JP6581583B2 - 組成物 - Google Patents
組成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6581583B2 JP6581583B2 JP2016539299A JP2016539299A JP6581583B2 JP 6581583 B2 JP6581583 B2 JP 6581583B2 JP 2016539299 A JP2016539299 A JP 2016539299A JP 2016539299 A JP2016539299 A JP 2016539299A JP 6581583 B2 JP6581583 B2 JP 6581583B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- rhamnolipid
- composition
- rha
- acid
- mono
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 47
- FCBUKWWQSZQDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhamnolipid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(CC(O)=O)OC(=O)CC(CCCCCCC)OC1OC(C)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(O)C(C)O1 FCBUKWWQSZQDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 7
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- -1 conditioners Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002781 deodorant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002453 shampoo Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003213 antiperspirant Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- PPMPLIBYTIWXPG-MSJADDGSSA-N L-rhamnosyl-3-hydroxydecanoyl-3-hydroxydecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(CC(O)=O)OC(=O)CC(CCCCCCC)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O PPMPLIBYTIWXPG-MSJADDGSSA-N 0.000 description 14
- ACXGEQOZKSSXKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC(O)=O ACXGEQOZKSSXKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caprylic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000005635 Caprylic acid (CAS 124-07-2) Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229960002446 octanoic acid Drugs 0.000 description 10
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 241001103617 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 Species 0.000 description 8
- SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N D-mannomethylose Natural products CC1OC(O)C(O)C(O)C1O SHZGCJCMOBCMKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N L-rhamnose Natural products CC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O PNNNRSAQSRJVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
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- ZQVJBRJGDVZANE-MXDMHAPNSA-N (2s)-2-[(3s,6s,9z,12s,15s,18s,21r,24r,27s)-18,21-bis(2-aminoethyl)-12-benzyl-3-[(1s)-2-chloro-1-hydroxyethyl]-15-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-9-ethylidene-27-[[(3s)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl]amino]-24-(hydroxymethyl)-2,5,8,11,14,17,20,23,26-nonaoxo-1-oxa Chemical compound N1C(=O)[C@H](CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](CCN)NC(=O)[C@@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C[C@@H](O)CCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)CCl)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@H](O)C(O)=O)NC(=O)\C(=C\C)NC(=O)[C@@H]1CC1=CC=CC=C1 ZQVJBRJGDVZANE-MXDMHAPNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N (S)-malic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O BJEPYKJPYRNKOW-REOHCLBHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IWLKYLCPNSDERJ-OKQRZWICSA-N 4-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyoctyl)-3-oxo-2-[(3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]dodecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(O)C(=O)C(C(O)CCCCCCC)(C(O)=O)C1O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O IWLKYLCPNSDERJ-OKQRZWICSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N Dextrotartaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-JCYAYHJZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003109 Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L EDTA disodium salt (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OC(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC([O-])=O ZGTMUACCHSMWAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 101100096647 Escherichia coli (strain K12) srmB gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 108010053775 Nisin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000589516 Pseudomonas Species 0.000 description 1
- 101100468655 Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain ATCC 15692 / DSM 22644 / CIP 104116 / JCM 14847 / LMG 12228 / 1C / PRS 101 / PAO1) rhlA gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- ZQVJBRJGDVZANE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Syringomycin Natural products N1C(=O)C(CCCN=C(N)N)NC(=O)C(CCN)NC(=O)C(CCN)NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(NC(=O)CC(O)CCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)C(C(O)CCl)NC(=O)C(C(O)C(O)=O)NC(=O)C(=CC)NC(=O)C1CC1=CC=CC=C1 ZQVJBRJGDVZANE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tartaric acid Natural products [H+].[H+].[O-]C(=O)C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O FEWJPZIEWOKRBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LSHAYDSMEYHKPF-ZBIONFEVSA-N [(3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl] 4-hydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyoctyl)-3-oxo-2-[(3R,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]dodecanoate Chemical compound C1([C@@H]([C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](C)O1)O)OC(=O)C(C(O)CCCCCCC)(C(=O)C(O)CCCCCCCC)C1O[C@@H](C)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O LSHAYDSMEYHKPF-ZBIONFEVSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/04—Carboxylic acids or salts thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
- A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
- A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/02—Saturated carboxylic acids or thio analogues thereof; Derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
- A61K8/36—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
- A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
- A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
- A61K8/60—Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K8/602—Glycosides, e.g. rutin
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q15/00—Anti-perspirants or body deodorants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
- A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
- A61Q5/02—Preparations for cleaning the hair
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
- A61Q5/00—Preparations for care of the hair
- A61Q5/12—Preparations containing hair conditioners
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
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Description
国際公開第2012/0104号には、ラムノリピドとリパーゼを含む洗剤組成物が記載されている。
欧州特許第2410039号明細書には、特定の比率のモノ−ラムノリピドとジ−ラムノリピドを含み、クエン酸などのビルダーを含んでいてもよい洗浄組成物が記載されている。
米国特許公開第2007/191292号明細書には、少なくとも1種類のシリンゴマイシン、少なくとも1種類のシュードマイシン(pseudo−mycin)およびその組合せ;ならびにラムノリピドを含む担体成分を含む抗かび組成物が記載されている。
国際公開第2007/095258号には、少なくとも1種類のナイシン、少なくとも1種類のナタマイシンおよびその組合せから選択される殺生剤成分;ならびにラムノリピドを含む担体成分を含む組成物が記載されている。
中国特許第103146496号明細書には、5〜15重量部のラムノリピド抽出物、1〜10重量部のショ糖脂肪酸エステル、0.01〜0.05重量部の10000U/gのリパーゼ生物製剤および0.5〜1.5重量部のエチレンジアミン四酢酸二ナトリウムを含む洗剤組成物が開示されている。
国際公開第2008/013899号には、0.01〜99.9%のラムノリピドを含み、残部が担体である洗浄配合物が開示されている。考えられ得る広範な担体成分の中でもクエン酸およびステアリン酸が含められている。
国際公開第02/50225号には、(i)少なくとも1種類の界面活性剤、(ii)少なくとも1種類の酸、および(iii)(a)N−アルキルピロリドン誘導体と(b)一般式R 1 −O−(EO) m −(PO) n −R 2 (式中、R 1 およびR 2 は独立してC 2〜6 アルキルまたは水素であるが、両方が水素であることはなく、mおよびnは独立して0〜5であり、EOはエチレンオキシ基を表し、POはプロピレンオキシ基を表す)の共溶媒を含む溶媒混合物を含む水性抗菌性洗浄組成物が開示されている。
先行技術にもかかわらず、改善された殺菌性ラムノリピド組成物の必要性が依然として存在している。
−緑膿菌によって生産されるラムノリピド(モノ−ラムノリピド):
Rha−C8−C10、Rha−C10−C8、Rha−C10−C10、Rha−C10−C12、Rha−C10−C12:1、Rha−C12−C10、Rha−C12:1−C10
−P.クロロラフィス(chlororaphis)によって生産されるラムノリピド(モノ−ラムノリピドのみ):
Rha−C10−C8、Rha−C10−C10、Rha−C12−C10、Rha−C12:1−C10、Rha−C12−C12、Rha−C12:1−C12、Rha−C14−C10、Rha−C14:1−C10
−モノ−ラムノリピドはP.プチダ(putida)からも、緑膿菌の遺伝子rhlAおよびrhlBの導入によって生産され得る[Cha et al.,Bioresour Technol.2008.99(7):2192−9]
−緑膿菌によって生産されるラムノリピド(ジ−ラムノリピド):
Rha−Rha−C8−C10、Rha−Rha−C8−C12:1、Rha−Rha−C10−C8、Rha−Rha−C10−C10、Rha−Rha−C10−C12:1、Rha−Rha−C10−C12、Rha−Rha−C12−C10、Rha−Rha−C12:1−C12、Rha−Rha−C10−C14:1
−類鼻疽菌(Burkholdera pseudomallei)によって生産されるラムノリピド(ジ−ラムノリピドのみ):
Rha−Rha−C14−C14
−イネ苗立枯細菌病菌(Burkholdera(Pseudomonas)plantarii)によって生産されるラムノリピド(ジ−ラムノリピドのみ):
Rha−Rha−C14−C14
−緑膿菌によって生産され、最初はモノ−ラムノリピドまたはジ−ラムノリピドのどちらか不明であるラムノリピド:
C8−C8、C8−C10、C10−C8、C8−C12:1、C12:1−C8、C10−C10、C12−C10、C12:1−C10、C12−C12、C12:1−C12、C14−C10、C14:1−C10、C14−C14
好ましくは、ラムノリピドは、少なくとも20wt%のジ−ラムノリピド、好ましくは50wt%のジ−ラムノリピド、より好ましくは60wt%、さらにより好ましくは75wt%、最も好ましくは少なくとも90wt%のジ−ラムノリピドを含む。
[実施例1]
以下のデータは、ラムノリピドおよび細胞膜破壊剤であるカプリル酸を含む組成物の静菌効力を示す。
微生物および培養条件
緑膿菌ATCC 15442および黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)ATCC 9144を普通ブイヨン+20%のグリセロール中に−20℃で維持した。30℃で24時間インキュベートした普通寒天斜面からの細菌増殖物を使用し、108cfu/mLが得られるように570nmにおける光学密度を調整した細菌懸濁液を得た。
10%(w/v)のモノ−ラムノリピド(C26H48O9,MW:504,臨界ミセル濃度:中性pHで20mg/L M)および10%(w/v)のジラムノリピド(C32H58O13,MW:650,CMC:中性pHで1.5×10−4 30mg/L)を含むラムノリピドを、Jeneil Biosurfactant Co.(Saukville,Wisconsin)から入手した試料から分離して得た。
カプリル酸(CAS RN 0124−07−2)をSigma Aldrich(カタログ番号C2875)から>99%純度で入手した。
フロー条件下でのバイオフィルムの形成を解析するため、特化されたマルチウェルプレート内での自動画像取得が可能であるBioFlux 200システム(Fluxion Biosciences Inc.,South San Francisco,CA)を使用した。バイオフィルムを増殖させるため、マイクロ流路チャネル(深さ,75μm;幅,350μm)をTSB(50%)により10.0dyn/cm2でプライミングした。チャネルに、緑膿菌ATCC 15442、黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144および混合培養ブロスの一夜培養物から107CFUを播種した。次いでプレートを30℃で48時間インキュベートして細胞を付着させた。バイオフィルムが形成されたらプランクトン様細胞を除去し、PBS 1×(対照として)および種々の処理液を供給ウェルに279μL/時の流速で30分間添加した。結果を顕微鏡Evon(10倍)(17%光)で記録した。
ラムノリピドとカプリル酸を用いた緑膿菌ATCC 15442、黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144および混合培養物のバイオフィルムの破壊
緑膿菌ATCC 15442、黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144および混合培養物に事前に形成させたバイオフィルムに対するカプリル酸と併用したラムノリピドの効果をBiofluxフロースルー条件下で調べた。カプリル酸をラムノリピドと併用して合わせたものにより破壊がもたらされたことが確認された。単離菌はすべて、48時間でバイオフィルムを生成した。しかしながら、すべての場合におけるマイクロ流路チャネル周囲への広がりに関して相当なばらつきがみられた。緑膿菌のバイオフィルムと混合培養物はフロー条件下で充分に形成された(図1A、1Eおよび1G)が、黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144により形成されたバイオフィルム(図1C)は、同様には厚くなかったが多細胞集団とみなすのに充分に良好であり、プランクトン様浮遊細菌と比べて根本的に異なる生理学的状態を示した。
(B)ラムノリピド(0.04%)とカプリル酸(0.01%)で処理した後の緑膿菌ATCC 15442(A)
(C)処理前の黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144
(D)ラムノリピド(0.04%)とカプリル酸(0.01%)で処理した後の黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144(C)
(E)処理前の混合培養物(緑膿菌ATCC 15442/黄色ブドウ球菌ATCC 9144)
(F)ラムノリピド(0.04%)とカプリル酸(0.01%)で処理した後の混合培養物(E)
(G)処理前の緑膿菌ATCC 15442
(H)PBS 1×で処理後の緑膿菌ATCC 15442(G)
Claims (7)
- ラムノリピドおよび細胞膜破壊剤を含む、抗菌性組成物であって、前記細胞膜破壊剤がカプリル酸を含む、抗菌性組成物。
- 合成界面活性剤を含むさらなる界面活性剤を含む、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記ラムノリピドが全界面活性剤の1wt%〜95wt%、好ましくは10〜70wt%で存在している、請求項1〜2のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- ホームケア組成物またはパーソナルケア組成物である、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 好ましくはシャンプー、コンディショナー、デオドラント、スキンクレンジング組成物、制汗剤から選択されるパーソナルケア組成物である、請求項4に記載の組成物。
- 好ましくは洗濯用組成物および硬質面用洗剤から選択されるホームケア組成物である、請求項4に記載の組成物。
- 微生物の増殖の抗菌的抑制または破壊のための請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の組成物の使用。
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CA2060698C (en) * | 1991-02-12 | 1997-09-30 | Peter J. Hall | Detergent compositions |
US5436008A (en) * | 1992-12-11 | 1995-07-25 | Ecolab Inc. | Sanitizing compositions |
US5767090A (en) | 1996-01-17 | 1998-06-16 | Arizona Board Of Regents, On Behalf Of The University Of Arizona | Microbially produced rhamnolipids (biosurfactants) for the control of plant pathogenic zoosporic fungi |
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