JP7614156B2 - 正極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
正極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7614156B2 JP7614156B2 JP2022169762A JP2022169762A JP7614156B2 JP 7614156 B2 JP7614156 B2 JP 7614156B2 JP 2022169762 A JP2022169762 A JP 2022169762A JP 2022169762 A JP2022169762 A JP 2022169762A JP 7614156 B2 JP7614156 B2 JP 7614156B2
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- Prior art keywords
- composite oxide
- lithium composite
- cobalt
- positive electrode
- active material
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 259
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 259
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 76
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 210
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 104
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 104
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 104
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 30
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- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
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- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 14
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 7
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- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
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- PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N monofluorobenzene Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC=C1 PYLWMHQQBFSUBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002296 pyrolytic carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical class O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015041 whisky Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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Description
2.0≦s1≦3.6
0.2≦s2≦0.7
1.7≦s1-s2≦3.0
LiwNi1-(x+y+z+z’)CoxM1yM2zBz’O2
M1は、Mn及びAlから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M2は、P、Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、Cr、V、Fe、Zn、Si、Y、Ga、Sn、Mo、Ge、Nd、Gd及びCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z’≦0.20である。)
LiaM3bOc
M3は、Ni、Mn、Co、Fe、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ti、Al、Cr、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、B、P、Eu、Sm、W、Ce、V、Ba、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、Gd及びNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、0≦a≦10、0≦b≦8、2≦c≦13であり、但し、a及びbが同時に0の場合を除く。)
本発明の一態様によれば、少なくともニッケル及びコバルトを含有するリチウム複合酸化物を含む正極活物質が提供される。また、前記リチウム複合酸化物は、ニッケル及びコバルトの他にリチウムを含み、リチウムイオンのインターカレーション及びデインターカレーションが可能な複合金属酸化物である。
-ray Spectroscopy(EP-EDS)方式がある。
LiwNi1-(x+y+z+z’)CoxM1yM2zBz’O2
M1は、Mn及びAlから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M2は、P、Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、Cr、V、Fe、Zn、Si、Y、Ga、Sn、Mo、Ge、Nd、Gd及びCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z’≦0.20である。)
i/(Ni+Co+M1+M2+B)≧80.0
Co/(Ni+Co+M1+M2+B)≦5.0
2.0≦s1≦3.6
0.2≦s2≦0.7
1.7≦s1-s2≦3.0
LiaM3bOc
M3は、Ni、Mn、Co、Fe、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ti、Al、Cr、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、B、P、Eu、Sm、W、Ce、V、Ba、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、Gd及びNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
0≦a≦10、0≦b≦8、2≦c≦13であり、但し、a及びbが同時に0の場合を除く。)
本発明のさらに他の態様によれば、正極集電体及び前記正極集電体上に形成された正極活物質層を含む正極が提供され得る。ここで、前記正極活物質層は、本発明の様々な実施例による正極活物質を含んでもよい。したがって、正極活物質は、前述のとおりであるので、便宜上具体的な説明を省略し、以下では、残りの前述されない構成についてのみ説明する。
(1)実施例1
(a)硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト及び硫酸アルミニウムを用いた公知の共沈法(co-precipitation method)によりNiCoAl(OH)2水酸化物前駆体(Ni:Co:Al=95:4:1(at%))を合成した。合成された水酸化物前駆体を400℃まで毎分2℃ずつ昇温し、400℃で6時間焼成して酸化物前駆体に切り替えた。
(a)硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト及び硫酸アルミニウムを用いた公知の共沈法(co-precipitation method)によりNiCoAl(OH)2水酸化物前駆体(Ni:Co:Al=95:4:1(at%))を合成した。合成された水酸化物前駆体を400℃まで毎分2℃ずつ昇温し、400℃で6時間焼成して酸化物前駆体に切り替えた。
段階(d)で前記乾燥品とB2O3(B/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.5)を混合した後、熱処理したことを除いて、実施例1と同じ方法でリチウム複合酸化物を得た。ICP分析の結果、得られたリチウム複合酸化物は、Li1Ni0.9161Co0.0689Al0.0100B0.0050O2の組成を持つことが確認された。前記リチウム複合酸化物の組成は、ICP分析を通じて確認した。
段階(d)で前記乾燥品とB2O3(B/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.3)及びZrO2(Zr/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.2)を混合した後、熱処理したことを除いて、実施例3と同じ方法でリチウム複合酸化物を得た。ICP分析の結果、得られたリチウム複合酸化物は、Li1Ni0.9161Co0.0689Al0.010B0.0050O2の組成を持つことが確認された。前記リチウム複合酸化物の組成は、ICP分析を通じて確認した。
段階(b)で前記乾燥品とB2O3(B/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.3)とTiO2(Ti/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.2)を混合した後、焼成したことを除いて、実施例1と同じ方法でリチウム複合酸化物を得た。ICP分析の結果、得られたリチウム複合酸化物は、Li1Ni0.9161Co0.0689Al0.010B0.0030Ti0.0020O2の組成を持つことが確認された。前記リチウム複合酸化物の組成は、ICP分析を通じて確認した。
段階(b)で前記乾燥品とB2O3(B/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.3)とMgO(Mg/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.2)を混合した後、焼成したことを除いて、実施例1と同じ方法でリチウム複合酸化物を得た。ICP分析の結果、得られたリチウム複合酸化物は、Li1Ni0.9161Co0.0689Al0.010B0.0030Mg0.0020O2の組成を持つことが確認された。前記リチウム複合酸化物の組成は、ICP分析を通じて確認した。
(a)硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト及び硫酸アルミニウムを用いた公知の共沈法(co-precipitation method)によりNiCoAl(OH)2水酸化物前駆体(Ni:Co:Al=95:4:1(at%))を合成した。合成された水酸化物前駆体を400℃まで毎分2℃ずつ昇温し、400℃で6時間焼成して酸化物前駆体に切り替えた。
段階(d)で前記乾燥品とB2O3(B/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=0.8)を混合した後、焼成したことを除いて、実施例2と同じ方法でリチウム複合酸化物を得た。ICP分析の結果、得られたリチウム複合酸化物は、 Li1Ni0.9113Co0.0687Al0.0100B0.0100O2の組成を持つことが確認された。前記リチウム複合酸化物の組成は、ICP分析を通じて確認した。
段階(d)で前記乾燥品とB2O3(B/(Ni+Co+Al)mol%=1.0)を混合した後、焼成したことを除いて、実施例1と同じ方法でリチウム複合酸化物を得た。ICP分析の結果、得られたリチウム複合酸化物は、Li1Ni0.9113Co0.0687Al0.0100B0.0100O2の組成を持つことが確認された。前記リチウム複合酸化物の組成は、ICP分析を通じて確認した。
(a)硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト及び硫酸アルミニウムを用いた公知の共沈法(co-precipitation method)によりNiCoAl(OH)2水酸化物前駆体(Ni:Co:Al=95:4:1(at%))を合成した。合成された水酸化物前駆体を400℃まで毎分2℃ずつ昇温し、400℃で6時間焼成して酸化物前駆体に切り替えた。
製造例1によって製造した正極活物質それぞれ92wt%、人造黒鉛4wt%、PVDFバインダー4wt%をN-メチル-2ピロリドン(NMP)30gに分散させて正極スラリーを製造した。前記正極スラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム薄膜に均一に塗布し、135℃で真空乾燥してリチウム二次電池用正極を製造した。
製造例1によって製造された正極活物質に含まれるリチウム複合酸化物のうちコバルトの含量を測定するため、EP-EDS分析を行った。EP-EDS分析は、製造例1によって製造された正極活物質に含まれるリチウム複合酸化物を選別した後、選別されたリチウム複合酸化物の表面に照射する電子ビームの加速電圧を1kVから30kV(1kV、3kV、5kV、7.5kV、10kV、12.5kV、15kV、22.5kV、30kV)まで変化させつつ加速電圧別電子ビームが浸透した特定の深さまでのコバルトの累積濃度(at%)を分析した。
製造例2で製造されたリチウム二次電池(コインセル)に対して電気化学分析装置(Toyo,Toscat-3100)を用いて25℃、電圧範囲3.0V~4.25V、0.2Cの放電率を適用して充放電実験を行い、充電及び放電容量を測定した。
(1)正極活物質の寿命後のcrack面積
製造例2で製造されたリチウム二次電池(コインセル)に対して25℃、3.0V~4.25Vの駆動電圧範囲内で1C/1Cの条件で50回充/放電を行った後、正極を分離し、分離された正極から正極活物質を回収した後、断面SEMイメージを撮影した。
製造例2によって製造されたリチウム二次電池を定電流0.2Cで4.25Vまで充電した後、60℃で14日間保管し、リチウム二次電池内のガス発生によるリチウム二次電池の体積変化を測定した。体積変化測定結果は、下記表5に示した。
Claims (9)
- 少なくともニッケル及びコバルトを含有するリチウム複合酸化物を含む正極活物質であって、
前記リチウム複合酸化物のうちコバルトは、前記リチウム複合酸化物の表面部から中心部に向かって減少する濃度勾配を持ち、
前記コバルトの濃度勾配は、少なくとも異種の傾きを持ち、前記異種の傾きの符号は、互いに同一であり、
前記リチウム複合酸化物の表面に対して1kVから30kVまで増加する加速電圧で照射される電子ビームを用いて、前記リチウム複合酸化物の表面から前記電子ビームが浸透した深さまでのコバルトの累積濃度を測定するEP-EDS(Energy Profiling-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy)分析時に加速電圧が7.5kV~12.5kVの領域内で、前記リチウム複合酸化物のうち前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きが変化する変曲点が存在し、
加速電圧が1kV~10kVの領域内で前記リチウム複合酸化物のうち前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きの平均値をs1とすると、
前記s1は、下記の式1を満たす、正極活物質。
[式1]
2.0≦s1≦3.6 - 加速電圧が1kV~10kVである領域におけるリチウム複合酸化物中のコバルトの濃度勾配の傾きの絶対値は、加速電圧が10kV~30kVである領域におけるリチウム複合酸化物中の前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きの絶対値よりも大きい、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム複合酸化物は、複数の一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子であり、
前記二次粒子のうちコバルトは、前記二次粒子の表面部から中心部に向かって減少する濃度勾配を持ち、
前記二次粒子の表面に対して1kVから30kVまで増加する加速電圧で照射される電子ビームを用いて、前記二次粒子の表面から前記電子ビームが浸透した深さまでのコバルトの累積濃度を測定するEP-EDS(Energy Profiling-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy)分析時、加速電圧が7.5kV~12.5kVの領域内で前記二次粒子のうち前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きが変化する変曲点が存在する、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。 - 加速電圧が10kV~30kVの領域内で前記リチウム複合酸化物のうち前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きの平均値をs2とすると、
前記s2は、下記の式2を満たす、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[式2]
0.2≦s2≦0.7 - 加速電圧が1kV~10kVの領域内の前記リチウム複合酸化物のうち前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きの平均値をs1とし、加速電圧が10kV~30kVの領域内の前記リチウム複合酸化物のうち前記コバルトの濃度勾配の傾きの平均値をs2とすると、前記s1と前記s2は、下記の式3を満たす、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[式3]
1.7≦s1-s2≦3.0
正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム複合酸化物は、下記化1で表される、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[化1]
LiwNi1-(x+y+z+z’)CoxM1yM2zBz’O2
(ここで、
M1は、Mn及びAlから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M2は、P、Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Mn、Al、W、Ce、Hf、Ta、Cr、F、Mg、Cr、V、Fe、Zn、Si、Y、Ga、Sn、Mo、Ge、Nd、Gd及びCuから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
M1とM2は、互いに異なり、
0.5≦w≦1.5、0≦x≦0.50、0≦y≦0.20、0≦z≦0.20、0≦z’≦0.20である。) - 前記リチウム複合酸化物は、前記一次粒子間の界面及び前記二次粒子の表面のうち少なくとも一部をカバーするコーティング層をさらに含み、
前記コーティング層には、下記化2で表される少なくとも1種の金属酸化物が存在する、請求項3に記載の正極活物質。
[化2]
LiaM3bOc
(ここで、
M3は、Ni、Mn、Co、Fe、Cu、Nb、Mo、Ti、Al、Cr、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、B、P、Eu、Sm、W、Ce、V、Ba、Ta、Sn、Hf、Ce、Gd及びNdから選ばれる少なくとも1つであり、
0≦a≦10、0≦b≦8、2≦c≦13であり、但し、a及びbが同時に0の場合を除く。) - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項8に記載の正極を使用するリチウム二次電池。
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