KR102581336B1 - 전극 활물질 - Google Patents
전극 활물질 Download PDFInfo
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- KR102581336B1 KR102581336B1 KR1020227044029A KR20227044029A KR102581336B1 KR 102581336 B1 KR102581336 B1 KR 102581336B1 KR 1020227044029 A KR1020227044029 A KR 1020227044029A KR 20227044029 A KR20227044029 A KR 20227044029A KR 102581336 B1 KR102581336 B1 KR 102581336B1
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 109
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- NJTILYLBOMRDKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M [O-2].[O-2].[OH-].O.P.[Nb+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[OH-].O.P.[Nb+5] NJTILYLBOMRDKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 78
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 66
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 64
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 54
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 abstract description 113
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 65
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 47
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 32
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 31
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 27
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 25
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 21
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 20
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 19
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 14
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 12
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 7
- -1 niobium cation Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010902 jet-milling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910018136 Li 2 Ti 3 O 7 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002050 diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 3
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010671 solid-state reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium oxide Chemical compound [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005191 Ga 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910005793 GeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010316 high energy milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001350 scanning transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 206010002660 Anoxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000976983 Anoxia Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002799 BoPET Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004435 EPR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005536 Jahn Teller effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005041 Mylar™ Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017855 NH 4 F Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004998 X ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007953 anoxia Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011294 coal tar pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II) oxide Inorganic materials [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005049 combustion synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000840 electrochemical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001523 electrospinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000713 high-energy ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007734 materials engineering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005551 mechanical alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910003455 mixed metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012805 post-processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Inorganic materials [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002468 redox effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004729 solvothermal method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012306 spectroscopic technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Substances C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011332 wood tar pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G33/00—Compounds of niobium
- C01G33/006—Compounds containing niobium, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing two or more other elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
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Abstract
Description
도 1: 샘플 1 내지 샘플 9의 분말 XRD.
도 2: 샘플 2의 TGA.
도 3: 기준 PNb9O25 단위 전지의 시각화.
도 4: 1.0 내지 3.0 V의 이들의 제1 리튬화 및 탈리튬화 사이클에 대한 C/10의 레이트에서 샘플 1 및 샘플 7에 대한 정전류 리튬화/탈리튬화 곡선.
도 5: 10C의 레이트, 1.0 내지 3.0 V에서 샘플 1 및 샘플 7에 대한 정전류 탈리튬화 곡선. C/5에서 나타낸 리튬화 곡선.
도 6: 1.0 내지 3.0 V의 제2 리튬화 및 탈리튬화 사이클에 대한 C/10의 레이트에서 샘플 1 및 샘플 7에 대한 용량 대 전압(dQ/dV)의 도함수의 플롯.
도 7: 샘플 10 내지 샘플 17의 분말 XRD.
Claims (28)
- 집전체와 전기적으로 접촉하는 인 니오븀 옥사이드 전극 활물질을 포함하는 전극으로서,
상기 전극 활물질은 하기 조성을 가지고:
M1aPx-aM2bNb9-bO25-c-dQd
여기서
M1은 Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Sn, Bi, Sb, 및 이들의 혼합물로부터 선택되고;
M2는 Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Sn, Bi, P, Sb, 및 이들의 혼합물로부터 선택되고;
Q는 F, Cl, Br, I, N, S, Se, 및 이들의 혼합물로부터 선택되고;
0 ≤ a ≤ 0.5; 0 ≤ b ≤ 2; -0.5 ≤ c ≤ 1.25; 0 ≤ d ≤ 5; 1 ≤ x ≤ 2;
a, b, c 및 d 중 하나 이상은 0이 아니며;
단, M1이 Nb로 구성되고 M2가 P로 구성되는 경우, c는 0 초과인 조성을 갖고,
X-선 회절에 의해 결정된 전극 활물질의 결정 구조가 PNb9O25, VNb9O25, 또는 P2.5Nb18O50 중 하나 이상의 결정 구조에 상응하는 것인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) a > 0; 및/또는
(ii) 0 ≤ a ≤ 0.3; 및/또는
(iii) 0 ≤ a ≤ 0.2인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) b > 0; 및/또는
(ii) 0 ≤ b ≤ 1.5; 및/또는
(iii) 0 ≤ b ≤ 1, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) c ≠ 0; 또는
(ii) 0 ≤ c ≤ 1.25; 또는
(iii) 0 < c ≤ 1.25, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) d > 0; 및/또는
(ii) 0 ≤ d ≤ 2.5; 및/또는
(iii) 0 ≤ d ≤ 1; 또는
(iv) d = 0인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.25; 또는
(ii) x = 1인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
a 및 b 중 적어도 하나가 0 초과이거나, a 및 b 둘 다가 0 초과인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
M1은,
(i) Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Sn, Bi, Sb, 및 이들의 혼합물; 또는
(ii) Ti, Zr, Hf, Cr, Mo, W, B, Al, Ga, Bi, Sb, 및 이들의 혼합물; 또는
(iii) Ti, Mo, Al, B, 및 이들의 혼합물
로부터 선택되는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
M2는,
(i) Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, Al, Ga, Si, Ge, Sn, Bi, P, Sb, 및 이들의 혼합물; 또는
(ii) Ti, Zr, Hf, Cr, Mo, W, V, Ta, 및 이들의 혼합물; 또는
(iii) Ti, Mo, 및 이들의 혼합물
로부터 선택되는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) M1은 이온 반경 0.1 < r < 1.0Å이고; 및/또는
(ii) M1은 P5+와 상이한 이온 반경, 선택적으로 P5+보다 더 큰 이온 반경을 갖는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) M2가 이온 반경 0.1 < r < 1.0Å이고; 및/또는
(ii) M2가 Nb5+와 상이한 이온 반경, 선택적으로 Nb5+보다 더 큰 이온 반경을 갖는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
M1이 Nb를 포함하지 않으며, M2가 P를 포함하지 않는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
(i) Q가 F, Cl, N, S, 및 이들의 혼합물로부터 선택되거나; 또는
(ii) Q가 F, N, 및 이들의 혼합물로부터 선택되거나; 또는
(iii) Q가 N인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 전극 활물질은 산소 결핍인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 전극 활물질은 탄소로 코팅된 것인, 전극. - 제15항에 있어서,
상기 탄소 코팅은 폴리방향족 sp2 탄소를 포함하는, 전극. - 제16항에 있어서,
상기 탄소 코팅은 피치 탄소(pitch carbon)로부터 유도되는 것인, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 전극 활물질은 미립자 형태인, 전극. - 제18항에 있어서,
상기 전극 활물질은 0.1 내지 100㎛, 또는 0.5 내지 50㎛, 또는 1 내지 20㎛ 범위의 D50 입자 직경을 갖는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 전극 활물질은 0.1 내지 100 ㎡/g, 또는 0.5 내지 50 ㎡/g, 또는 1 내지 20 ㎡/g의 범위의 BET 표면적을 갖는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 전극 활물질은 Li 및/또는 Na를 추가로 포함하는, 전극. - 제1항에 있어서,
X-선 회절에 의해 결정된 전극 활물질의 결정 구조가 PNb9O25 또는 P2.5Nb18O50 중 하나 이상의 결정 구조에 상응하거나; PNb9O25의 결정 구조에 상응하는, 전극. - 애노드, 캐소드, 및 애노드와 캐소드 사이에 배치된 전해질을 포함하는 전기화학 소자로서,
상기 애노드는 제22항에 정의된 바와 같은 전극 활물질을 포함하는, 전기화학 소자. - 제23항에 있어서,
상기 전기화학 소자는 리튬-이온 배터리 또는 나트륨-이온 배터리인, 전기화학 소자. - 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
- 삭제
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