JP6329537B2 - 生物学的薬剤の送達のための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
生物学的薬剤の送達のための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
- C12N15/902—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination
- C12N15/907—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination in mammalian cells
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- A61K35/14—Blood; Artificial blood
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Description
本願は、2012年7月11日に出願された米国仮出願第61/670,451号(この開示は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)の利益を主張する。
特定の実施形態では、例えば、以下が提供される:
(項目1)
タンパク質を発現させる組込み型導入遺伝子を含む単離された遺伝子改変赤血球(RBC)またはRBC前駆細胞であって、前記タンパク質が、1種または複数種の毒素を分解もしくは解毒するか、またはリソソーム蓄積症において欠如するタンパク質を提供する、RBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目2)
前記導入遺伝子が、グロビン遺伝子またはセーフハーバー遺伝子に組み込まれている、項目1に記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目3)
前記グロビン遺伝子が、ベータグロビン遺伝子またはガンマグロビン遺伝子である、項目2に記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目4)
前記タンパク質を前記細胞中に保持する、項目1から3のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目5)
前記導入遺伝子が膜タンパク質の細胞外ドメインを含み、かつ前記タンパク質が、前記細胞の表面上に局在化している、項目1から3のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目6)
前記導入遺伝子が内因性配列と共に発現される、項目1から5のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目7)
前記内因性配列が、前記導入遺伝子タンパク質のアミノ(N)末端部分またはカルボキシ(C)末端部分に存在する、項目6に記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目8)
前記導入遺伝子が、前記RBCまたはRBC前駆細胞のゲノムに、ヌクレアーゼにより前記ゲノムを切断した後で組み込まれる、項目1から7のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目9)
前記ヌクレアーゼが、亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ZFN)、TALエフェクタードメインヌクレアーゼ(TALEN)、またはCrispR/Cas系を含む、項目8に記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目10)
O型陰性である、項目1から9のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞。
(項目11)
胎児性ヘモグロビンを発現させる、項目1から10のいずれかに記載のRBC前駆細胞。
(項目12)
毒素の分解または毒素の作用の解毒を必要とする被験体において毒素を分解するかまたは毒素の作用を解毒する方法であって、項目1から11のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆体を、それを必要とする前記被験体に投与するステップを含む、方法。
(項目13)
RBC前駆細胞を骨髄移植において投与する、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目14)
リソソーム蓄積症において欠損するタンパク質を提供する方法であって、項目1から11のいずれかに記載のRBCまたはRBC前駆細胞を、それを必要とする被験体に投与するステップを含む、方法。
別段に指し示されない限りにおいて、本明細書で開示される方法の実施のほか、本明細書で開示される組成物の調製および使用では、当技術分野の技術範囲内にある、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチンの構造および解析、計算化学、細胞培養、組換えDNA、および関連分野における従来の技法を援用する。これらの技法は、文献中で十分に説明されている。例えば、Sambrookら、MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL、2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、1989年;および3版、2001年;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、John Wiley & Sons、New York、1987年;および定期的改訂版;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGYシリーズ、Academic Press、San Diego; Wolffe、CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION、3版、Academic Press、San Diego、1998年;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、304巻、「Chromatin」(P.M. WassarmanおよびA. P. Wolffe編)、Academic Press、San Diego、1999年;ならびにMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、119巻、「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B. Becker編)Humana Press、Totowa、1999年を参照されたい。
「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」、および「オリゴヌクレオチド」という用語は、互換的に使用され、直鎖状コンフォメーションまたは環状コンフォメーションにあり、一本鎖形態または二本鎖形態にあるデオキシリボヌクレオチドポリマーまたはリボヌクレオチドポリマーを指す。本開示の目的では、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関して限定的なものとしてはみなさないものとする。用語は、天然ヌクレオチドの公知の類似体のほか、塩基部分、糖部分、および/またはリン酸部分(例えば、ホスホロチオエート骨格)において修飾されたヌクレオチドも包摂しうる。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドの類似体は、同じ塩基対合特異性を有し、すなわち、Aの類似体は、Tと塩基対であろう。
本明細書では、組成物、特に、導入遺伝子をRBCに挿入するために遺伝子をターゲティングするのに有用なヌクレアーゼについて記載する。ある種の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼは、自然発生である。他の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼは、非自然発生である、すなわち、DNA結合性ドメイン内および/または切断ドメイン内で操作されている。例えば、自然発生のヌクレアーゼのDNA結合性ドメインは、選択された標的部位(例えば、コグネイトの結合性部位と異なる部位に結合するように操作されたメガヌクレアーゼ)に結合するように変化させることができる。他の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼは、異種のDNA結合性ドメインおよび切断ドメイン(例えば、異種切断ドメインを伴う亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼDNA結合性ドメイン;TALエフェクターヌクレアーゼDNA結合性ドメイン;メガヌクレアーゼDNA結合性ドメイン)または操作された単鎖ガイドRNAを活用するCRISPR/Cas系を含む。
ある種の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼは、メガヌクレアーゼ(ホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼ)である。自然発生のメガヌクレアーゼは、15〜40塩基対の切断部位を認識し、一般に、4つのファミリー:LAGLIDADGファミリー、GIY−YIGファミリー、His−Cystボックスファミリー、およびHNHファミリーに群分けされる。例示的なホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼは、I−SceI、I−CeuI、PI−PspI、PI−Sce、I−SceIV、I−CsmI、I−PanI、I−SceII、I−PpoI、I−SceIII、I−CreI、I−TevI、I−TevII、およびI−TevIIIを含む。それらの認識配列は公知である。また、米国特許第5,420,032号、米国特許第6,833,252号;Belfortら(1997年)、Nucleic Acids Res.、25巻:3379〜3388頁;Dujonら(1989年)、Gene、82巻:115〜118頁;Perlerら(1994年)、Nucleic Acids Res.、22巻:1125〜1127頁;Jasin(1996年)、Trends Genet.、12巻:224〜228頁;Gimbleら(1996年)、J. Mol. Biol.、263巻:163〜180頁;Argastら(1998年)、J. Mol. Biol.、280巻:345〜353頁;およびNew England Biolabsカタログも参照されたい。
任意の適切な切断ドメインをDNA結合性ドメインに作動的に連結して、ヌクレアーゼを形成することができる。例えば、ZFP DNA結合性ドメインを、ヌクレアーゼドメインに融合させて、ZFN(その操作(ZFP)DNA結合性ドメインを介して、その意図される核酸標的を認識し、ヌクレアーゼ活性を介して、ZFP結合性部位の近傍でDNAを切断させることが可能な機能的実体)を創出している。例えば、Kimら(1996年)、Proc Nat’l Acad Sci USA、93巻(3号):1156〜1160頁を参照されたい。より近年において、ZFNは、様々な生物におけるゲノム修飾に使用されている。例えば、米国特許出願公開第20030232410号、同第20050208489号、同第20050026157号、同第20050064474号、同第20060188987号、同第20060063231号;および国際公開第WO07/014275号を参照されたい。同様に、TALE DNA結合性ドメインも、ヌクレアーゼドメインに融合させて、TALENを創出している。例えば、米国特許出願公開第20110301073号を参照されたい。
近年、古細菌および多くの細菌において、真核細胞RNAi経路に匹敵することが仮定される、RNA媒介型ゲノム防御経路の存在について、有力な証拠が現れている(総論としては、GoddeおよびBickerton、2006年、J. Mol. Evol.、62巻:718〜729頁;Lillestolら、2006年、Archaea、2巻:59〜72頁;Makarovaら、2006年、Biol. Direct、1巻:7頁;Sorekら、2008年、Nat. Rev. Microbiol.、6巻:181〜186頁を参照されたい)。CRISPR−Cas系または原核細胞RNAi(pRNAi)として公知の経路は、進化において連関し、物理的にもしばしば連結された2つの遺伝子遺伝子座:系のRNA構成要素をコードするCRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)遺伝子座、およびタンパク質をコードするcas(CRISPR関連)遺伝子座(Jansenら、2002年、Mol. Microbiol.、43巻:1565〜1575頁;Makarovaら、2002年、Nucleic Acids Res.、30巻:482〜496頁;Makarovaら、2006年、Biol. Direct、1巻:7頁;Haftら、2005年、PLoS Comput. Biol.、1巻:e60頁)から生じることが提起されている。微生物宿主内のCRISPR遺伝子座は、CRISPR関連(Cas)遺伝子の組合せのほか、CRISPR媒介型核酸切断の特異性をプログラムすることが可能な非コードRNAエレメントも含有する。個々のCasタンパク質は、真核細胞RNAi機構のタンパク質構成要素と著明な配列類似性を共有しないが、予測される類似の機能(例えば、RNA結合機能、ヌクレアーゼ機能、ヘリカーゼ機能など)を有する(Makarovaら、2006年、Biol. Direct、1巻:7頁)。CRISPR関連(cas)遺伝子は、CRISPRリピート−スペーサーアレイと会合していることが多い。40を超える異なるCasタンパク質ファミリーについて記載されている。これらのタンパク質ファミリーのうちで、Cas1は、異なるCRISPR/Cas系間で遍在すると考えられる。それらのうちのいくつかが、RAMP(repeat−associated mysterious protein)をコードするさらなる遺伝子モジュールと関連する、8つのCRISPR亜型(Ecoli、Ypest、Nmeni、Dvulg、Tneap、Hmari、Apern、およびMtube)を定義するのに、cas遺伝子とリピート構造との特定の組合せが使用されている。単一のゲノム内では、複数のCRISPR亜型が発生しうる。CRISPR/Cas亜型の散在的分布からは、この系が、微生物の進化において、遺伝子の水平移動を受けていることが示唆される。
「Cas1」ポリペプチドとは、CRISPR関連(Cas)タンパク質1を指す。Cas1(Clusters of Orthologous Group of proteins classification systemのCOG1518)は、CRISPR関連系(CASS:CRISPR−associated system)の最良のマーカーである。系統発生比較に基づき、CRISPR関連免疫系の7つの異なる変化形が同定されている(CASS1〜7)。
Cas9関連CRISPR/Cas系は、2つのRNA非コード構成要素:tracrRNAと、同一のダイレクトリピート(DR)がそれぞれの間に介在しているヌクレアーゼガイド配列(スペーサー)を含有するプレcrRNAアレイとを含む。CRISPR/Cas系を使用して、ゲノム操作を達成するには、これらのRNAの機能のいずれもが存在しなければならない(Congら(2013年)、Sciencexpress 1/10.1126/science 1231143を参照されたい)。いくつかの実施形態では、tracrRNAおよびプレcrRNAは、別個の発現構築物を介して、または別個のRNAとしてもたらされる。他の実施形態では、キメラcrRNA−tracrRNAハイブリッド(また、単鎖ガイドRNAとも称する)を創出するように、操作成熟crRNA(標的特異性を付与する)を、tracrRNA(Cas9との相互作用をもたらす)に融合させた、キメラRNA(Jinek、同上;およびCong、同上を参照されたい)を構築する。
上記で詳細に記載した通り、DNA結合性ドメインは、遺伝子座内、例えば、グロビン遺伝子内またはセーフハーバー遺伝子内の任意の選り抜きの配列に結合するように操作することができる。操作されたDNA結合性ドメインは、自然発生のDNA結合性ドメインと比較して新規の結合特異性を有しうる。操作法は、合理的デザインおよび多様な種類の選択を含むがこれらに限定されない。合理的デザインは、例えば、三連(または四連)ヌクレオチド配列および個々の(例えば、亜鉛フィンガー)アミノ酸配列を含むデータベースであって、各三連または四連のヌクレオチド配列が、特定の三連または四連の配列に結合するDNA結合性ドメインの1または複数のアミノ酸配列と関連するデータベースの使用を含む。例えば、参照によりそれらの全体において本明細書に組み込まれる、共有の米国特許第6,453,242号および同第6,534,261号を参照されたい。また、TALエフェクタードメインの合理的デザインも実施することができる。例えば、米国特許出願公開第20110301073号を参照されたい。
上記で言及した通り、例えば、タンパク質を発現させるか、突然変異体遺伝子を矯正するか、または野生型遺伝子の発現を増大させるための、外因性配列(また、「ドナー配列」または「ドナー」または「導入遺伝子」とも呼ばれる)の挿入が提供される。ドナー配列は典型的に、それが配置されるゲノム配列と同一ではないことがたやすく明らかであろう。ドナー配列は、対象の位置における効率的なHDRを可能とする相同な2つの領域で挟まれた、非相同配列を含有しうる。加えて、ドナー配列は、細胞クロマチン内の対象の領域と相同ではない配列を含有する、ベクター分子も含みうる。ドナー分子は、細胞クロマチンと相同な複数の不連続的領域を含有しうる。例えば、正常では対象の領域内に存在しない配列のターゲティングされた挿入のためには、前記配列を、ドナー核酸分子内に存在させ、対象の領域内の配列と相同性の領域で挟むことができる。
本明細書で記載されるヌクレアーゼ、これらのヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド、ドナーポリヌクレオチド、ならびにタンパク質および/またはポリヌクレオチドを含む組成物は、任意の適切な手段によりin vivoで送達することもでき、ex vivoで送達することもできる。
本発明の方法および組成物は、治療剤がRBC内および/または造血幹細胞内で産生されるように、これらの細胞に由来する成熟RBCが治療剤を含有するように、1または複数の治療剤をコードする導入遺伝子を供給することが所望される、任意の状況下で使用することができる。
本質的には、Urnovら(2005年)、Nature、435巻(7042号):646〜651頁;Perezら(2008年)、Nature Biotechnology、26巻(7号):808〜816頁において記載されている通りに、かつ、米国特許第6,534,261号において記載されている通りに、亜鉛フィンガータンパク質をデザインし、プラスミド、AAVベクター、またはアデノウイルスベクターに組み込んだ。ヒトベータグロビン遺伝子座およびヒトHPRT遺伝子座に特異的なZFN、ならびにヒトHPRT遺伝子座に特異的なTALENについては、米国特許第7,888,121号、ならびに米国特許出願公開第2013122591号および同第20130137104号を参照されたい。ヒトAAVS1に特異的なZFNについては、共有の米国特許第8,110,379号を参照されたい。CCR5に特異的なZFNについては、共有の米国特許第7,9519,25号を参照されたい。AAVS1およびCCR5に特異的なTALENについては、共有の米国特許出願公開第20110301073号を参照されたい。mRosaに特異的なZFNについては、共有の米国特許出願公開第20120017290号、mRosaに特異的なTALENについては、米国特許出願公開第20110265198号を参照されたい。アルブミンに特異的なヌクレアーゼについては、PCT公開第WO201303044008号を参照されたい。
ヒトグロビン遺伝子をターゲティングするZFN対を使用して、これらのZFNの、特異的標的部位においてDSBを誘導する能力について調べた。表示されるZFNの認識へリックス領域のアミノ酸の配列を、それらの標的部位(DNA標的部位を大文字で表示し、非接触ヌクレオチドを小文字で表示する)と共に下記の表3に示す。また、米国特許出願公開第20130137104号、および同第20130122591号も参照されたい。
以下の通りに、ZFNを使用して、ドナーDNAを、ベータグロビン遺伝子座に導入する。ドナーDNAは、BCHE酵素をコードする配列が、ベータグロビン遺伝子内のZFN切断部位の周囲の領域と相同な配列(相同性アーム)で挟まれるようにデザインする。相同性アームは、約500〜600塩基対の長さである。BCHEドナー配列は、ベータグロビン標的部位に挿入されると、ドナーの発現が、ベータグロビンプロモーターおよび他の任意のベータグロビン調節配列により調節されるように、いかなる非コード配列も欠く。挿入されると、BCHEドナーは、内因性グロビン配列と同じフレームで融合し、融合タンパク質を結果としてもたらすか、または、代替的に、BCHEドナーは、ベータグロビンプロモーターからのドナーの発現により、BCHEコード配列だけを含有するタンパク質が結果としてもたらされるように挿入される。
操作赤血球治療剤を発生させるために、選り抜きの導入遺伝子をコードするドナー(例えば、毒素を遮断もしくは分解するためのBCHE、またはLSDなど、遺伝子状態のための治療用タンパク質)を使用して、導入遺伝子を、O血液型陰性造血幹細胞(HSC:hematopoietic stem cell)集団に挿入する。内因性遺伝子(例えば、グロビン、アルブミン、Rosa、AAVS1、CCR5など)にターゲティングされたヌクレアーゼ(例えば、ZFN、TALEN、および/またはCRISPR/Cas)を、RNAを介して幹細胞に導入し、任意の適切な送達系、例えば、ZFNコード配列および/またはTALENコード配列のためのアデノウイルスベクターを使用して、ドナーを細胞に形質導入する。HSC内の標的へのドナーの挿入は、PCRおよび/または配列解析を使用して確認する。次いで、当技術分野で公知の技法を使用して、細胞を、赤血球に分化させ、それを必要とする患者、例えば、神経ガス剤に曝露されているもしくは曝露される可能性がある患者、またはLSDなどの遺伝子状態を伴う患者に輸血する(薬学的に許容される細胞処方物を作り出した後で、かつ/または適切な状態、例えば、凍結状態において保存した後で)。
Claims (12)
- タンパク質を発現させる組込み型導入遺伝子を含む単離された遺伝子改変O型陰性(O−)赤血球(RBC)前駆細胞であって、前記タンパク質が、1種または複数種の毒素を分解もしくは解毒し、さらに、前記導入遺伝子が、グロビン遺伝子またはセーフハーバー遺伝子に組み込まれている、RBC前駆細胞。
- 前記グロビン遺伝子が、ベータグロビン遺伝子またはガンマグロビン遺伝子である、請求項1に記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 前記タンパク質を前記細胞中に保持する、請求項1または2に記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 前記導入遺伝子が膜タンパク質の細胞外ドメインをコードする配列を含み、かつ前記膜タンパク質が、前記細胞の表面上に局在化している、請求項1または2に記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 前記導入遺伝子が内因性配列と共に発現される、請求項1から4のいずれかに記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 前記内因性配列が、前記導入遺伝子タンパク質のアミノ(N)末端部分またはカルボキシ(C)末端部分に存在する、請求項5に記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 前記導入遺伝子が、前記RBC前駆細胞のゲノムに、ヌクレアーゼにより前記ゲノムを切断した後で組み込まれる、請求項1から6のいずれかに記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 前記ヌクレアーゼが、亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ZFN)、TALエフェクタードメインヌクレアーゼ(TALEN)、またはCrispR/Cas系を含む、請求項7に記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 胎児性ヘモグロビンを発現させる、請求項1から8のいずれかに記載のRBC前駆細胞。
- 毒素の分解または毒素の作用の解毒を必要とする被験体において毒素を分解するかまたは毒素の作用を解毒するための組成物であって、請求項1から9のいずれかに記載のRBC前駆細胞を含む、組成物。
- 注入で投与されることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1から9のいずれかに記載のRBC前駆細胞から分化したRBCであって、毒素を分解もしくは解毒するタンパク質を含むRBC。
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EP2872154B1 (en) | 2017-05-31 |
US10883119B2 (en) | 2021-01-05 |
JP2015523384A (ja) | 2015-08-13 |
CA2878037A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
US20140017214A1 (en) | 2014-01-16 |
EP2872154A2 (en) | 2015-05-20 |
WO2014011901A3 (en) | 2014-06-05 |
CA2878037C (en) | 2021-08-31 |
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