JP6445446B2 - 骨転移の治療のための方法及び医薬組成物 - Google Patents
骨転移の治療のための方法及び医薬組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、骨転移の治療のための方法及び医薬組成物に関する。
癌が骨へと広がること、すなわち骨転移は、世界中の150万人を超える癌患者に起こり、最も一般的には前立腺癌、肺癌及び乳癌に伴う(Weilbaecher et al., Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:411-24)。骨髄に存在する転移性癌細胞は、骨吸収細胞(破骨細胞)及び骨形成細胞(骨芽細胞)の機能を変化させ、骨基質から来るシグナルを乗っ取る(Weilbaecher et al., Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:411-24)。骨吸収と骨形成との間の生理学的バランスを破壊することによって、転移性細胞は、骨破壊を促進する。骨髄における転移性細胞が破骨細胞と骨芽細胞の機能を変化させるという認識が、破骨細胞を標的化する療法(ビスホスホネート、デノスマブ)の使用をもたらした。ビスホスホネートは骨吸収破骨細胞の活性を阻害し、かつ、骨転移を有する癌患者において骨破壊を遅延させるための標準的な治療である(Gnant & Clezardin, Cancer Treat Rev 2011; Brown & Coleman, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012; 9:110-8)。NF−κB活性化受容体リガンド(RANKL)に特異的に結合する完全ヒト化モノクローナル抗体であるデノスマブは破骨細胞の形成を阻害し、これにより、骨破壊を減少させる(Brown & Coleman, Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2012; 9:110-8)。しかしながら、これらの処置は対症療法的にすぎず、しばしば有害な副作用を伴う。従って、癌細胞が骨髄に定着して転移が形成される初期に癌細胞を標的化する薬物を開発するために、明らかな骨病変の発症以前に起こる分子機序をより良く理解することが重要である。
本発明は、骨転移の治療のための方法及び医薬組成物に関する。
本発明者らは、ROBO受容体が播種性腫瘍細胞(DTC)の機能を支援し、これによりこれらの細胞が骨髄で順応しかつ栄えることを可能とすると推測する。骨にのみ転移するMDA−MB−231細胞株の亜個体群であるヒトB02乳癌細胞を使用した、遺伝子発現マイクロアレイ分析は、ROBO1及びROBO4が、親細胞で観察されたものと比較して、B02細胞において有意に過剰発現されていたことを示した。ROBO2及びROBO3はどちらの細胞株においても発現されていなかった。それ故、B02乳癌転移におけるROBO1/ROBO4の機能的役割を、これらの各受容体に標的化するshRNAを使用して評価した。腫瘍抑制遺伝子としてのその役割と一致して、ROBO1のサイレンシングは、インビトロにおいてshROBO1クローンの遊走特性及び浸潤特性を増強し、また、それは動物におけるshROBO1腫瘍異種移植片の増殖を増加させた。さらに、ROBO1のサイレンシングは、エクスビボにおいて骨髄の微小転移の形成を促進した。著しく対照的には、ROBO4のサイレンシングは、インビトロにおいてshROBO4乳癌細胞の遊走及び浸潤を阻止し、インビボにおける同所性腫瘍増殖を減少させ、エクスビボにおける骨髄の微小転移の形成を減少させた。従って、データは、骨髄微小転移形成におけるROBO受容体の以前には知られていなかった機能を明らかとし、ROBO1及びROBO4は逆の機能を有することを明らかとした。
材料及び方法
患者
乳癌患者コホートの臨床的及び生物学的特徴が他の場所に(Berthier et al., 2010)記載されている。Hospices Civils de Lyon(n=254)及びRene Hughenin病院(n=456)の患者コホートの経過観察期間中央値はそれぞれ54及び120.5か月であった。
ヒト乳腺腫瘍及びマウス骨髄からの全RNAを、トリゾール試薬(Sigma)を使用して抽出した。あらゆるゲノムDNAの混入を除去するために、全RNAを、リボヌクレアーゼ非含有デオキシリボヌクレアーゼIで処理し、RNeasyマイクロカラム(Qiagen)を使用して精製した。RNAの品質を、Agilent Bioanalyser 2100(Agilent Technologies)を使用して確認した。cDNAを、iScript cDNA合成キット(Biorad)を使用して合成した。PCR反応を、SYBR(登録商標)Green qPCRキット(Life technologies)を使用して、96ウェルプレートにおいてMastercycler EPシステム(Realplex2, Eppendorf, hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany)で製造業者の説明書に従って行なった。リアルタイムRT−PCRは、最初の工程を95℃で2分間、続いて95℃で15秒間の40サイクル、Tmで(mL32:58℃、mSlit2:64℃、TBP:67℃、Robol:63℃、Robo4:67℃)15秒間、および72℃で20秒間行われた。ROBO1及びROBO4発現は、TBPを用いて標準化された。マウスSlit2はmL32を用いて標準化された。
ヒトB02乳癌細胞株は、動物において骨に転移する高い効率のために選択されたMDA−MB−231癌株の亜個体群である(Peyruchaud et al., 2003)。以前に作成された(Buijs et al., 2007)、Flpを発現するサブクローン(MDA−MB−231/B02−Frt11)をここで細胞トランスフェクション実験に使用した。
タンパク質細胞抽出物を、4〜12%勾配のSDS−ポリアクリルアミドゲル(Life technologies)上で電気泳動し、その後、ニトロセルロース膜(Millipore, Billerica, MA)に転写した。Robo1(抗体7279; AbCam;1:300の希釈度)、Robo4(抗体10547, AbCam;1:500の希釈度)、α−チューブリン(Sigma;1:2,000の希釈度)、Akt(9272番、Cell Signaling;1:2,000の希釈度)、ホスホ−Akt(9271S番、Cell signaling;1:2,000の希釈度)、Src(クローンGD11、Millipore;1:500の希釈度)、ホスホ−Src(クローン9A6、Millipore;1:500の希釈度)、及びサイクリンD1(クローンEPR2241、Millipore;1:10,000の希釈度)を製造業者の説明書に従ってイムノブロットのために使用した。一次抗体と共にインキュベートした後、膜を、セイヨウワサビペルオキシド(HRP)にコンジュゲートさせたロバ抗ウサギ及び抗マウス二次抗体(Amersham;1:2,000の希釈度)と共にインキュベートし、その後、免疫染色を、増強化学発光(ECL)検出システム(Perkin Elmer)を用いて実施した。
実験を、以前に記載されているように(Zhang et al., 2007; Fradet et al., 2011)、直径8μmの孔サイズのインサートを有する24ウェル細胞培養プレートで実施した。細胞浸潤アッセイのために、インサートを、100μlの基底膜マトリゲル(0.3mg/ml)でコーティングした。親腫瘍細胞又はトランスフェクタント(1.6×105個の細胞/ml)を、0.1%(w/v)のウシ血清アルブミンを含む培養培地に再懸濁し、300μlのこの細胞懸濁液を、各インサート(上のチャンバー)にローディングした。抗Robo1(クローン1F8、Sigma)及び抗Robo4(抗体10547、Abcam)を用いての実験のために、これらの各抗体を、37℃で90分間、腫瘍細胞と共にインキュベートして、その後、上のチャンバーに加えた。化学誘引物質[10%(v/v)のウシ胎児血清]を、下のチャンバーに入れた(750μl/ウェル)。細胞遊走及び浸潤実験のために、プレートをそれぞれ6時間及び24時間、37℃で、5%CO2インキュベーター中でインキュベートした。インキュベート後、インサートを回収し、非遊走細胞を除去し、インサート表面下上の遊走細胞を固定し、クリスタルバイオレットで染色した。その後、細胞を顕微鏡下で計数した。
4週令の雌NMRI及びBalb/c免疫低下マウス及びOF1雄マウスを、Charles River Laboratories (St. Germain sur l'Arbresle, France)から購入した。動物の小屋及び世話をはじめとする動物に関与する全ての手順、動物を選別する方法、並びに実験プロトコールは、リヨン大学の地方倫理委員会によって確立された実施規則に従って実施された。
同所性腫瘍異種移植片実験を、以前に記載されている通りに(Fradet et al., 2011)、NMRI免疫不全マウスにおいて実施した。4週令の雌ヌードマウスの、第4乳腺の脂肪パッドに、トランスフェクタントのプール(50μlのPBS中、106個の細胞)を注射した。プロトコール終了時に、マウスを屠殺し、腫瘍を回収し、秤量し、その後、免疫組織化学的検査のために準備した。
骨組織切片の骨組織学的及び組織形態計測的分析を、以前に記載の通りに(Fradet et al., 2011; Peyruchaud et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2007)実施した。組織形態計測的測定[骨体積(BV)/骨組織体積(TV)比、及び腫瘍体積(TuV)/軟組織体積(STV)比]を、皮質骨及び海綿骨を含む、成長板から0.5mmに位置する脛骨骨幹端の標準的な帯域で実施した。BV/TV比は、骨組織の比率を示す。TuV/STV比は、腫瘍組織の比率を示す。破骨細胞のインサイツにおける検出は、市販のキット(Sigma)を使用して、酒石酸抵抗性酸性ホスファターゼ(TRAP)により染色された縦方向のパラフィンに包埋された脛骨骨幹端の内側切片において実施された。破骨細胞の吸収表面は、腫瘍−骨の界面における、TRAP陽性海綿骨表面積と全海綿骨表面積の比として計算された。血管の免疫検出のために、腫瘍切片を、ウサギポリクローナル抗CD31抗体(AnaSpec)と共にインキュベートし、その後、抗ウサギHRPに連結された二次抗体と共にインキュベートした。腫瘍の微小血管の密度を、以前に記載されている通りに(Fradet et al., 2011; Peyruchaud et al., 2003)定量した。
実験を、以前に記載されている通りに(Fradet et al., 2011)実施した。簡潔に言えば、6週令のOF1雄マウスの後肢からの骨髄細胞を、M−CSF(20ng/ml)及びRNAK−L(200ng/ml)の補充された10%(v/v)ウシ胎児血清を含むα−MEM培地中、トランスフェクタント(20μg/mL)からの馴化培地の存在下で培養した。7日後、成熟破骨細胞を、顕微鏡下で、核の数(3つを超える核)及びTRAP活性に基づいて数えた。結果を、1つのウェルあたりの破骨細胞の数として表現した。
Sh/Sc−Roboトランスフェクタント及び親B02乳癌細胞を、動物の尾動脈に注射し、動物を腫瘍細胞接種から7日後に選別した。後肢を回収し、脛骨及び大腿骨の両端を切断し、骨髄を、23ゲージの針を使用して培養培地を用いて洗い流した。その後、骨髄細胞を6ウェルプレートに接種し、完全培地中で培養した。1日間培養した後、骨髄細胞を抗生物質の選択下に2週間置き、抗生物質耐性腫瘍細胞の選択的な増殖を可能とした。腫瘍細胞のコロニーを固定し、クリスタルバイオレットで染色し、計数した。
79個の増殖因子、サイトカイン及びケモカインを検出するように設計された市販の抗体をベースとしたタンパク質マイクロアレイ(RayBioヒトサイトカインアレイV, RayBiotech)を使用した。アレイ膜を、2時間、トランスフェクション培養細胞(150μg/mL)からの馴化培地と共にインキュベートした。洗浄後、膜を、79個のビオチニル化抗体のカクテルと共にインキュベートし、残りの実験手順を製造業者の説明書に従って実施した。
全てのデータは、StatViewソフトウェア(バージョン5.0; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC)を使用して分析された。結果は、図の説明文及び表に示されているように、平均値±SDとして報告される。前臨床試験に関する対比較は、ノンパラメトリックマンホイットーニーU検定を実施することによって実施された。臨床データに関しては、通常の予後診断パラメーターに関連したRobo1及びRobo4発現の分布を、マンホイットニー又はクラスカル・ウォリス検定を使用して実施した。カプランマイヤー曲線間の比較を、ログランク検定を使用して実施した。0.05未満のP値を統計学的に有意と判断した。
ROBO1/ROBO4発現と、臨床上の乳癌の再発との関連
本発明者らは、骨にしか転移しないMDA−MB−231ヒト乳癌細胞株(MDA−MB−231/B02と称される)の亜個体群を以前に選択した(Peyruchaud et al., 2003)。A及びB U133アフィメトリクスGeneChipを使用して、本発明者らは、MDA−MB−231及びMDA−MB−231/B02細胞の遺伝子発現プロファイルを比較し、MDA−MB−231/B02細胞が、ROBO/SLITファミリーの遺伝子を含む骨転移遺伝子サインを発現することを見出した(Bellahcene et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat., 101:135-148, 2007; Garcia et al., Clin Exp Metastasis, 25:33-42, 2008)。より正確に言えば、骨指向性MDA−MB−231/B02細胞は、親細胞株と比較して、ROBO1及びROBO4を過剰発現した。ROBO2及びROBO3は、MDA−MB−231及びMDA−MB−231/B02細胞によって発現されなかった。RoboリガンドのSLIT2及びより少ない程度でSLIT1(しかしSLIT3ではない)もまた、MDA−MB−231及びMDA−MB−231/B02細胞によって発現された。
ROBO1/ROBO4発現とマウス乳腺内の腫瘍増殖との間に関連があるかどうかを決定するために、本発明者らは、RNA干渉戦略を使用して、ヒトMDA−MB−231/B02乳癌細胞におけるROBO1又はROBO4の内因性レベルを安定に減少させた。shRNAにより媒介されるサイレンシングは、スクランブルでトランスフェクションされたScRobo1及びMDA−MB−231/B02親細胞において観察されたものと比較して、Robo1タンパク質レベルを90%超で減少させた。Robo4レベルは、ShRobo1及びScRobo1乳癌細胞において依然として不変であった。その後、ROBO1についてサイレンシングさせたMDA−MB−231/B02トランスフェクタントのプール(クローンSh1.32及びSh1.33)及び偽トランスフェクタントのプール(クローンSc2.1及びSc2.4)を、免疫不全マウスのマウス乳腺内の同所に埋め込んだ。原発性腫瘍サイズの中央値の分析により、ShRobo1腫瘍が、ScRobo1腫瘍よりも大きいことが実証された。マウス内皮細胞を特異的に認識する抗CD31抗体を用いた腫瘍異種移植片の免疫組織化学的分析は、ROBO1のサイレンシングが、ScRobo1腫瘍と比較して、ShRobo1腫瘍微小血管の密度の実質的な増加をもたらしたことを示した。ShRobo1乳癌細胞によって産生されたVEGFレベルもまた、ScRobo1及び親B02細胞と比較して統計学的に有意に増加していた(データは示していない)。著しく対照的には、ROBO4についてサイレンシングされたB02乳癌細胞のマウス乳腺内の同所への埋め込みは、ScRobo4腫瘍と比較して原発性ShRobo4腫瘍サイズの中央値の3倍の減少をもたらした。より小さなサイズのShRobo4腫瘍は、CD31免疫染色によって判断されたところ、減少した腫瘍血管新生を伴った。しかしながら、ShRobo4及びScRobo4乳癌細胞によって産生されたVEGFレベルは類似していた。総合すると、これらのデータは、腫瘍細胞上に発現されたRobo1及びRobo4は拮抗機能を有し;Robo1及びRobo4はそれぞれ、原発性腫瘍増殖の正及び負の調節因子であることを示唆した。
骨転移におけるRobo1及びRobo4の役割を試験するために、ROBO1についてサイレンシングされたMDA−MB−231/B02トランスフェクタントのプール(クローンSh1.32及びSh1.33)、又はROBO4についてサイレンシングされたトランスフェクタントのプール(クローンSh2.6及びSh4.5)、又はROBO1(クローンSc2.1及びSc2.4)及びROBO4(クローンSc1.2及びSc2.2)についてのそれぞれの偽トランスフェクタントのプールを、免疫不全マウスの尾動脈に注射した。この動物モデルを使用した、腫瘍細胞の注射から28日後のX線検査による分析により、ShRobo1腫瘍を有する動物の後肢における骨溶性病変の程度は増加し、偽トランスフェクションされたScRobo1腫瘍を有する動物よりも40%大きいことが判明した。この差は、組織形態計測検査によって決定されたところ、偽トランスフェクションされたScRobo1腫瘍を有するマウスと比較して、BV/TV比の著しい低下(より高度な骨の破壊を示す)及びTB/STV比の3倍増加(骨への腫瘍量の指標)を伴った。ROBO4のサイレンシングは、偽トランスフェクションされたScRobo4腫瘍を有するマウスと比較して、ShRobo4腫瘍を有する動物における骨溶性病変の程度のわずかな増加をもたらした。しかしながら、転移を有する後肢の組織形態計測分析は、BV/TV比及びTB/STV比は2つの動物群間で統計学的に有意に異ならなかったことを示した。興味深いことに、ShRobo4腫瘍を有するマウスの転移性肢の骨組織切片の酒石酸抵抗性酸性ホスファターゼ(TRAP)による染色は、腫瘍−骨の界面における活発な破骨細胞吸収表面は、ScRobo4腫瘍と比較して実質的に増加していたことを示した。対照的に、ShRobo1又はScRobo1腫瘍を有するマウスの転移性肢における活発な破骨細胞吸収表面は類似していた。これらの観察は、破骨細胞により媒介される骨破壊を調節する際の腫瘍由来Robo4の特異的な役割を指摘し、一方、腫瘍細胞上で発現されるRobo1は、骨における転移性増殖に関連していた。
これらの結果を鑑みて、本発明者らは、ROBO1のサイレンシングは、ShRobo1腫瘍細胞によるより迅速な骨への定着をもたらし得ると推測した。実際に、文献にはSlit−Robo1が癌細胞の遊走を調節するといういくつかのエビデンスが存在する(Mehlen et al., 2011)。それ故、本発明者らは、Robo1及び/又はRobo4が、改変されたボイデンチャンバーアッセイを使用して、乳癌細胞の遊走/浸潤を調節し得るかどうかを調べた。本発明者らはまず、血清への乳癌細胞の走化性応答に対するROBO1又はROBO4のサイレンシングの効果を試験した。スクランブルでトランスフェクションされたScRobo1細胞(クローンSc2.1及びSc2.4のプール)と比較して、Sh−Robo1でトランスフェクションされた細胞(クローンSh1.32及びSh1.33のプール)の遊走は1.5倍から2倍増加した。同様に、ScRobo1細胞と比較してShRobo1細胞の浸潤は実質的に増加した。対照的に、ROBO4のサイレンシングは、対照細胞(クローンSc1.2及びSc2.2のプール)と比較して、ShRobo4細胞(クローンSh2.6及びSh4.5のプール)の遊走の統計学的に有意な減少をもたらした。さらに、ScRobo4細胞と比較して、ShRobo4細胞の浸潤は4倍減少した。次に、本発明者らは、親B02乳癌細胞の浸潤に対する、抗体を用いてのRobo1又はRobo4の標的化の利点を評価した。アイソタイプの一致した対照抗体と比較して、モノクローナル抗Robo1抗体を用いてのB02乳癌細胞の処置は浸潤性を促進し、一方、B02細胞の浸潤は、漸増濃度のポリクローナル抗Robo4抗体の存在下で用量依存的に阻害された。総合すると、本発明者らは、腫瘍細胞におけるRobo1及びRobo4は、それぞれ、抗浸潤特性及び浸潤誘発特性を有すると結論付けた。
腫瘍細胞の浸潤は、骨転移形成中の非常に早期の段階で起こり、これにより腫瘍細胞が骨髄において播種及び栄えることを可能とする(Weilbaecher et al., 2011)。Robo1及びRobo4はインビトロにおいて乳癌細胞の浸潤を、及びインビボにおいて骨への転移の形成を調節していたので、本発明者らは、これらの受容体が、骨髄微小環境における腫瘍細胞の生着を促進し得ると仮定した。この問題に対処するために、Sh−Roboトランスフェクタント及び親B02乳癌細胞を、動物の尾動脈に注射し、その後、これらの動物を、腫瘍細胞の接種後の7日目に選別し、この時にはX線検査、生物発光イメージング及び組織学的検査によって判断したところ転移のエビデンスは全くない(Garcia et al., 2008)。その後、これらの動物の後肢から骨髄を洗い流し、抗生物質の選択下の培養液に入れ、抗生物質耐性腫瘍細胞の選択的増殖を可能とした。親B02細胞又はShRobo1細胞の接種されたマウスと比較して、ShRobo4細胞の接種されたマウスの骨髄における腫瘍細胞コロニー数は、75から80%減少した。さらに、脛骨の骨髄腔に直接接種し、腫瘍増殖について追跡した場合に、骨髄におけるShRobo4コロニーの数は、ScRobo4細胞について観察されたのと比較して78%減少した。腫瘍細胞を足場とは独立して軟アガー中で増殖させた場合に同じような効果が観察された。ScRobo4及び親B02細胞と比較して、ShRobo4細胞によって形成されたコロニーの数及びサイズは統計学的に有意に減少した。従って、Robo4は、骨髄における乳癌細胞の生存にとって必要とされた。
抗Robo4抗体で前処理されたB02細胞を、免疫不全マウスの尾動脈に注射した。腫瘍細胞の接種から1週間後、これらの動物の後肢から骨髄を洗い流し、抗生物質の選択下の培養液中に入れ、抗生物質に耐性な腫瘍細胞の選択的な増殖を可能とした。2週間培養した後、腫瘍細胞のコロニーを固定し、染色し、計数した。各シリーズの3つのウェルは、1匹の動物の骨髄からの腫瘍細胞コロニーの増殖を示す。1群あたり4匹のマウスが含まれていた。図9は、Robo4に対して指向されるポリクローナル抗体を用いてのヒトB02乳癌細胞の処置が、動物における骨髄微小転移の形成を阻害することを示す。PCR分析は、大半の乳癌細胞株がRobo1を発現したが、骨指向性を有するものだけが(B02及びMC−M1)Robo4を発現したことを示す。さらに、Hs578T及びT47D細胞がRobo2を強力に発現したことが判明した。
Claims (11)
- 抗ROBO4抗体、抗ROBO4アプタマー、ROBO4の細胞外ドメインの全部又は一部を含むROBO4デコイポリペプチド、及びsiRNA、shRNA、リボザイム及びアンチセンスオリゴヌクレオチドからなる群より選択されるROBO4発現阻害剤からなる群より選択される物質を含む、それを必要とする被験体における骨転移を予防又は治療するための医薬組成物。
- 該被験体が、前立腺癌、乳癌、肺癌、黒色腫、膵臓癌、結腸直腸癌、卵巣癌、及び脳癌からなる群より選択される癌を患う、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- 該抗体が、キメラ抗体、ヒト化抗体及び完全ヒトモノクローナル抗体からなる群より選択される、請求項1の医薬組成物。
- ROBO4デコイポリペプチドが、免疫グロブリンのFcドメインに融合させたROBO4の細胞外ドメインの全部又は一部を含む、請求項1又は2の医薬組成物。
- ビスホスホネートと組み合わせて被験体に投与するための、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
- 抗RANKL抗体と組み合わせて被験体に投与するための、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項記載の医薬組成物。
- 抗RANKL抗体がデノスマブである、請求項6の医薬組成物。
- i)患者から得られた試料中のROBO4発現レベルを決定する工程、ii)工程i)で決定されたレベルを既定の参照レベルと比較する工程、及びiii)工程i)で決定されたレベルが規定の参照レベルよりも高い場合に、患者が骨転移を有する高いリスクを有すると結論付ける工程を含む、癌患者が骨転移を有するリスクがあるかどうかを試験する方法。
- 該試料が、患者の原発性腫瘍から単離されるか、又は被験体から得られた血液試料から単離された循環中の腫瘍細胞の収集物からなる、請求項8の方法。
- 被験体が、前立腺癌、乳癌、肺癌、黒色腫、膵臓癌、結腸直腸癌、卵巣癌及び脳癌からなる群より選択される癌を患う、請求項8の方法。
- 試料中のROBO4発現レベルが、ROBO4を発現している癌細胞の数又は癌細胞表面におけるROBO4のレベルを決定することによって評価される、請求項8の方法。
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