JP6196217B2 - 筋線維断片を利用した筋組織再生 - Google Patents
筋線維断片を利用した筋組織再生 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6196217B2 JP6196217B2 JP2014526151A JP2014526151A JP6196217B2 JP 6196217 B2 JP6196217 B2 JP 6196217B2 JP 2014526151 A JP2014526151 A JP 2014526151A JP 2014526151 A JP2014526151 A JP 2014526151A JP 6196217 B2 JP6196217 B2 JP 6196217B2
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Description
本発明は、米国防総省の外傷整形研究プログラム(OTRP)より認可された許可番号第W81XWH−08−1−0333号のもとに米国政府援助によりなされた。米国政府は本発明において所定の権利を有する。
播種を行った足場は、さらに、骨形成タンパク質(BMP)、RUNX−2タンパク質、LIMミネラリゼーションタンパク質、線維芽細胞成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、上皮成長因子、インスリン様成長因子、形質転換成長因子−α、形質転換成長因子−β、またはそれらの組み合わせを含んでもよい。
驚くべきことに、約150μm未満の均一なサイズを有する筋線維断片を筋欠陥の部位に移植することにより、断片から、生存筋組織の生成用の構築ブロックを得ることができるとともに、そのような組織の宿主血管網および神経回路網への統合が促進されることがわかった。よって、本明細書に記載の方法により、被験者自身の組織から派生した自家移植細胞個体群を効率的かつ迅速に作製して利用できる。
いくつかの実施形態では、均一な線維断片を、足場、または工学技術で構築された筋組織である3次元(3D)再構築物を用いて筋損傷箇所にインプラントする。筋損傷が大規模な欠陥部位を含む場合、3D再構築物の利用は特に有用である。3D筋組織は、筋線維断片を、注入可能な足場(コラーゲンゲル系、フィブリンゲル系、アルギン酸ゲル系、または紫外線誘導架橋ゲル系)または天然ポリマーおよび合成ポリマー由来のインプラント可能な足場のような足場システムと組み合わせることにより作製し得る。
本発明においては、均一な筋線維断片を患者に注入する。線維断片は、それぞれ、移植後に宿主内で容易に統合可能な細胞の生存能力を維持する。よって、各線維断片を長線維に再構築し、生来の筋方向に沿って向きを揃えることができる。各線維断片は宿主筋線維に再集合し血管系及び神経系と統合し、機能的な再構築筋または修復筋が得られる。
均一に構成した筋線維断片を、C57BL6マウス(オス、10週齢〜12週齢)の前脛骨筋(TA)および腓腹筋(GN)から単離した。単離したTA筋またはGN筋は2つの使い捨て外科用メスを用いて細分化した。筋組織は極小サイズにまで細分化した。細分化後、各断片を0.2%のI型コラゲナーゼを用いて無血清DMEMにおいて、37℃で1時間振動させて消化させた。酵素消化の後、筋線維をピペット操作で個々の断片に分離した。続いて、それら筋線維溶液を、速やかに細胞濾し器(100 μmサイズ、BDfalcon社製)を通してろ過して、均一なサイズの筋線維断片を得た。
加工した筋断片を注入療法として展開できるかどうかを判断するために、単離した筋線維断片をC57BL6マウス(10週齢〜12週齢)の臀部領域に注入した。PBS(線維断片数500/注入)中の10μLの線維断片溶液を2回、臀部領域上の切開部位(0.5cm〜1cm)に向けてハミルトン注射器(26G、10μL)を用いて注入した。移植後、切開部位を縫合により閉じた。移植後、1週間目、2週間目、3週間目、4週間目に、それぞれ、切開部位の筋組織を採取し、さらにOCTコンパウンドで凍結した。
脱細胞断片と衛星細胞含有断片の体内効果を比較する実験を行った。マウス体内実験の有望な結果に促されて、長線維の生着と比較して小線維断片が効率的に生着することを判断するために、さまざまな注入量及び数の線維断片を用いてラットでの拡大動物実験を行った。さらに、細胞成分を有しない無細胞断片を移植し、それらが同種異系移植において「一般的に入手可能な(off−the shelf)」成分として利用できるかどうかの可能性を調査した。ラット(ルイスラット、10週齢〜12週齢)から、筋線維断片を上記記載のマウスの場合と同じ手順を用いて単離した。さまざまな量(100μL、200μL、及び300μL)の線維断片(7×104線維/mL)を、筋欠損のない腓腹筋(GN)に26G針の注射器を用いて注入した。長線維移植では、ろ過処理を行わずに単離した300μLの線維(3×103線維/mL)(Hall JK他著、サイエンス・トランスラショナル・メディシン、2011(Sci Transl med 2011))を注入した。長線維の注入回数は、1つの長線維が1mm〜3mm長を示すことが観測されたことに基づいて計算した。無細胞断片は化学的処理および酵素処置を一切利用せず、PBSにおける単純培養により作製した。簡潔には、単離線維断片を37℃で一晩培養し、4℃で保管した。細胞成分およびDNA成分が除去されたことは、Live/Dead (Invitrogen)の細胞核染色で線維断片を染色して確認した。無細胞断片移植は、上記と同様の注入手順を用いて300μLの断片溶液を利用して行った。移植後、1週間目、2週間目、3週間目、および4週間目のGN筋を採種し、重さを量り、組織学および免疫組織学的分析のための処理をさらに行った。移植線維断片領域は、共焦点像中のNIR陽性領域を測定することにより半定量化した。
本実験の目的は、筋線維断片(MFs(muscle fiber fragments))の直接注入により、筋委縮の筋機能回復が強化できるかどうかを判断することであった。注入したMFsは、宿主の血管網および神経回路網だけでなく、宿主筋組織と効率的に統合し、さらに、筋損傷の機能的な筋回復を向上させるものであるとの仮説を立てた。図4Aに、実験計画の概要を示す。
本補助実験の目的は、MFs含有3次元構造物をインプラントすることについて、大規模筋欠損の処置において実行可能かを調査することである。MFsを含むインプラント可能な構造物は、構造的な統合性を維持し、外科的に誘導された筋欠損の機能的筋肉の回復を向上させるであろうことが仮定された。図6Aに、実験計画の概要を示す。
尿失禁(UI)は、膀胱制御になんらかの喪失を持つ人々の3人に1人が、日常生活のある時点で影響されているという、深刻な健康問題である。UI処置の市場規模は200億ドル以上であり、2020年までには300億ドルにまで届くと見込まれている。現在の処置としては、生体物質由来のメッシュおよびスリングインプラントが挙げられるが、メッシュただれ、尿道閉塞、隣接臓器の損傷、大量出血、内部臓器への損傷、瘢痕化、などの合併症がしばしば起こる。筋前駆細胞を用いた細胞治療はUI処置にとって有望な技術ではあるが、治療に利用可能になるまでに、細胞操作および長時間が必要とされている点で限界がある。
本実験の目標は、ヒト筋線維断片化工程を洗練化させ、収率、作業時間、および試薬利用を向上させることである。図8Aは、代替処理技術を示す図であり、筋組織をドナー部位から採種し、細分化し、その後GMPグレードコラゲナーゼ溶液(ロシュ社製リベラーゼMNP−S)を用いて酵素的に均質化した。その後生成物をろ過し、ノルモソル(Normosol)(GMPグレードの食塩水)で洗浄した。均質化及びろ過のステップは、均質なサイズのMF断片(例えば、直径50〜150マイクロメートル)が得られるまで繰り返した。図8Bは、その結果得られたMFsを示すマイクロ写真であり、処理時間は約30分で、筋重量収率は30%〜40%であった。
Claims (20)
- 筋再生組成物を作製する方法であって、
ドナー部位から抽出された筋組織から、筋線維を脱凝集するステップと、
脱凝集した筋線維を線維断片に断片化するステップであって、筋線維断片の少なくとも75%が、細胞壁破壊を呈して平均サイズが100μm未満であり、少なくともいくつかの線維断片に付随された生育可能な衛星細胞を保持している、ステップと、を含み、
前記組成物は、対象の筋部位にインプラントすると、前記線維断片から伸長筋線維を再構築し、生来の筋線維と向きを揃えて配向することができる、方法。 - 前記筋線維断片は、アスペクト比が2:1〜1:1の間である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- ドナー部位から抽出された前記筋組織は、自家筋組織である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 組織から筋線維を脱凝集するステップは、I型コラゲナーゼのような酵素を用いて前記筋線維を脱凝集することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記断片化するステップは、前記断片化した線維断片をろ過して平均サイズを100μm未満とすることをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物を足場に播種するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記足場に支持した断片を体外培養するステップをさらに含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記足場は、コラーゲンゲル系、フィブリンゲル系、アルギン酸ゲル系、または紫外線誘導架橋性ゲル系から選択される注入可能な足場である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記足場は、ポリマー性マトリックスまたは有機マトリックスを含むインプラント可能な足場であって、
前記ポリマー性マトリックスまたは有機マトリックスは、例えば、(a)コラーゲンおよびエラスチンからなる群から選択される天然ポリマー、並びに(b)ポリカプロラクトン(PCL)、ポリ(D、L−ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)(PLGA)、ポリラクチド(PLA)、ポリ(ラクチド−コ−カプロラクトン)(PLCL)、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される合成ポリマー、の群から選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーであり、
前記マトリックスは、コラーゲンおよびポリカプロラクトン(PCL)の組み合わせのように、少なくとも1つの天然ポリマーおよび少なくとも1つの合成ポリマーの組み合わせにより形成される、エレクトロスピンした線維マトリックスをさらに任意に含む、
請求項6に記載の方法。 - 前記播種を行った足場は、骨形成タンパク質(BMP)、RUNX−2タンパク質、LIMミネラリゼーションタンパク質、線維芽細胞成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、上皮成長因子、インスリン様成長因子、形質転換成長因子−α、形質転換成長因子−β、神経成長因子(NGF)、脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)、ニューレグリン(NRG)、アグリン、またはそれらの組み合わせをさらに含む、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記組成物は、アジュバントをさらに含み、
前記アジュバントは、例えば、幹細胞、筋前駆細胞、および成長因子の群から選択される少なくとも1つの作用物質、または骨形成タンパク質(BMP)、RUNX−2タンパク質、LIMミネラリゼーションタンパク質、線維芽細胞成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、上皮成長因子、インスリン様成長因子、形質転換成長因子−α、形質転換成長因子−β、神経成長因子(NGF)、脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)、ニューレグリン(NRG)、およびアグリンの群から選択される少なくとも1つの成長因子である、
請求項1に記載の方法。 - 断片から伸長筋線維を再構築できる筋線維断片を含む組成物であって、
筋線維断片の少なくとも75%は、細胞壁破裂を呈して平均サイズが100μm未満であり、さらに、
前記組成物が、少なくともいくつかの前記断片に付随された、生存能力のある衛星細胞をさらに含む、組成物。 - 前記組成物は、対象の筋部位にインプラントすると、生来の筋線維と向きを揃えて配向することができる、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記筋線維断片は、アスペクト比が2:1〜1:1の間である、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記筋線維断片は、自家筋組織から派生したものである、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、生理的に適合性の流体をさらに含み、前記組成物は注入用または足場用に配合され、且つ、前記筋線維断片は、該足場に組込まれている、請求項12に記載の組成物。
- 前記足場は、コラーゲンゲル系、フィブリンゲル系、アルギン酸ゲル系、または紫外線誘導架橋性ゲル系から選択される注入可能な足場である、請求項16に記載の組成物。
- 前記足場は、ポリマー性マトリックスまたは有機マトリックスを含むインプラント可能な足場であって、
前記ポリマー性マトリックスまたは有機マトリックスは、例えば、(a)コラーゲンおよびエラスチンからなる群から選択される天然ポリマー、並びに(b)ポリカプロラクトン(PCL)、ポリ(D、L−ラクチド−コ−グリコリド)(PLGA)、ポリラクチド(PLA)、ポリ(ラクチド−コ−カプロラクトン)(PLCL)およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される合成ポリマー、の群から選択される少なくとも1つのポリマーであり、
前記マトリックスは、コラーゲンとポリカプロラクトン(PCL)との組み合わせのように、少なくとも1つの天然ポリマーおよび少なくとも1つの合成ポリマーの組み合わせにより形成されるエレクトロスピンした線維マトリックスをさらに任意に含む、
請求項16に記載の組成物。 - 前記足場は、骨形成タンパク質(BMP)、RUNX−2タンパク質、LIMミネラリゼーションタンパク質、線維芽細胞成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、上皮成長因子、インスリン様成長因子、形質転換成長因子−α、形質転換成長因子−β、神経成長因子(NGF)、脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)、ニューレグリン(NRG),アグリン、またはそれらの組み合わせ、のうち少なくとも1つをさらに含む、請求項16に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、アジュバントをさらに含み、
前記アジュバントは、例えば、幹細胞、筋前駆細胞、および成長因子の群から選択される少なくとも1つの作用物質、または骨形成タンパク質(BMP)、RUNX−2タンパク質、LIMミネラリゼーションタンパク質、線維芽細胞成長因子、血小板由来成長因子、上皮成長因子、インスリン様成長因子、形質転換成長因子−α、形質転換成長因子−β、神経成長因子(NGF)、脳由来神経栄養因子(BDNF)、ニューレグリン(NRG)、およびアグリンの群から選択される少なくとも1つの成長因子である、
請求項12に記載の組成物。
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