KR100317578B1 - 화학적유연제조성물을함유하는종이제품 - Google Patents
화학적유연제조성물을함유하는종이제품 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100317578B1 KR100317578B1 KR1019950701599A KR19950701599A KR100317578B1 KR 100317578 B1 KR100317578 B1 KR 100317578B1 KR 1019950701599 A KR1019950701599 A KR 1019950701599A KR 19950701599 A KR19950701599 A KR 19950701599A KR 100317578 B1 KR100317578 B1 KR 100317578B1
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
- D21H17/06—Alcohols; Phenols; Ethers; Aldehydes; Ketones; Acetals; Ketals
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K8/0208—Tissues; Wipes; Patches
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
- C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/04—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties combined with or containing other objects
- C11D17/049—Cleaning or scouring pads; Wipes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2003—Alcohols; Phenols
- C11D3/2065—Polyhydric alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2068—Ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3707—Polyethers, e.g. polyalkyleneoxides
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/322—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing nitrogen
- D06M13/46—Compounds containing quaternary nitrogen atoms
- D06M13/463—Compounds containing quaternary nitrogen atoms derived from monoamines
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
- D21H17/07—Nitrogen-containing compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
- D21H17/09—Sulfur-containing compounds
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
- D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
- D21H21/22—Agents rendering paper porous, absorbent or bulky
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (36)
- (a) 하기 일반식의 4급 암모늄 화합물:상기식에서,R2 치환체는 각각 C1-C6알킬 또는 하이드록시알킬 그룹, 또는 이 들의 혼합물이고,R1치환체는 각각 C14-C22하이드로카빌 그룹 또는 이들의 혼합물이고,X-는 양립가능한 음이온이다]; 및(b) 중량 평균 분자량 200 내지 4000의 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 및 폴리 프로필렌 글리콜, 및 글리세롤로 이루어진 그룹중에서 선택된 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 혼합물을 포함하는화학적 유연제 조성물 0.005 내지 5.0중량%(섬유성 셀룰로즈 물질을 기준으로 함), 및 셀룰로즈 물질의 시이트를 포함하고,상기 4급 암모늄 화합물 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0:1 내지 0.1:1이고,상기 4급 암모늄 화합물과 상기 폴리하이드록시 화합물이 혼화되는 승온에서상기 폴리하이드록시 화합물이 상기 4급 암모늄 화합물과 혼합되는종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,R2가 각각 C1-C3알킬로부터 선택되고, R1이 각각 Cl6-C18알킬로부터 선택되는종이 제품.
- 제 2 항에 있어서,R2가 각각 메틸인 종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,X-가 클로라이드 또는 메틸 설페이트인 종이 제품.
- 제 3 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 디(수소화된) 탈로우 디메틸 암모늄 클로라이드인종이 제품.
- 제 3 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 디(수소화된) 탈로우 디메틸 암모늄 메틸설페이트종이 제품.
- 제 6 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 액정상의 디(수소화된) 탈로우 디메틸 암모늄 메틸 설페이트와 혼화성인종이 제품.
- 제 5 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 액체상의 디(수소화된) 탈로우 디메틸 암모늄 클로라이드와 혼화성인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 중량 평균 분자량 200 내지 1000을 갖는 폴리에틸렌 글리콜인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 중량 평균 분자량 200 내지 1000을 갖는 골리프로필렌 글리콜인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 글리세롤인종이 제품.
- 제 1항에 있어서,섬유성 셀룰로즈에 첨가된 폴리하이드록시 화합물을 20중량% 이상 보유하는종이 제품.
- 제 12 항에 있어서,섬유성 셀룰로즈에 첨가된 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 보유량이 건조 섬유의 50 내지 90중량%의 범위인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0.3 내지 0.3:1의 범위인종이 제품.
- 제 14 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0.7 내지 0.7:1의 범위인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 40℃이상의 승온에서 폴리하이드록시 화합물과 혼합되는종이 제품.
- 제 16 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 56 내지 68℃의 온도 범위에서 폴리하이드록시 화합물과 혼합되는종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 및 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 혼합물이 화학적 유연 제 조성물의 0.01 내지 25.0중량%의 농도로 액체 담체로 희석된 종이 제품.
- 제 18 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물 및 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 혼합물이 액체 담체중에서 분산된 입자로서 존재하는종이 제품.
- 제 18항에 있어서,액체 담체의 온도가 40 내지 80℃의 범위인종이 제품.
- 제 19 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물 및 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 평균 입자 크기 범위가 0.01 내지 10μm인종이 제품.
- 제 21 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물 및 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 평균 입자 크기 범위가 0.1 내지 1.0μm인종이 제품.
- 제 9 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 200 내지 600의 분자량을 갖는 폴리에틸렌 글리콜인종이 제품.
- 제 10 항에 있어서,폴리하이드록시 화합물이 200 내지 600 분자량을 갖는 폴리프로필렌 글리콜인종이 제품.
- 제 23 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0.7 내지 0.7: 1인종이 제품.
- 제 24 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0.7 내지 0.7:1인종이 제품.
- 제 11 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0.7 내지 0.7:1인종이 제품.
- 제 19 항에 있어서,분산입자가 소포입자인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 폴리하이드록시 화합물과 혼합될때 액정상태인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 폴리하이드록시 화합물과 혼합될때 액체상태인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,타월인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,화장지인종이 제품.
- 제 1 항에 있어서,고급 티슈인종이 제품.
- (a) 하기 일반식의 4급 암모늄 화합물:상기식에서,R2 치환체는 각각 C1-C6 알킬 또는 하이드록시알킬 그룹, 또는 이들의 혼합물이고,R1 치환체는 각각 C14-C22 하이드로카빌 그룹, 또는 이들의 혼합물이고,X-는 양립가능한 음이온이다]; 및(b) 중량 평균 분자량 200 내지 4000의 폴리에틸렌 글리콜 및 폴리프로필렌 글리콜, 및 글리세롤로 이루어진 그룹중에서 선택된 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 혼합물을 포함하고,상기 4급 암모늄 화합물 대 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 중량비가 1:0.1 내지0.1:1이고,상기 4급 암모늄 화합물과 상기 폴리하이드록시 화합물이 혼화되는 승온에서 상기 폴리하이드록시 화합물이 상기 4급 암모늄 화합물과 혼합되는 것을 특징으로 하는,화학적 유연제 조성물.
- 제 34 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 화합물이 디(수소화된) 탈로우 디메틸 암모늄 클로라이드 또는 디(수소화된) 탈로우 디메틸 암모늄 메틸 설페이트인화학적 유연제 조성물.
- 제 34 항 또는 제 35 항에 있어서,4급 암모늄 및 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 혼합물이 화학적 유연제 조성물의 0.01 내지 25.0중량%의 농도로 액체 담체로 희석되고, 상기 4급 암모늄 화합물 및 폴리하이드록시 화합물의 혼합물이 상기 액체 담체중에 분산된 입자로서 존재하고, 상기 평균 입자 크기 범위가 0.01 내지 10μm인화학적 유연제 조성물.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/966,794 US5240562A (en) | 1992-10-27 | 1992-10-27 | Paper products containing a chemical softening composition |
| US07/966794 | 1992-10-27 | ||
| PCT/US1993/009452 WO1994010381A1 (en) | 1992-10-27 | 1993-10-01 | Paper products containing a chemical softening composition |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR950704573A KR950704573A (ko) | 1995-11-20 |
| KR100317578B1 true KR100317578B1 (ko) | 2002-04-24 |
Family
ID=25511864
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1019950701599A Expired - Fee Related KR100317578B1 (ko) | 1992-10-27 | 1993-10-01 | 화학적유연제조성물을함유하는종이제품 |
Country Status (20)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5240562A (ko) |
| EP (1) | EP0670931B1 (ko) |
| JP (1) | JP3188466B2 (ko) |
| KR (1) | KR100317578B1 (ko) |
| CN (1) | CN1044271C (ko) |
| AU (1) | AU678563B2 (ko) |
| BR (1) | BR9307334A (ko) |
| CA (1) | CA2144072A1 (ko) |
| CZ (1) | CZ106495A3 (ko) |
| DE (1) | DE69325104T2 (ko) |
| FI (1) | FI951994A0 (ko) |
| GR (1) | GR3030276T3 (ko) |
| HU (1) | HUT72012A (ko) |
| MX (1) | MX9306659A (ko) |
| MY (1) | MY109120A (ko) |
| NO (1) | NO951571L (ko) |
| NZ (1) | NZ257228A (ko) |
| PH (1) | PH30108A (ko) |
| SG (1) | SG52395A1 (ko) |
| WO (1) | WO1994010381A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (146)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5427696A (en) * | 1992-04-09 | 1995-06-27 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Biodegradable chemical softening composition useful in fibrous cellulosic materials |
| US5998032A (en) | 1992-08-17 | 1999-12-07 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Method and compositions for enhancing blood absorbence by superabsorbent materials |
| US6340411B1 (en) | 1992-08-17 | 2002-01-22 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Fibrous product containing densifying agent |
| AU5019893A (en) | 1992-08-17 | 1994-03-15 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Particle binding to fibers |
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| US4795530A (en) * | 1985-11-05 | 1989-01-03 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Process for making soft, strong cellulosic sheet and products made thereby |
| US4853086A (en) * | 1986-12-15 | 1989-08-01 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Hydrophilic cellulose product and method of its manufacture |
| US4940513A (en) * | 1988-12-05 | 1990-07-10 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Process for preparing soft tissue paper treated with noncationic surfactant |
| US4959125A (en) * | 1988-12-05 | 1990-09-25 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Soft tissue paper containing noncationic surfactant |
| US4981557A (en) * | 1988-07-05 | 1991-01-01 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Temporary wet strength resins with nitrogen heterocyclic nonnucleophilic functionalities and paper products containing same |
-
1992
- 1992-10-27 US US07/966,794 patent/US5240562A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1993
- 1993-10-01 CZ CZ951064A patent/CZ106495A3/cs unknown
- 1993-10-01 FI FI951994A patent/FI951994A0/fi unknown
- 1993-10-01 KR KR1019950701599A patent/KR100317578B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-10-01 EP EP93923770A patent/EP0670931B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-10-01 CA CA002144072A patent/CA2144072A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-10-01 DE DE69325104T patent/DE69325104T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-10-01 SG SG1996003953A patent/SG52395A1/en unknown
- 1993-10-01 WO PCT/US1993/009452 patent/WO1994010381A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-10-01 JP JP51107294A patent/JP3188466B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-10-01 HU HU9501188A patent/HUT72012A/hu unknown
- 1993-10-01 AU AU53518/94A patent/AU678563B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-10-01 NZ NZ257228A patent/NZ257228A/en unknown
- 1993-10-01 BR BR9307334A patent/BR9307334A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-10-11 MY MYPI93002074A patent/MY109120A/en unknown
- 1993-10-26 PH PH47145A patent/PH30108A/en unknown
- 1993-10-26 MX MX9306659A patent/MX9306659A/es not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-10-27 CN CN93120518A patent/CN1044271C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-04-25 NO NO951571A patent/NO951571L/no unknown
-
1999
- 1999-05-27 GR GR990401256T patent/GR3030276T3/el unknown
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH04100995A (ja) * | 1990-08-10 | 1992-04-02 | Nippon Oil & Fats Co Ltd | 紙用柔軟剤組成物 |
| WO1993009287A1 (en) * | 1991-11-01 | 1993-05-13 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Soft absorbent tissue paper with high permanent wet strength |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU678563B2 (en) | 1997-06-05 |
| CN1044271C (zh) | 1999-07-21 |
| EP0670931B1 (en) | 1999-05-26 |
| BR9307334A (pt) | 1999-06-01 |
| EP0670931A1 (en) | 1995-09-13 |
| NO951571L (no) | 1995-06-26 |
| MX9306659A (es) | 1994-04-29 |
| DE69325104D1 (de) | 1999-07-01 |
| FI951994L (fi) | 1995-04-26 |
| NZ257228A (en) | 1997-05-26 |
| JPH08502557A (ja) | 1996-03-19 |
| KR950704573A (ko) | 1995-11-20 |
| PH30108A (en) | 1996-12-27 |
| MY109120A (en) | 1996-12-31 |
| WO1994010381A1 (en) | 1994-05-11 |
| SG52395A1 (en) | 1998-09-28 |
| CA2144072A1 (en) | 1994-05-11 |
| GR3030276T3 (en) | 1999-08-31 |
| FI951994A7 (fi) | 1995-04-26 |
| HK1013133A1 (en) | 1999-08-13 |
| JP3188466B2 (ja) | 2001-07-16 |
| FI951994A0 (fi) | 1995-04-26 |
| HUT72012A (en) | 1996-03-28 |
| CN1118028A (zh) | 1996-03-06 |
| AU5351894A (en) | 1994-05-24 |
| HU9501188D0 (en) | 1995-06-28 |
| CZ106495A3 (en) | 1996-02-14 |
| DE69325104T2 (de) | 1999-10-28 |
| NO951571D0 (no) | 1995-04-25 |
| US5240562A (en) | 1993-08-31 |
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