KR101693602B1 - 나트륨 이온계 수성 전해질 전기화학 2차 에너지 저장 장치 - Google Patents
나트륨 이온계 수성 전해질 전기화학 2차 에너지 저장 장치 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101693602B1 KR101693602B1 KR1020107024816A KR20107024816A KR101693602B1 KR 101693602 B1 KR101693602 B1 KR 101693602B1 KR 1020107024816 A KR1020107024816 A KR 1020107024816A KR 20107024816 A KR20107024816 A KR 20107024816A KR 101693602 B1 KR101693602 B1 KR 101693602B1
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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Abstract
Description
도 2는, 본 발명의 일 실시예에 따른 2차 에너지 저장 장치의 개략도를 도시하는 도면.
도 3은, 예 1에 설명된 방법에 따라 합성된 스피넬 구조 Li1 .05Mn1 .89Al0 .06O4로부터 얻어진 X-선 회절 패턴을 도시하는 도면.
도 4는, 예 1에 설명된 바와 같은 스피넬 구조 Li1 .05Mn1 .89Al0 .06O4로부터 Li의 탈리 후의 스피넬 구조 Mn1 .89Al0 .06O4(Al-도핑 λ-MnO2)로부터 얻어진 X-선 회절 패턴을 도시하는 도면.
도 5a와 도 5b는, 도 3 및 도 4로부터 X-선 회절 패턴의 일부의 중첩을 도시하는 도면.
도 6은, 10회 컨티셔닝 사이클 후 얻어진 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 탈리튬화 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료에 대한 3개의 순차적 순환 전류전압 곡선(voltammargram)으로부터 데이터를 도시한 도면.
도 7은, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 활성탄 애노드 재료에 대한 순환 전류전압 곡선을 도시한 도면으로, 어떠한 뚜렷한 환원-산화 피크도 관찰되지 않는다.
도 8은, C/24 및 2C 레이트에서 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 탈리튬화 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료에 기초한 완전 수성 Na-이온 혼성 에너지 저장 장치의 충전/방전 거동(즉, 충전/방전 사이클에서 전지 전위 대 시간)을 도시한 도면.
도 9a와 도 9b는, 1.7V 내지 0.8V 전지 전위의 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료에 대한 단일 C/5 방전 거동 대 시간과, 비 에너지(Wh/Kg)를 각각 도시한 도면.
도 10은, 1.7V 내지 0.6V 전지 전위의 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 탈리튬화 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료에 대한 시간의 함수로 단일 C/10 방전 사이클로부터 데이터를 도시한 도면.
도 11a와 도 11b는, 2.0V 내지 0.8V 전지 전위의 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 전기화학 Li/Na 이온 교환을 통해 형성된 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료의 사이클링 성능을 나타내는 데이터를 도시한 도면.
도 12a와 도 12b는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 탈리튬화 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료에 기초한 완전 수성 Na-이온 혼성 에너지 저장 장치의 장기 테스트(40 사이클까지)에 대한 사이클 횟수에 대한, 비 에너지와 비 용량을 각각 도시한 도면이고, 도 12c는, 1.8 내지 0.8V의 전위 범위에서 5C 레이트에서 540회를 초과한 사이클에 대하여 연장된 고 레이트 사이클링 성능(전지 용량 대 사이클 횟수)을 나타낸 도면.
도 13은, 1.9 내지 0.8V 전위 범위에서 C/5 사이클링 레이트를 갖는 수성 1M Na2SO4 전해질에서 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료에 대한 사이클 횟수의 함수로 에너지 밀도를 도시한 도면.
도 14는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 활성탄 에너지 재료 대 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료를 갖는 전지에 대한 비 에너지 대 방전율을 도시한 도면.
도 15는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 활성탄 애노드 재료 대 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료를 갖는 전지에 대한 비 에너지 대 비 출력을 도시한 도면.
도 16은, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 활성탄 애노드 재료 대 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료를 갖는 전지에 대한 비 에너지 대 방전율의 온도 의존성을 나타낸 도면.
도 17은, 약 5000 사이클 이상 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 활성탄 애노드 재료 대 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료를 갖는 전지에 대한 장기간의 전지 용량 성능을 도시한 도면.
도 18은, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 활성탄 애노드 재료 대 Al-도핑 λ-MnO2 활성 캐소드 재료로 이루어진 두 개의 전지 스택에 대한 전지 전위 대 전지 에너지를 도시한 도면.
도 19는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 NaMnO2 (버네사이트 상) 활성 캐소드 재료에 기초한 완전 수성 Na-이온 혼성 에너지 저장 장치의 충전/방전 거동(즉, 충전/방전 사이클에서 전지 전위 대 시간)을 도시한 도면.
도 20a는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 Na2Mn3O7 활성 캐소드 재료에 대한 4개의 순차적 순환 전류전압 곡선으로부터 데이터를 도시한 도면이고, 도 20b는, 도 20a에 도시된 순환 전류전압 곡선의 일 부분으로부터 전위 대 시간 프로파일을 도시한 도면.
도 21은, Na2FePO4F 활성 캐소드 재료, 활성탄 애노드 재료 및 수성 Na2SO4 전해질을 구비한 테스트 전지의 방전 거동을 도시한 도면.
도 22는, ab 평면에 수직인 Na0 .44MnO2의 결정 구조의 구조도를 도시한 도면.
도 23은, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 합성 Na0 .44MnO2 전극의 순환 전류전압 곡선을 도시한 도면.
도 24는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 합성 활성탄 전극의 순환 전류전압 곡선을 도시한 도면.
도 25는, 약 15시간 이상 5 사이클을 통해 합성 Na0 .44MnO2/Na2SO4 ( aq )/합성 활성탄 혼성 전기 에너지 저장 장치의 충전/방전 거동을 도시한 도면.
도 26은, 합성 Na0 .44MnO2/Na2SO4 ( aq )/합성 활성탄 혼성 전기 에너지 저장 장치의 전형적인 방전 사이클에서 비 용량을 도시한 도면.
도 27은, 약 60분의 연속 테스트 시간에 대해 40분의 연속 테스트 시간 후 합성 Na0 .44MnO2/Na2SO4 ( aq )/합성 활성탄 혼성 전기 저장 장치의 장기 충전/방전 거동을 도시한 도면.
도 28은, 180 사이클 후 합성 Na0 .44MnO2/Na2SO4 ( aq )/합성 활성탄 혼성 전기 에너지 저장 장치에 대한 사이클의 함수로 충전 및 방전 용량의 플롯을 도시한 도면.
도 29는, 110 사이클 후 합성 Na0 .44MnO2/Na2SO4 ( aq )/합성 활성탄 혼성 전기 에너지 저장 장치에 대한 사이클의 함수로 충전 및 방전 에너지의 플롯을 도시한 도면.
도 30a는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 합성 Na0 .44MnO2 캐소드{바인더로서 수화된 NaMnO2(버네사이트)을 사용하여 형성}에 기초한 완전 수성 Na-이온 혼성 에너지 저장 장치에 대한 전지 전위 대 비 용량을 도시한 도면이고, 도 30b는, 수성 Na2SO4 전해질에서 합성 Na0 .44MnO2 캐소드{바인더로서 수화된 NaMnO2(버네사이트)을 사용하여 형성}에 기초한 완전 수성 Na-이온 혼성 에너지 저장 장치의 장기 테스트(약 25 사이클)에 관한 비 용량 대 사이클 수를 도시한 도면.
Claims (63)
- 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치(secondary hybrid aqueous energy storage device)에 있어서,
애노드 전극과, 나트륨 양이온을 가역적으로 삽입(intercalating)할 수 있는 캐소드 전극과, 분리막과, 나트륨 양이온 함유 수성 전해질을 포함하고,
활성 캐소드 전극 재료는 입방 스피넬 λ-망간화물을 포함하고,
상기 활성 캐소드 전극 재료는 망간산 리튬 입방 스피넬 재료를 제공하고 초기 충전 동안 입방 스피넬 λ-망간화물 재료를 형성하기 위해 적어도 일부의 리튬을 제공함으로써 형성되고,
상기 입방 스피넬 λ-망간화물은 삽입된 나트륨 양이온을 함유하고,
상기 입방 스피넬 λ-망간화물은 일반식 AyMn2O4 (A는 80 원자% Na 을 포함하고, 0<y<1)이고,
상기 장치는 5,000 내지 10,000 충전/방전 사이클 사이에서 5% 용량 감소보다 적은 감소인, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치. - 제 1항에 있어서, 상기 애노드 전극은, 상기 애노드 전극의 표면에서 알칼리 금속 양이온의 가역적 비패러데이 반응을 통해 전하를 저장하는 이중층 커패시터 전극 또는 상기 애노드 전극의 표면에서 알칼리 금속 양이온과 부분적인 전하 이동 표면 상호작용을 거치는 의사용량성 전극(pseudocapacitive electrode)을 포함하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치.
- 제 1항에 있어서, 상기 전해질은 물에 용매화된 Na2SO4를 포함하고, 초기에 리튬 이온을 배제하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치.
- 제 1항에 있어서, 상기 애노드는 활성탄을 포함하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치.
- 애노드 전극과, 캐소드 전극, 분리막 및 나트륨 함유 수성 전해질을 포함하는 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법에 있어서,
상기 저장 장치를 제공하는 단계로서, 상기 저장 장치에서 상기 캐소드 전극이 LixNayMn2-zAlzO4 (여기서, 1 ≤ x < 1.1 및 0 ≤ z < 0.1) 를 가지는 입방 스피넬 λ 망간 리튬을 함유한 활성 캐소드 재료인, 상기 저장 장치를 제공하는 단계와,
리튬 없이 입방 스피넬 λ 망간산염 활성 캐소드 전극 재료를 형성하기 위해 상기 장치를 초기 충전하는 동안 활성 캐소드 전극 재료로부터 리튬을 탈리하는 단계와,
식 AyMn2-zO4 (여기서, A는 적어도 80 원자%의 Na 이고, 0 ≤ y < 1 및 0 ≤ z < 0.1)를 가지는 입방 스피넬 λ 망간 활성 캐소드 전극 재료를 형성하기 위해 후속 방전 사이클 동안 나트륨 이온을 상기 활성 캐소드 전극 재료 안으로 가역적으로 삽입하는 단계와,
후속 충전 사이클 동안 상기 활성 캐소드 전극으로부터 나트륨 이온을 가역적으로 탈리하는 단계를
포함하는, 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법. - 제 5항에 있어서, 상기 장치는, C/10 비율 또는 이보다 더 느리게, 1 M의 Na2SO4 내의 전위 0.60과 1.9 V 사이에서 사이클 될 때 활성 캐소드 재료의 kg 당 20 Wh 보다 더 큰 특정 에너지를 나타내는, 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법.
- 제 5항에 있어서, 상기 애노드 전극은, 다공성 활성탄, 그래파이트, 메조다공성 탄소, 탄소 나노튜브, 부정렬 탄소(disordered carbon), Ti-산화물 재료, V-산화물 재료, 포스포-올리빈 재료, 메조다공성 세라믹 재료 또는 그 복합재를 포함하고, 상기 전해질은, Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaClO4, Na3PO4, Na2CO3, NaCl, NaOH 또는 그 조합을 포함하는, 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법.
- 제 5항에 있어서, 전하 함유 전기화학 이중층은 장치 충전 동안 애노드 전극의 표면 부근에 형성되고, 상기 전기화학 이중층 내의 활성 충전 종은 Na 이온을 포함하는, 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법.
- 제 5항에 있어서, 장치 충전 동안 의사용량성 애노드 전극의 표면 부근에서 부분적인 전하 이동 상호작용이 일어나고, 상기 부분적인 전하 이동 상호작용에서 활성 충전 종은 Na 이온을 포함하는, 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법.
- 애노드 전극, 캐소드 전극, 분리막 및 나트륨 함유 수성 전해질을 가지는 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 제조하는 방법에 있어서,
상기 에너지 저장 장치를 제공하는 단계로서, 상기 캐소드 전극은 식 LiMnO4 를 가지는 리튬 λ-망간산염 입방 스피넬 재료를 포함한 활성 캐소드 전극 재료를 포함하는, 상기 에너지 저장 장치를 제공하는 단계와,
리튬 없이 입방 스피넬 λ-망간산염 활성 캐소드 전극 재료를 형성하기 위해 상기 장치의 초기 충전 동안에 상기 활성 캐소드 재료로부터 리튬 이온을 탈리시키는 단계와,
식 NayLixMn2O4 (여기서, 0<x<1, 0<y<1, 및 x+y≤1.1이고, 적어도 80 원자%의 알칼리 금속은 Na 임) 을 가지는 입방 스피넬 λ-망간산염 활성 캐소드 전극 재료를 형성하기 위해 후속 방전 동안에 나트륨 이온을 상기 활성 캐소드 전극 재료로 가역적으로 삽입하는 단계와,
후속 충전 사이클 동안에 상기 활성 캐소드 전극으로부터 나트륨 이온을 가역적으로 탈리시키는 단계를 포함하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 제조하는 방법. - 제 10항에 있어서,
상기 입방 스피넬 λ-망간산염은 사용 전에 1≤x<1.1 및 0≤z<0.1인 식 LixMn2-zAlzO4를 갖고, 상기 활성 캐소드 전극 재료는 사용 중에 0≤x<1.1, 0.8≤y<1, 0≤x+y<1.1, 및 0≤z<0.1인 식 LixNayMn2-zAlzO4를 갖고,
상기 애노드 전극은, 다공성 활성탄, 그래파이트, 메조다공성 탄소, 탄소 나노튜브, 부정렬 탄소, Ti-산화물 재료, V-산화물 재료, 포스포-올리빈 재료, 메조다공성 세라믹 재료 또는 그 복합재를 포함하며,
상기 전해질은, Na2SO4, NaNO3, NaClO4, Na3PO4, Na2CO3, NaCl, NaOH 또는 그 조합을 포함하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 제조하는 방법. - 제 11항에 있어서, 상기 애노드 전극은 다공성 활성탄를 포함하고, 상기 전해질은 Na2SO4를 포함하며, 상기 캐소드 전극은 캐소드 전류 집전체와 접촉하고, 상기 애노드 전극은 애노드 전류 집전체와 접촉하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 제조하는 방법.
- 제 10항에 있어서, 상기 장치는, 초기 10,000 충전/방전 사이클 동안 10% 미만의 용량 저하(capacity degradation)를 경험하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 제조하는 방법.
- 제 1항에 있어서, 상기 장치는, 초기 10,000 충전/방전 사이클 동안 10% 미만의 용량 저하를 경험하는, 2차 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치.
- 제 5항에 있어서, 상기 장치는, 초기 10,000 충전/방전 사이클 동안 10% 미만의 용량 저하를 경험하는, 혼성 수성 에너지 저장 장치를 작동시키는 방법.
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AU2009233974B2 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
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US20090253025A1 (en) | 2009-10-08 |
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US20110311846A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
US20110052945A1 (en) | 2011-03-03 |
CN102027625A (zh) | 2011-04-20 |
AU2009233974A1 (en) | 2009-10-15 |
WO2009126525A3 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
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