n er som angitt ovenfor og M er et hensiktsmessig metall som molybden eller, som angitt ovenfor, kobber eller en eventuelt substituert hydrokarbylrest. Foretrukne ditiokarbamater er dialkylditiokarbamater, fortrinnsvis inneholdende 2 til 12 karbonatomer slik som diamylditiokarbamater.
Svovel kan også innføres som et merkaptid, spesielt merkap-tider av alifatiske merkaptaner (inkludert kobbermerkaptider som angitt ovenfor), sulfurerte umettede organiske forbindelser inkludert sulfurerte olefiner (for eksempel US-A-4119549, US-A-4-4119550, US-A-4191659 og US-A-4147640), sulfurerte Diels-Alder-addukter (for eksempel US-A-3632566, US-A-3498915 og US-E-27331) og spesielt sulfurerte umettede alkoholer og estre som spermoljesubstitutter, sulfider inkludert di- og polysulfider, tioetre, tiofenoler, tioxantater (inkludert kobbertioxantater som angitt ovenfor), sulfurerte estre, tioestre, tioamider, tiazoler som benzo-tiazoler og spesielt merkaptobenzotiazoler og tiadiazoler.
Mineralsmøreoljer inneholder svovel, mens syntetiske oljer kan være svovelfrie slik at mengden svovel som tilsettes som svovelholdig forbindelse varierer i henhold til basismate-rialet og svovelinnholdet av andre komponenter i smøremiddel-blandingen, aller helst slik at man oppnår et svovelinnhold på mer enn 0,5 til 1,0 vekt-% svovel totalt.
Smøremiddelblandingen ifølge oppfinnelsen inneholder fortrinnsvis fra 0,5 til 0,7 og helst 0,1 til 0,5 vekt-% S tilsatt som oljeoppløselig svovelholdig forbindelse, fortrinnsvis i form av en sulfurert ester.
Lagerkorrosjonsinhibitoren er en korrosjonsinhibitor som er effektiv for å inhibere korrosjonsvirkninger på lagre som Cu/Pb-lagre, der virkninger som kobberflekking og høye vekttap kan tas i betraktning. Slike additiver er funnet å fremme antislitasjeytelser i oljen. Foretrukne lagerkorro-sjonsinhibitorer er boratestre som B(0R)3, (RO )2B-0-B(0R)2,
(R0B0)3, (R0)2B0R<1>0B(0R)2 og blandinger (der R er en substituert eller usubstituert alkyl-, aryl- eller aralkyl-gruppe eller der to grupper R sammen danner en substituert eller usubstituert alkylengruppe og R<1> er en substituert eller usubstituert alkylengruppe) og disse stoffer kan for eksempel avledes fra alkoholer som alkoksyalkanoler (både kort- kjedede alkanoler og lengerkjedede alkoholer som i US-A-4440656) og polyeteralkanoler; mono—, di— og trihydroksy-alkaner, for eksempel 2-etylheksanol, 2-etylheksan-l,3-diol, butan-1,2-diol, butan-1,3-diol, glyserol og de acykliske polyoler i henhold til US-A-2866811; hydroksyestre som glycerylmonooleat; oksazoliner avledet for eksempel fra oljesyre og tris(hydroksymetyl)aminometan; svovelholdige alkoholer slik de kan oppnås ved omsetning av epoksyder med merkaptaner, for eksempel t-dodecylmerkaptoetanol; aminoalko-holer som alkanolaminer, for eksempel trietanolamin og tri-isopropanolamin, hydroksyaminer oppnådd ved omsetning av et primært amin (for eksempel oleylamin) eller et sekundært amin med etylen- eller propylenoksyd og forbindelsene i henhold til TJS-A-4406802. Foretrukne alkoholer er 2-metylpentan-l,3-diol, butan-1,2-diol, butan-1,3-diol og lignende 1,2- og 1,3-dioler og etoksyetanol.
I en foretrukket utførelsesform inneholder oppfinnelsens gjenstand fra 0,01 til 10 og fortrinnsvis fra 0,1 til 5 vekt-1o av en boratester, spesielt en ester av en alkoksyalkanol eller en polyeteralkanol, for eksempel en tris(etoksyetyl)ortoboratester eller en -metaboratester, eller et biborat av en diol som et butan-1,3-diol.
Som et alternativ er den lagerkorrosjonsinhiberende forbindelse et tiadiazolmerkaptan og spesielt et tiadiazolpoly-sulfid inneholdende fra 5 til 50 karbonatomer, et derivat eller en polymer derav. Foretrukne stoffer er 1,3,4-tia-diazolpolysulfidene som beskrevet i US-A-2719125, 2719126 og 3087932. Spesielt foretrukket er forbindelsen 2,5-bis-(t-oktaditio)-l,3,4-tiadiazol kommersielt tilgjengelig som "Amoco 150" eller 2,5-bis(nonylditio)-l,3,4-tiadiazol tilgjengelig som "Amoco 158". Andre tilsvarende stoffer som også er egnet slik de er beskrevet i US-A-3821236, 3904537, 4097387, 4107059, 4136043, 4188299 og 4193882. Derivater av tiadiazolmerkaptaner kan benyttes som estre, kondensasjonsprodukter med halogenerte karboksylsyrer, reaksjonsprodukter med aldehyder og aminer, alkoholer eller merkaptaner, aminsalter, ditiokarbamater, reaksjonsprodukter med askefrie dispergeringsmidler som for eksempel beskrevet i US-A-4140643 og US-A-4136043 og reaksjonsprodukter med svovelhalogenider og olefiner.
Disse stoffer er fortrinnsvis tilstede i en mengde fra 0,01 til 10 vekt-% og aller helst fra 0,1 til 5,0 vekt-% av smøre-middelblanding.
Smøremiddelblandingene kan omfatte små mengder fosfor, mindre enn 0,05 og helst mindre enn 0,01 vekt-%, og aller helst mindre enn 0,005 vekt-% fosfor, men aller helst er smøre-middelblandingene i det alt vesentlige frie for fosfor.
I et foretrukket aspekt omfatter smøremiddelblandingen videre: (A) fra 1 til 10 vekt-% av et askefritt dispergeringsmiddel-blanding som er: en askefri nitrogen- eller esterholdig dispergerings-middelblanding somfortrinnsvis valgt blant: (i) oljeoppløselige salter, amider, imider, oksazoliner og estre eller blandinger derav, av langkjedede hydrokarbonsubstituerte mono- og dikarboksylsyrer eller deres anhydrider; (ii) langkjedede alifatiske hydrokarboner med et polyamin bundet direkte dertil; og (iii) Mannich-kondensasjonsprodukter som dannes ved kondensasjon av en molar andel av langkjedet hydrokarbonsubstituert fenol med 1 til 2,5 mol formaldehyd og 0,5 til 2 mol polyalkylenpolyamin; der den langkjedede hydrokarbongruppe er en polymer med et C2_5-monoolefin, idet polymeren har en molekylvekt 700 til 5000; og/eller (B) fra 0,3 til 10 vekt-% av et nitrogen- eller esterholdig polymerisk viskositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel som kan inneholde: (a) polymerer bestående av 04.34 umettede estre av vinylalkohol eller 03.^9 umettede mono- eller dikarboksylsyrer med umettede nitrogenholdige monomerer med 4 til 20 karbonatomer; (b) polymerer av C2_20~olefin me& umettet C3_^<q> mono-eller dikarboksylsyre nøytralisert med amin, hydroksyamin eller alkoholer; og (c) polymerer av etylen med et C3_2()-olefin ytterligere omsatt enten ved påpoding av C4_2o umettede nitrogenholdige monomerer derpå eller ved påpoding av en umettet syre på polymerskj elettet og så omsetning av karboksylsyregruppene med amin, hydroksyamin eller alkohol.
De nitrogenholdige dispergeringsmiddeladditiver er de som er kjent i denne teknikk som dispergeringsmidler for veivkasse-oljer, for eksempel som beskrevet i US-A-3275554, US-A-3565804, US-A-3442808, GB-A-983040 eller BE-A-658236.
De hyppigst benyttede dispergeringsmidler er de som er dannet ved omsetning av alkenylravsyreanhydrid, for eksempel polyisobutenylravsyreanhydrid, og et amin som beskrevet i US-A-3202678, 3154560, 3172892, 3024195, 3024237, 3219666, 3216936 og BE-A-662875.
Alternativt kan de askefrie dispergeringsmidler være estre avledet fra langkjedede hydrokarbonsubstituerte karboksylsyrer og fra hydroksyforbindelser som monohydroksy- og polyhydroksyalkoholer eller aromatiske forbindelser som fenoler og naftoler som fremstilt som for eksempel i US-A-3522179.
Hydroksyaminer som kan omsettes med en hvilken som helst av de forannevnte langkjedehydrokarbonsubstituerte karboksylsyrer for å danne dispergeringsmidlene, inkluderer 2-amino-l-butanol, 2-amino-2-metyl-l-propanol, p-(g-hydroksyetyl )-anilin, 2-amino-l-propanol, 3-amino-l-propanol, 2-amino-2-metyl-1,3-propandiol, 2-amino-2-etyl-l,3-propandiol, N-(p<->hydroksy-propyl)-N'-(3-aminoetyl)-piperazin, tris(hydroksy-metyl )amino-metan (også kjent som trismetylolaminometan), 2-amino-l-butanol, etanolamin, p<->(g<->hydroksyetoksy)-etylamin, og lignende. Blandinger av disse eller tilsvarende aminer kan også benyttes.
Foretrukne dispergeringsmidler er de som er avledet fra polyisobutenylravsyreanhydrid og polyetylenaminer, for eksempel tetraetylenpentamin, polyoksyetylen- og polyoksypro-pylaminer, for eksempel polyoksypropylendiamin, trismetylolaminometan og pentaerytritol og kombinasjoner derav. En spesielt foretrukket dispergeringsmiddelkombinasjon er en kombinasjon av (A) polyisobutenylravsyreanhydrid med (B) en hydroksyforbindelse, for eksempel pentaerytritol, (C) et polyoksyalkylenpolyamin, for eksempel polyoksypropylendiamin og (D) et polyalkylenpolyamin, for eksempel polyetylendiamin og tetraetylenpentamin ved bruk av 0,01 til 4 ekvivalenter av (B) og (D) og 0,01 til 2 ekvivalenter (C) pr. ekvivalent (A) som beskrevet i US-A-3894763. En annen foretrukket dispergeringsmiddelkombinasjon involverer kombinasjonen av (A) polyisobutenylravsyreanhydrid med (B) et polyalkylenpolyamin, for eksempel tetraetylenpentamin, og (C) en polyhydroksy-alkohol eller et polyhydroksy-substituert alifatisk primært amin, for eksempel pentaerytritol eller trismetylolaminometan som beskrevet i US-A-3632511.
Dispergeringsmidler av alkenylravsyrepolyamintypen kan ytterligere modifiseres med en borforbindelse som boroksyd, borhalogenider, borsyrer og estre av borsyrer i en mengde som gir 0,1 til 10 atomandeler bor pr. mol acylert nitrogenforbindelse slik det generelt beskrives i US-A-3087936 og 3254025. Blandinger av dispergeringsmidler kan også benyttes som de som beskrives i US-A-4113639.
Oljene kan inneholde fra 1,0 til 10 og fortrinnsvis fra 2,0 til 7,0 vekt-% av disse dispergeringsmidler.
Dispergeringsevnen kan tilveiebringes ved hjelp av 0,3 til 10% av et polymert viskositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel, for eksempel kopolymerer av alkylmetakrylater med N-vinylpyrrolidon eller dimetylaminoalkylmetakrylat, alkylfumarat-vinylacetat N-vinylpyrrolidinkopolymerer, etter-podede interpolymerer av etylen-propylen med en aktiv monomer som maleinsyreanhydrid som videre kan omsettes med en alkohol eller et alkylenpolyamin, som beskrevet i US-A-4149984; eller styren/maleinsyreanhydridpolymerer som etterpå er omsatt med alkoholer og aminer, etoksylerte derivater av akrylatpolymerer slik som i US-A-3702300.
Magnesium- og/eller kalsiumholdige additiver benyttes hyppig i smøremiddelblandinger enten alene eller i kombinasjon med andre alkalimetall- eller jordalkalimetalladditiver som de som inneholder natrium. Disse kan være tilstede for eksempel som metallsalter av sulfonsyrer, alkylfenoler, sulfurerte alkylfenoler, alkylsalicylater, naftenater og andre olje-oppløselige mono- og di-karboksylsyrer.
Sterkt basisk jordalkalimetallalkarylsulfonater er generelt kjent for eksempel fra US-A-3150088 og 3150089. For oppfinnelsens formål er et foretrukket jordalkalimetallsulfonat magnesium- alkylaromatisk sulfonat med et totalt basetall, TBN, målt i henhold til ASTM D2896, fra 300 til 400. Polyvalente metallalkylsalicylat- og naftenatstoffer kan også innarbeides på samme måte som metylen- og svovelbroslåtte stoffer som lett kan avledes fra alkylsubstituerte salicyl-eller naftensyrer eller blandinger av slike med med alkyl-substi tuerte fenoler. Basiske sulfurerte salicylater og en metode for disses fremstilling er beskrevet i US-A-3595791.
De sulfurerte metallfenater kan ansees som "metallsaltet av et fenolsulfid" som således henviser til et metallsalt, uansett nøytralt eller basis, av en forbindelse som karakteriseres ved den generelle formel:
der x = 1 eller 2 og n = 0, 1 eller 2, eller en polymer form av en slik forbindelse der R er en alkylrest, n og x begge er hele tall fra 1 til 4 og det gjennomsnittlige antall karbonatomer i alle R-gruppene er minst ca. 9 for å sikre adekvat oppløselighet i olje. De individuelle R-grupper kan hver inneholde fra 5 til 40 og fortrinnsvis 8 til 20 karbonatomer. Metallsaltet fremstilles ved omsetning av et alkylfenolsulfid med en tilstrekkelig mengde metallholdig materiale til å gi den ønskede alkalitet til det sulfurerte metallfenatet.
Den sulfurerte alkylfenol omdannes ved omsetning med et metallholdig materiale inneholdende oksyder, hydroksyder og komplekser i en mengde tilstrekkelig til å nøytralisere fenolen, og, hvis ønskelig, å overbase produktet til en ønsket alkalitet ved i og for seg kjente metoder. Det er foretrukket en prosess med nøytraliseringen under anvendelse av en oppløsning av metall i en glykoleter.
Magnesium- og kalsiumholdige additiver som beskrevet ovenfor kan, selv om de kan være fordelaktige i andre henseende, øke tendensen i smøremidlet til oksydasjon. Dette er spesielt tilfelle når det gjelder de sterkt basiske sulfonater.
I henhold til en foretrukket utførelsesform av oppfinnelsen tilveiebringes det derfor en veivkassesmøremiddelblanding som også inneholder fra 2 til 8000 ppm kalsium og/eller magnesium.
Magnesium og/eller kalsium er generelt tilstede som basiske eller nøytrale detergenter som sulfonater og fenater, og foretrukne additiver er basiske magnesium- eller kalsium-sulfonater. Fortrinnsvis inneholder oljene fra 500 til 5000 ppm kalsium og/eller magnesium fra slike additiver.
Disse blandinger ifølge oppfinnelsen kan som et alternativ eller i tillegg, inneholde andre tilsvarende metallholdige detergentadditiver, for eksempel de som inneholder barium, natrium, kalium eller litium.
Smøreoljene som benyttes i smøremiddelblandingene kan være mineralsmøreoljer eller en synetisk smøreolje eller en blanding derav. Egnede syntetiske oljer inkluderer diester-oljer slik som di(2-etyl-heksyl)sebacat, -azelat og -adipat; komplekse esteroljer som de som dannes for dikarboksylsyrer, glykoler og enten monobasiske syrer eller monohydroksy-alkoholer; silikonoljer; sulfidestre; organiske karbonater; hydrokarbonoljer og andre syntetiske oljer som er velkjente i denne teknikk. Oppfinnelsen er spesielt brukbar når det gjelder mineralsmøreoljer og har den ytterligere fordel at den også kan tillate bruk av basisråstoffoljer som har dårligere antioksydantegenskaper enn de som vanligvis benyttes.
Smøremiddelblandingene ifølge oppfinnelsen kan og vil vanligvis inneholde andre tradisjonelle smøremiddeladditiver forutsatt at de er i det vesentlige sink- og fosforfrie, for eksempel rustinhibitorer som oljesyre og derivater derav som N-oleylsarkosin, og oljesyredimerer og -trimerer, lecitin, sorbitanmonooleat, dodecylravsyreanhydrid eller etoksylerte alkylfenoler; hellepunktsdepressorer som kopolymerer av vinylacetat med fumarsyreestre av kokosnøtt-oljealkoholer; og viskositetsindeksforbedrere som olefinkopo-lymerer eller polymetakrylater.
I kobberfrie oljer er andre antioksydanter i tillegg til sinkdialkylditiofosfat enkelte ganger nødvendige for å forbedre den oksydative stabilitet i oljen. Disse supplementære antioksydanter innarbeides spesielt når basis-råstoffet har dårlig oksydativ stabilitet; karakteristisk blir ytterligere antioksydant satt til oljen i mengder fra 0,1 til 1,5 vekt-%. De supplementære antioksydanter som benyttes inkluderer fenoler, hindrede fenoler, bisfenoler og sulfurerte fenoler, katekol, alkylerte katekoler og sulfurerte alkylkatekoler, difenylamin og alkyldifenylaminer samt fenyl-l-naftylamin og alkylerte derivater derav.
Innarbeidingen av små mengder kobber fjerner generelt behovet for disse supplementære antioksydanter. Det vil imidlertid fremdeles ligge innenfor rammen av foreliggende oppfinnelse at en ytterligere antioksydant innarbeides spesielt for oljer som arbeider under spesielt alvorlige betingelser der nærværet av slike supplementære antioksydanter kan være fordelaktig, forutsatt at det derved ikke innføres vesentlige mengder fosfor.
Additiver for smøreoljer tilføres generelt som konsentrater i oljer for innarbeiding i massen av smøremiddel. Foreliggende oppfinnelse tilveiebringer derfor konsentrater omfattende en oljeoppløsning inneholdende: (1) mindre enn 0,1 vekt-% fosfor og mindre enn 0,1 vekt-% sink; (2) fra 1 til 50 vekt-% av en oljeoppløselig svovelholdig forbindelse;
(3) fra 0,005 til 2 vekt-% kobber; og
(4) fra 0,1 til 20 vekt-% av en lagerkorrosjonsinhibitor;
og eventuelt et dispergeringsmiddel valgt blant:
(a) 0 til 60, for eksempel 10 til 60 vekt-% av en askefri
dispergeringsmiddelforbindelse,
(b) 0 til 40, for eksempel 3 til 40% av et polymert viskositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel, selv om det er vanlig å tilsette enhver viskositetsindeksforbedrer separat.
Konsentratet kan også inneholde andre additiver som de detergenter og viskositetsindeksforbedrende midler som er beskrevet tidligere. Et spesielt foretrukket konsentrat inneholder også et magnesium- og/eller kalsiumholdig additiv og oppfinnelsen tilveiebringer derfor et konsentrat som ytterligere omfatter fra 0,01 til 8 vekt-% kalsium og/eller magnesium.
De følgende eksempler gis for å illustrere oppfinnelsen.
Sammenlignende eksempler I- VI og Eksempler 1 og 2
I de følgende sammenlignende eksempler og eksempler ifølge oppfinnelsen fremstilles det formuleringer med kombinasjoner og mengder av additiver som angitt i tabell 1, idet resten er en fortynnende olje egnet for smøremiddelpreparater og omfattende 0,3 vekt-% svovel. De additiver som benyttes er som følger: A er et dispergerende viskositetsforbedrende additiv omfattende en oljeoppløsning inneholdende 21% av en multifunksjonell etylen-propylen-kopolymer og inneholdende 0,29 vekt-% N;
B er et askefritt dispergeringsmiddel omfattende en 50 vekt-% oljeoppløsning av et borert polyisobutenylsuccin-imid med en polyisobutenylrest med en molekylvekt på ca. 950 og inneholdende 1,6 vekt-% N og 0,35 vekt-% B;
C er en oljeoppløsning av et overbaset magnesiumsulfonat med en TBN på 400 og et magnesiuminnhold på 9,2 vekt-% og et svovelinnhold på 1,7 vekt-%;
D er en oljeoppløsning av et overbaset kalsiumsulfonat med en TBN på 300 og et kalsiuminnhold på 11,9 vekt-% og et svovelinnhold på 1,9 vekt-%;
E er en oljeoppløsning av kobberoleat inneholdende 4 vekt-% kobber;
F er en 30 vekt-%-ig oppløsning i olje av et hindret metylen-bis-fenol-antioksydasjonsmiddel;
G er en alkylert difenylamin-antioksydasjonsmiddel, kommersielt tilgjengelig som "Irganox L-57";
H er en 50 vekt-%-ig oljeoppløsning av et sinkdiamyl-ditiokarbamat inneholdende 6 vekt-% sink og 12 vekt-% svovel;
J er en ortoboratester fremstilt fra etoksyetanol og omfattende 5 til 6 vekt-% bor;
K er 2 , 5-t>is(nonylditiol )-l, 3 ,4-tiadiazol, kommersielt tilgjengelig som "Amoco 158" og inneholdende 33 vekt-% svovel;
L er en oljeoppløsning inneholdende 12 vekt-% molybden som oktoat; og
M er en sulfurert esterspermoljeerstatning, kommersielt tilgjengelig som "Emery 9844" og omfattende 11,5 vekt-% svovel.
De antydede formuleringer ble utprøvet i de følgende standardprøver: "Seq. IIID"-motorprøve i henhold til "ASTM STP 315M Part II" der maksimal og gjennomsnittlig kam- pluss løfter-slitasje måles. En vellykket prøve i henhold til dette oppnås med en maksimal slitasje på 0,02 cm eller bedre og en midlere slitasje på 0,01 cm eller bedre;
Den kinematiske viskositetsøkning i Seq. IIID ble målt ved 40°C som en prosentual økning i løpet av 64 timer. En vellykket prøve oppnås ved denne undersøkelse ved å oppnå en viskositetsøkning i løpet av 64 timer på ikke mer enn 375%.
"CRC-L-38-Screener"-motorprøve basert på "ASTM STP 509A PE IV" der lagervekttapet, BWL, måles. En vellykket prøve her oppnås med en BWL-verdi på ikke mer enn 4 0 mg.
De oppnådde resultater er vist i tabell 2. Disse resultater viser at foreliggende oppfinnelse gir en overraskende fordel med henblikk på smøremidler som har utmerkede antioksyderende, antislitasje- og lagerkorrosjonsinhiberende egenskaper med et så å si totalt fravær av fosfor og sink. De sammenlignende eksempler I, II og III viser at i fravær av en lagerkorrosjonsinhibitor var ytelsen utilstrekkelig. Sammenlignende eksempel IV viser at tilsetningen av et molybden-additiv ikke forbedret slitasjeytelsene. Sammenlignende eksempel V viser at i fravær av kobberantioksydasjonsmiddel var ytelsen utilstrekkelig selv med konvensjonelle mengder av andre kjente oksydasjonsmidler.
De her gitte eksempler viser at ytelsen til formuleringene som beskrevet ovenfor ikke bare er en oppsummering av ytelsen av de invidivuelle additiver, men gir en overraskende forbedring i antislitasje-, antioksydant- og lagerkorrosj onsytelsen , idet man samtidig oppnår fosfornivåer langt under det som kommersielt benyttes i konvensjonelle oljer. Konsentrater - Typiske konsentrasjoner for tilveiebringelse av de ovenfor angitte formuleringer.
Konsentratene kan også inneholde noe fortynnende olje for å forbedre behandlingen, det vil si redusere viskositeten.

Claims (15)

1. Veivkassesmøremiddel for bruk i bilmotorer omfattende en hovedmengde av en smøreolje, 5 til 500 vekt-ppm tilsatt kobber tilstede i oljeoppløselig form, en eller flere tilsatte oljeoppløselige svovelholdige forbindelser slik at blandingen omfatter fra mer enn 0,5 til 2,0 vekt-% totalt svovel og en effektiv mengde av en lagerkorrosjonsinhibitor, karakterisert ved at blandingen inneholder mindre enn 0,05 vekt-% fosfor og i det vesentlige intet sink.
2. Blanding ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at mengden kobber i blandingen er fra 10 til 400, fortrinnsvis 10 til 200 og aller helst fra 60 til 200 vekt-ppm.
3. Blanding ifølge krav 1 og 2, karakterisert ved at kobber foreligger i oljen som kobbersaltet av en C^q til C^g fettsyre, en umettet karboksylsyre, en naftensyre med molekylvekt fra 200 til 500 eller en alkyl- eller alkenylsubstituerte dikarboksylsyre, oljeoppløselige kobber-ditiokarbamater med den generelle formel (RR'NCSS)nCu, der n er 1 eller 2 og R og R' er like eller forskjellige hydro-karbylrester inneholdende 1 til 18 karbonatomer, et kobber-sulfonat, en kobberfenat eller et kobberacetylacetonat.
4 . Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at den oljeoppløselige svovelforbindelse er et ditiokarbamat med formelen: (RR'NCSS)nM, der R, R' og n er som angitt i krav 5 og M er et egnet metall, eller et merkaptid, en sulfurert umettet organisk forbindelse, et sulfid, en tioeter, en tiofenol , et tioxantat, en sulfurert ester, en tioester, et tioamid, et tiazol eller et tiadiazol, fortrinnsvis et dialkylditio-karbamat inneholdende 2 til 12 karbonatomer.
5 . Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at den inneholder fra mer enn 0,5 og opptil 1,0 vekt-% totalt svovel inkludert fra 0,1 til 0,5 vekt-% svovel som tilsatt oljeoppløselig svovelholdig forbindelse.
6. Blanding ifølge krav 4, karakterisert ved at den inneholder fra 0,5 til 3,0 vekt-% sulfurert ester.
7. Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at lagerkorrosjonsinhibitoren omfatter en eller flere boratestre med formlene: B(0R)3 eller (RO)2B-0-B(OR)2, (R0B0)3 eller (R02)B0R10B(0R)2(der R er substituerte eller usubstituert alkyl, aryl eller aralkyl eller to grupper R sammen i form av en substituert eller usubstituert alkylengruppe og R<1> er en substituert eller usubstituert alkylengruppe) og/eller et tiadiazolpoly-sulf id inneholdende fra 5 til 50 karbonatomer, et derivat eller en polymer derav.
8. Blanding ifølge krav 7, karakterisert ved at den inneholder fra 0,01 til 10 vekt-% av en boratester, fortrinnsvis en tris(etoksyetyl)ortoboratester eller et biborat av butan-1,3-diol.
9 . Blanding ifølge krav 7, karakterisert ved at den inneholder fra 0,01 til 10 vekt-% 2,5-bis(t-nonyl-ditio)-l,3,4-tiadiazol.
10. Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at den inneholder mindre enn 0,005 vekt-% fosfor, men fortrinnsvis er i det vesentlige fosforfri.
11. Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at den videre omfatter: (A) fra 1 til 10 vekt-% av et askefritt dispergeringsmiddel og/eller (B) fra 0,3 til 10 vekt-% av et nitrogen- eller esterholdig polymert viskositetsindeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel .
12. Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at den omfatter fra 2 til 8000, fortrinnsvis fra 500 til 5000 ppm kalsium og/eller magnesium, fortrinnsvis som et basisk kalsium- og/eller magnesiumsulfonat.
13. Blanding ifølge et hvilket som helst av de foregående krav, karakterisert ved at den videre omfatter en eller flere rustinhibitorer, hellepunktsdepressorer, ytterligere antioksydanter eller viskositetsindeksforbedrende midler.
14 . Konsentrat, karakterisert ved at det omfatter en oljeoppløsning inneholdende:
(1) mindre enn 0,1 vekt-% fosfor og i det vesentlige intet sink;
(2) fra 1 til 50 vekt-% av en ol j eoppløsel ig svovelholdig forbindelse;
(3) fra 0,005 til 2 vekt-% kobber;
(4) fra 0,1 til 20 vekt-% av en lagerkorrosjonsinhibitor; og
(5) fra 0 til 60 vekt-% av et askefritt dispergeringsmiddel og/eller fra 0 til 40 vekt-% av et polymerviskositets-indeksforbedrende dispergeringsmiddel.
15 . Konsentrat ifølge krav 14, karakterisert ved at det videre omfatter fra 0,01 til 8 vekt-% kalsium og/eller magnesium.
NO880847A 1987-02-27 1988-02-26 Veivkassesmöremiddel for bruk i bilmotorer omfattende en hovedmengde av en smöreolje med lavt innhold av fosfor og sink, og konsentrat NO174211C (no)

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NO174211C (no) 1994-03-30
EP0280579B1 (en) 1992-11-11
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DK104088D0 (da) 1988-02-26
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EP0280579A3 (en) 1989-03-15
AU1234288A (en) 1988-09-01
BR8800836A (pt) 1988-10-04
MY103222A (en) 1993-05-29
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EP0280579A2 (en) 1988-08-31
DE3875755T2 (de) 1993-03-25
ATE82316T1 (de) 1992-11-15
ZA881260B (en) 1988-08-22
GR3007044T3 (no) 1993-07-30
NO880847D0 (no) 1988-02-26
KR880010107A (ko) 1988-10-07
KR960014934B1 (ko) 1996-10-21
JPS63304095A (ja) 1988-12-12
AU608295B2 (en) 1991-03-28
NO880847L (no) 1988-08-29

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