KR102256534B1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR102256534B1 KR102256534B1 KR1020170148248A KR20170148248A KR102256534B1 KR 102256534 B1 KR102256534 B1 KR 102256534B1 KR 1020170148248 A KR1020170148248 A KR 1020170148248A KR 20170148248 A KR20170148248 A KR 20170148248A KR 102256534 B1 KR102256534 B1 KR 102256534B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- silicon
- negative active
- carbon composite
- lithium secondary
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- -1 LiCoO 2 Chemical compound 0.000 description 19
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 11
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000003660 carbonate based solvent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000004945 aromatic hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1Cl RFFLAFLAYFXFSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GOYDNIKZWGIXJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-difluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1F GOYDNIKZWGIXJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005993 acrylate styrene-butadiene rubber polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005456 alcohol based solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000005466 carboxylated polyvinylchloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1 MVPPADPHJFYWMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- QKBJDEGZZJWPJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound [CH2]COC(=O)OCCC QKBJDEGZZJWPJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005453 ketone based solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl acetate Chemical compound CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000002409 silicon-based active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005211 surface analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- JYVXNLLUYHCIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (+/-)-mevalonolactone Natural products CC1(O)CCOC(=O)C1 JYVXNLLUYHCIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1Cl RELMFMZEBKVZJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AJKNNUJQFALRIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trifluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(F)=C1F AJKNNUJQFALRIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HXDPORRJTJUJIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triiodo-4-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(I)C(I)=C1I HXDPORRJTJUJIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- DSMUTQTWFHVVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1OC(=O)OC1F DSMUTQTWFHVVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- OYOKPDLAMOMTEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound ClC1COC(=O)O1 OYOKPDLAMOMTEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPSZQZDENOVTHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1COC(=O)O1 GPSZQZDENOVTHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 본 발명의 실시예 1 내지 4 및 비교예 1 내지 4의 리튬 이차 전지에 대한 수명 특성을 나타낸 그래프이다.
마그네슘 함량(ppm) | 용량유지율 @100 cycle (%) | |
실시예 1 | 1075.9 | 77.3 |
실시예 2 | 600.9 | 75.0 |
실시예 3 | 635.7 | 74.2 |
실시예 4 | 4897.6 | 75.6 |
비교예 1 | 338.5 | 59.7 |
비교예 2 | 5328.1 | 67.7 |
산소함량(wt%) | Si0(at%) | Si+1(at%) | Si+2(at%) | Si0+Si+1+Si+2(at%) | Si+3(at%) | Si+4(at%) | |
실시예 1 | 8.4 | 22.9 | 15.3 | 24.9 | 63.1 | 31.4 | 5.4 |
실시예 2 | 8.0 | 14.5 | 21.8 | 33.2 | 69.5 | 24.0 | 6.4 |
실시예 3 | 7.5 | 18.7 | 20.6 | 23.6 | 62.9 | 32.7 | 4.4 |
실시예 4 | 8.1 | 21.9 | 19.4 | 21.0 | 62.3 | 28.7 | 9.0 |
비교예 1 | 4.8 | 23.5 | 7.1 | 18.1 | 48.7 | 47.6 | 3.8 |
비교예 2 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 23.8 | 15.9 | 51.3 | 42.8 | 5.9 |
Claims (8)
- 결정질 탄소 및 실리콘 입자를 포함하는 실리콘-탄소 복합체를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질로서,
상기 실리콘-탄소 복합체는 알칼리 금속 또는 알칼리 토금속을 더 포함하고,
상기 알칼리 금속 또는 알칼리 토금속의 함량은 상기 실리콘-탄소 복합체에 대하여 500ppm 이상, 5000ppm 미만이고,
상기 음극 활물질에서 상기 알칼리 금속 또는 알칼리 토금속은 마그네슘인 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질. - 삭제
- 제1항에 있어서,
상기 실리콘 입자는 X선 광전자 분광법(XPS) 분석에 의할 때 Si2 +, Si1 +, 및 Si0의 비율이 60at% 이상인 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질. - 제3항에 있어서,
상기 실리콘 입자는 X선 광전자 분광법(XPS) 분석에 의할 때 Si0의 비율이 15at% 내지 25at%인 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 알칼리 금속 또는 알칼리 토금속은 상기 실리콘-탄소 복합체의 표면 또는 복합체 내부에 존재하는 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질. - 제1항에 있어서,
상기 실리콘-탄소 복합체는 산소를 더 포함하고, 산소의 함량은 상기 실리콘-탄소 복합체에 대하여 5wt% 내지 9wt%인 리튬 이차 전지용 음극 활물질. - 전류 집전체; 및
제1항 및 제3항 내지 제6항 중 어느 한 항의 음극 활물질을 포함하는 음극 활물질층
을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 음극. - 제7항의 음극;
양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극; 및
비수 전해질
을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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