KR102560427B1 - 직접 비닝 픽셀을 갖는 집적 광검출기 - Google Patents
직접 비닝 픽셀을 갖는 집적 광검출기 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
도 1a는, 상이한 수명을 갖는 2개의 마커에 대한 시간의 함수로서 방출되는 광자의 확률을 도시한다.
도 1b는 예시적인 여기 펄스(점선) 및 예시적인 형광 방출(실선)에 대한 시간 경과에 따른 강도 프로파일의 예를 도시한다.
도 2a는 집적 광검출기의 픽셀의 도면을 도시한다.
도 2b는 도 2a에서와는 상이한 시간 및 공간에서 전하 캐리어를 포획하는 것을 나타낸다.
도 3은 직접 비닝 픽셀의 예를 도시한다.
도 4는 직접 비닝 픽셀을 동작시키는 방법의 흐름도를 도시한다.
도 5a 내지 도 5f는 도 4의 방법의 다양한 스테이지들에서의 직접 비닝 픽셀을 도시한다.
도 6은 직접 비닝 픽셀의 단면도를 도시한다.
도 7은 p+ 영역과 n+ 영역을 갖는 스플릿-도핑된 전극(split-doped electrode)을 도시한다.
도 8은 직접 비닝 픽셀의 예의 평면도를 도시한다.
도 9는 직접 비닝 픽셀의 다른 예의 평면도를 도시한다.
도 10은 기각 기간 동안 직접 비닝 픽셀에서의 전위를 도시한다.
도 11은 기각 영역에 대한 전위 장벽들 및 빈(bin)들이 상승되는 기간 동안 직접 비닝 픽셀에서의 전위를 도시한다.
도 12는 전하가 빈으로 전달될 수 있는 기간에서 직접 비닝 픽셀에서의 전위를 도시한다.
도 13은 전달 게이트에 의해 생성된 전위 장벽을 낮춤으로써 빈에 저장된 전하의 플로팅 확산(floating diffusion)(FD)으로의 전달을 도시한다.
도 14는 플로팅 확산(FD)을 리셋하는 것을 도시한다.
도 15는 파장의 함수로서의 흡수 깊이의 플롯을 도시한다.
도 16은 포토다이오드의 예에 대한 도핑 프로파일 및 전위를 도시한다.
도 17은 깊은-생성된 캐리어들(deep-generated carriers)이 표면에 도달하는 것을 방지할 수 있는 깊은 도핑된 영역(deep doped region)을 도시한다.
도 18은 10 ns 동안의 전자 움직임의 시뮬레이션을 도시하며, 캐리어들이 깊은 n-웰 영역 내로 끌어당겨지는 것을 예시한다.
도 19는 N-타입 매립 층(깊은 드레인)이 고전위에서 바이어싱되는 것을 도시한다.
도 20은 기판과 접촉하는 P+-타입 매립 층(깊은 실드)을 도시한다.
도 21은 집적 회로가 제조될 수 있는 재료들의 예들을 도시한다.
도 22는 일부 실시예들에 따른, 직접 비닝 픽셀에 대한 도핑 프로파일의 예를 도시한다.
도 23은 도 22에 도시된 도핑 프로파일을 갖는 직접 비닝 픽셀을 형성하기 위한 예시적인 프로세스 시퀀스를 도시한다.
도 24는 도 22의 라인 y = 0을 따르는 비소, 붕소, 인, 및 질소에 대한 예시적인 도핑 프로파일의 플롯을 도시한다.
도 25는 모든 전극의 전압을 0V로 설정함으로써 모든 장벽이 닫힐 때 도 23의 픽셀에서의 전위의 플롯을 도시한다.
도 26은 전극(213)의 전압이 3V로 설정될 때 도 23의 픽셀에서의 전위의 플롯을 도시한다.
도 27은 전극들의 전압들이 변화될 때 기판 내의 전위의 곡선들을 도시한다.
도 28 내지 도 32는 광검출기 및 4개의 상이한 픽셀 설계(d0-d3)를 형성하는 예시적인 프로세스를 도시한다. 도 28은 제1 레벨을 도시하고, 도 29는 제2 레벨을 도시하고, 도 30은 제3 레벨을 도시하고, 도 31은 제4 레벨을 도시하고, 도 32는 제5 레벨을 도시한다.
도 33은 칩 아키텍처의 다이어그램을 도시한다.
도 34는 예시적인 컴퓨팅 디바이스의 블록도이다.
Claims (22)
- 집적 회로로서,
입사 광자들(incident photons)을 수신하고, 상기 입사 광자들에 응답하여 복수의 전하 캐리어(charge carrier)를 생성하도록 구성되는 광검출 영역(photodetection region);
적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역; 및
상기 복수의 전하 캐리어 중의 전하 캐리어들을 상기 전하 캐리어들이 생성되는 시간들에 기초하여 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 내로 직접 선택적으로 지향(direct)시키고, 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에서, 복수의 여기 광 펄스에 응답하여 생성된 전하 캐리어들을 집성(aggregate)하도록 구성되는 전하 캐리어 분리 구조물(charge carrier segregation structure)
을 포함하는, 집적 회로. - 집적 회로로서,
직접 비닝 픽셀(direct binning pixel)을 포함하고, 상기 직접 비닝 픽셀은,
입사 광자들을 수신하고, 상기 입사 광자들에 응답하여 복수의 전하 캐리어를 생성하도록 구성되는 광검출 영역;
적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역; 및
상기 복수의 전하 캐리어 중의 전하 캐리어들을 상기 전하 캐리어들이 생성되는 시간들에 기초하여 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 내로 선택적으로 지향시키고, 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에서, 복수의 여기 광 펄스에 응답하여 생성된 전하 캐리어들을 집성하도록 구성되는 전하 캐리어 분리 구조물
을 포함하는, 집적 회로. - 집적 회로로서,
복수의 픽셀을 포함하고, 상기 복수의 픽셀 중 제1 픽셀은 직접 비닝 픽셀이고, 상기 직접 비닝 픽셀은,
입사 광자들을 수신하고, 상기 입사 광자들에 응답하여 복수의 전하 캐리어를 생성하도록 구성되는 광검출 영역;
복수의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역; 및
상기 복수의 전하 캐리어 중의 전하 캐리어들을 상기 전하 캐리어들이 생성되는 시간들에 기초하여 상기 복수의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 중의 각자의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역들 내로 직접 선택적으로 지향시키고, 상기 복수의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에서, 복수의 여기 광 펄스에 응답하여 생성된 전하 캐리어들을 집성하도록 구성되는 전하 캐리어 분리 구조물
을 포함하는, 집적 회로. - 광검출 방법으로서,
(A) 광검출 영역에서 입사 광자들을 수신하는 단계; 및
(B) 상기 입사 광자들에 응답하여 생성된 복수의 전하 캐리어 중의 전하 캐리어들을 상기 전하 캐리어들이 생성되는 시간들에 기초하여 상기 광검출 영역으로부터 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 내로 직접 선택적으로 지향시키고, 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에서, 복수의 여기 광 펄스에 응답하여 생성된 전하 캐리어들을 집성하는 단계
를 포함하는, 광검출 방법. - 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 전하 캐리어 분리 구조물은 상기 광검출 영역과 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역의 제1 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 사이의 경계에서 적어도 하나의 전극을 포함하는, 집적 회로.
- 제5항에 있어서, 상기 전하 캐리어 분리 구조물은 상기 광검출 영역과 상기 제1 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 사이의 경계에서 단일 전극을 포함하는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 직접 비닝 픽셀 내에 전하 캐리어 포획 영역(charge carrier capture region)이 존재하지 않고 및/또는 상기 광검출 영역과 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 사이에 전하 캐리어 포획 영역이 존재하지 않는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 전하 캐리어들은 상기 광검출 영역과 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역 사이의 캐리어들을 포획하지 않고 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역으로 전달(transfer)되는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 전하 캐리어 기각 영역(charge carrier rejection region)이 기각 기간(rejection period) 동안에 상기 광검출 영역에서 생성된 전하 캐리어들을 폐기하는, 집적 회로.
- 제9항에 있어서, 상기 폐기된 전하 캐리어들은 상기 광검출 영역으로부터 전하 캐리어 저장 영역을 향하여 캐리어들이 지향되는 방향과 상이한 방향으로 상기 광검출 영역으로부터 제거되는, 집적 회로.
- 제9항에 있어서, 전하 캐리어 기각 영역이 상기 광검출 영역과 상기 전하 캐리어 기각 영역 사이의 경계에서 전극의 전압을 변경함으로써 기각 기간 동안 상기 광검출 영역에서 생성된 전하 캐리어들을 폐기하는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 단일 광자들이 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에 전달되어 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에 집성되는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 반도체 기판의 표면 아래 1 마이크론보다 더 깊은 전하 캐리어들이 기각되는, 집적 회로.
- 제13항에 있어서, 상기 반도체 기판의 표면 아래 1 마이크론보다 더 깊은 전하 캐리어들은 상기 광검출 영역의 포토다이오드(photodiode) 아래의 주입(implant)에 의해 적어도 부분적으로 기각되는, 집적 회로.
- 제14항에 있어서, 상기 주입은 깊은 실드(deep shield) 또는 깊은 드레인(deep drain)을 제공하는, 집적 회로.
- 제15항에 있어서, 상기 주입은 N-타입 또는 P+-타입인, 집적 회로.
- 제13항에 있어서, 상기 반도체 기판의 표면 아래 1 마이크론보다 깊은 전하 캐리어들은 상기 반도체 기판의 표면 아래의 드리프트 필드(drift field)에 의해 기각되는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 광검출 영역은 2 마이크론 깊이보다 작은 에피택셜 영역 내에 형성되는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 광검출 영역은 포토다이오드를 포함하는 에피택셜 영역인, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 포토다이오드 내의 전하 캐리어들은 기각 기간 동안 기각 영역으로 전달되고, 이어서 제1 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에 대한 제1 전위 장벽이 하강되고, 이후 제2 전하 캐리어 저장 영역에 대한 제2 전위 장벽이 하강되는, 집적 회로.
- 제20항에 있어서, 상기 제1 전위 장벽은 제1 전극에 의해 제어되고, 상기 제2 전위 장벽은 제2 전극에 의해 제어되는, 집적 회로.
- 제1항 내지 제3항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 적어도 하나의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역은 복수의 전하 캐리어 저장 영역을 포함하는, 집적 회로.
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