JP5584224B2 - 複合部品の作製に適した新規な補強材料 - Google Patents
複合部品の作製に適した新規な補強材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5584224B2 JP5584224B2 JP2011532695A JP2011532695A JP5584224B2 JP 5584224 B2 JP5584224 B2 JP 5584224B2 JP 2011532695 A JP2011532695 A JP 2011532695A JP 2011532695 A JP2011532695 A JP 2011532695A JP 5584224 B2 JP5584224 B2 JP 5584224B2
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Classifications
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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- B29C70/16—Fibrous reinforcements only characterised by the structure of fibrous reinforcements, e.g. hollow fibres using fibres of substantial or continuous length
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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- B29C70/40—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied
- B29C70/42—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles
- B29C70/44—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding
- B29C70/443—Shaping or impregnating by compression not applied for producing articles of definite length, i.e. discrete articles using isostatic pressure, e.g. pressure difference-moulding, vacuum bag-moulding, autoclave-moulding or expanding rubber-moulding and impregnating by vacuum or injection
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
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- B29C70/54—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations, e.g. feeding or storage of prepregs or SMC after impregnation or during ageing
- B29C70/546—Measures for feeding or distributing the matrix material in the reinforcing structure
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- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
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- B29K2105/0881—Prepregs unidirectional
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2277/00—Use of PA, i.e. polyamides, e.g. polyesteramides or derivatives thereof, as reinforcement
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2307/00—Use of elements other than metals as reinforcement
- B29K2307/04—Carbon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Description
a)本発明による中間材料のスタックを作製するステップ、
b)続いて、スタックをプリフォームの形態で一体化する(consolidate)ステップ、
c)注入(infusion)又は挿入(injection)によって熱可塑性樹脂を添加するステップ、
d)加圧下での熱処理段階によって所望の部品を一体化し、続いて冷却するステップ
からなり、これにより、得られた複合部品が、とりわけ57〜63%、好ましくは59〜61%の繊維体積比(VFR)を有する、上記方法である。本発明による方法の1つの特定の実施形態において、熱硬化性樹脂は、大気圧未満の圧力、とりわけ1バール未満、例えば、0.1〜1バールの間の圧力で、注入によって添加される。
式中、eプレートは、プレートの厚さ(mm)であり、ρ炭素繊維は、炭素繊維の密度(g/cm3)であり、炭素UD炭素の表面密度は、g/m2である。
被験中間生成物は、各側面においてウェブと合わせた炭素繊維から構成される一方向層である。3種類の炭素繊維を用いた:Hexcelによって販売されている12K中間モジュール(IM)繊維、Hexcelによって販売されている12K高抵抗(HR)繊維、Torayによって販売されている12K高抵抗(HR)繊維;これらの機械的及び物理的特性を、表1に示す。
式中、−ウェブの表面密度をkg/m2で表し、
−ウェブ材料の密度ρウェブ材料をkg/m3で表し、
−eウェブをmで表す。
所望の坪量を有する層を形成した直後に、この目的のために特に専用の機械(図2)を用いて、炭素繊維をベースとする一方向層の各側面にウェブが直接積層される。炭素ストランド1は、クリール4に搭載された炭素スプール3から広げられ、コーム5を通過し、ガイドローラ6及びコーム7、並びにガイドバー8aによって機械の軸内に導かれる。炭素ストランドは、加熱棒9によって予備加熱され、次いで、展開バー8b及び加熱棒10によって、一方向層17の所望の炭素表面密度まで展開される。ウェブコイル13a及び13bは、引っ張ることなくしてはほどかれず、自由回転ローラ14a、14b、14c、14dと加熱棒12a、12bとの間に取り付けられた移動ベルト15a及び15bによって輸送される。ウェブ2a及び2bは、炭素ストランド1と接触する前にゾーン11a及び11bにおいて予備加熱され、エアギャップが制御されている2つの加熱棒12a及び12bの各側面に貼り付けられる。次いで、冷却可能なカレンダ16は、ウェブを有する一方向層に各側面17上で圧力を適用する。リターンローラ18は、3つの延伸ローラ19を含む引張システムに向けて生成物17を方向転換させ、次いで、モータによって駆動されるローラ20を巻いて、本発明の中間生成物17から構成されるコイルを形成する。
一方向層の積層後のウェブの厚さは、画像解析によって測定される。表4は、それぞれ検査された構成について、この方法によって得られる、ウェブの(75個の値についての)平均厚さ及び標準偏差を示す。この表4は、各側面においてウェブと合わせた炭素層を含有する種々の中間生成物の厚さを示す。これらの測定値は、記載の方法に従って大気圧でのプリフォーム厚さの測定値から誘導される。
4.1スタックシーケンスの定義
得られたプレートは、準等方性であり、即ち、異なる配向(0°/45°/−45°/90°)を有する基本のプライのアセンブリからなる。スタックも対称性である。スタックを形成するプライの数は、以下の式から決定され、式(1)から誘導される:
式中、
−プレートの所望の厚さは、4mmに最も近く(標準のprEN6038によって定義される)、eプレートは、mmで表され、
−機械的特性を最も良好にするために意図される繊維体積比(VFR)は、60%であり、ρ炭素繊維繊維は、g/cm3で表され、
−UD炭素の表面密度は、g/m2で表される。
種々のプライを、新規なプライをそれぞれ添加した後のいくつかの点で軽く溶接することによって、はんだ鉄を用いて互いに固定する。アセンブリはプリフォームを形成する。炭素坪量に適したスタックシーケンスによって作製された340mm×340mmのプリフォームを、プレスで挿入金型に配置する。既知の厚さのフレームは、所望の繊維体積比(VFR)を得るように、プリフォームを包囲する。
サンプル(構成の1タイプあたり6個)を標準のprEN6038に示すようにデバイスに取り付けた。サンプルをASD−STAN(航空宇宙防衛規格(AeroSpace and Defence Standard)、Avenue de Tervueren 270、1150 Woluwe−Saint−Pierre、ベルギー)によって発行されているプレリミナリーの欧州標準prEN6038に適した装置を用いて、エネルギーが25Jの単一の衝撃に付した。圧縮試験を、Zwick社(Zwick France Sari、Roissy Charles de Gaule、フランス)によって再構築された、100kNの機械的試験機械Instron5582において実施した。
プレートを2つのデジタルコンパレータTESA Digico 10の間に位置付け、その厚さを測定した。プレートあたり表面において24個の等距離の測定を実施した。
図5に示すようなパンチ頭部を備えたロボットを用いた。頭部の貫通部分に2つの直径を用いた:0.8mm及び1.6mm。溶接−貫通を実施するために、頭部を200℃の温度まで加熱し、30kPaの圧力で0.8秒間、穿孔を行った。
45°、0°、135°及び90°に配向した4プライのスタックを、多軸型製造機械においてオンラインで生成した。図4Aに示すように、9ずつ間隔をあけたスポット溶接部を、機械の軸に対して0°及び90°に配向させて作製した。代替的には、図4Bに示すように、4.5mm及び4.5mmの間隔をあけたスポット溶接部を、機械の軸に対して+45°及び+135°に配向させて作製した。以下のスタックを作製した:
例21:例8に従って4プライ−穿孔頭部の径は1.6であり、その写真を図11に示す。
例22:例8に従って4プライ−代替形式において、穿孔頭部の径は1.6であり、その写真を図12に示す。
例23:例8に従って4プライ−穿孔頭部の径は0.8であり、その写真を図13に示す。
例24:例8に従って4プライ−代替形式において、穿孔頭部の径は0.8であり、その写真を図14に示す。
例25:例8に従って1プライ−穿孔頭部の径は1.6であり、その写真を図15に示す。
例26:例8に従った、溶接された4プライ(穿孔なし)−溶接は、直径が8mmであり、200℃の温度に加熱されており、穿孔頭部と同一であるがニードルを有さない頭部を用いる。溶接部が図4aに従って配置されているが、50mmずつ間隔があけられている。溶接は、30kPaの圧力で実施される。
あや織物(twill fabric)2/2−参照番号Hexcel 48302
準等方性多軸4×194g/m2、76dtexの糸によってステッチングされたHR−5mm×5mm−チェーンステッチ(chain stitch)
機械及び測定方法は、2009年10月16日、Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint Etienneで主張された、Romain Nunezによる、「複合構造体の製造のための繊維プリフォームの横方向透過率の測定における課題(Problems in the measurement of transverse permeability of fibrous preforms for the fabrication of composite structures)」のタイトルの論文に記載されている。FVR変化量は、サンプル厚さの逐次変化量によって得られる。各タイプの材料について試験を4回実施した。結果を図16に提示する。これは、最も低い曲線が、穿孔の非存在下で溶接された、本発明による4種の中間材料の透過率に相当することを示す。これは、得られたスタックが非常に透過性であること、したがって、真空下でかなりの厚さまで含浸することが困難となることを明確に表している。穿孔は、透過率を、ステッチングされた多軸によって得られる透過率に近いか又はこれを超える透過率にまで明白に向上させることができる。中間材料における穿孔の作製はまた、横方向透過率を大幅に、しかし、4プライの完全な穿孔されたスタックと比較してより低い程度まで、向上させることができるのみである。
開口率を、以下の方法を用いて測定した。
デバイスは、10×対物レンズ、及びWaldmannライトテーブル(モデルW LP3 NR、101381 230V 50HZ 2×15W)を備えたSONYカメラ(型SSC−DC58AP)からなる。測定対象のサンプルをライトテーブルに配置し、カメラをフレームに搭載し、サンプルから29cmに位置付け、次いでフォーカスする。
本発明によって溶接された多軸型スタックを、同一のステッチングされた多軸型と比較した。
Claims (20)
- 複合部品を製造するために熱硬化性樹脂と合わせることを意図した新規な中間材料であって、
100〜280g/m2の表面密度を有し、炭素繊維と交絡する横糸を含有しない炭素繊維の一方向層から構成され、
その各面において、それぞれ0.5〜50ミクロンの厚さを有する熱可塑性繊維のウェブと合わせられており、
全厚が80〜380ミクロンであり、
中間材料の厚さ変化量が標準偏差で20μmを超えないように、一方向層とウェブとの合わせが、層の全表面にわたって延在する結合によって行われており、
ウィービングも、ステッチングも、ニッティングも含有しない、上記中間材料。 - 2つの面のそれぞれにおけるウェブが、本質的に同一であることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の新規な中間材料。
- 熱可塑性繊維が、ポリアミド、コポリアミド(CoPA)、エーテル若しくはエステルのブロックポリアミド(PEBAX、PEBA)、ポリフタルアミド(PPA)、ポリエステル、コポリエステル(CoPE)、熱可塑性ポリウレタン(TPU)、ポリアセタール、ポリオレフィン、ポリエーテルスルホン(PES)、ポリスルホン、ポリフェニレンスルホン、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン(PEEK)、ポリエーテルケトンケトン(PEKK)、ポリ(フェニレンサルフェート)(PPS)、又はポリエーテルイミド(PEI)、熱可塑性ポリイミド、液晶ポリマー(LCP)、フェノキシ、スチレン−ブタジエン−メチルメタクリレート(SBM)のブロックコポリマー、メチルメタクリレート−ブチルアクリレート−メチルメタクリレートコポリマー(MAM)の繊維、或いはこれらの熱可塑性材料から構成される繊維の混合体から選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の新規な中間材料。
- ウェブが、0.2〜20g/m2の範囲内の表面密度を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から3までの一項に記載の新規な中間材料。
- 開口率が0%であることを特徴とする、請求項1から4までの一項に記載の新規な中間材料。
- 材料の厚さにおいて穿孔を通して得られる開口率が、0.1〜5%の範囲内であることを特徴とする、請求項1から4までの一項に記載の新規な中間材料。
- 100〜280g/m2の表面密度を有する一方向炭素繊維層が、ウェブの溶融及び冷却ステップによって、その各面において、それぞれ0.5〜50ミクロンの厚さを有する熱可塑性繊維ウェブと合わせて、中間材料が80〜380ミクロンの全厚を有するようになることを特徴とする、請求項1から6までの一項に記載の中間材料の製造方法。
- 合わせることが、熱圧着段階を通して行われることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 中間材料の穿孔ステップを含むことを特徴とする、請求項7又は8に記載の方法。
- 穿孔が、穿孔デバイスによる貫通によって、及び、穿孔デバイスの周囲においてウェブの軟化を結果としてもたらす加熱媒体によって、さらに続いての冷却によって実施されることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 中間材料がスタック内で一体化されることを特徴とする、請求項1から6までの一項に記載の中間材料のスタック。
- ステッチング又はニッティングによって一体化されず、ウェブにおいて加熱/冷却操作で実施される溶接によって一体化されることを特徴とする、請求項11に記載のスタック。
- 中間材料が、ウェブの加熱/冷却によって、互いに不連続に結合され、スポット溶接部を結果としてもたらすことを特徴とする、請求項11又は12に記載のスタック。
- 樹脂のための分布チャネルを作製し、スタックの厚さ内に延在する種々の穿孔を有することを特徴とする、請求項11から13までの一項に記載のスタック。
- 0.05〜3%の範囲内の開口率を有することを特徴とする、請求項11から14までの一項に記載のスタック。
- 複合部品の製造方法であって、
a)請求項1から6までの一項に記載の中間材料のスタック、又は請求項11から15までの一項に記載のスタックを作製するステップ、
b)続いて、スタックをプリフォームの形態で一体化させるステップ、
c)注入又は挿入によって熱硬化性樹脂を添加するステップ、
d)加圧下に、重合/網状化段階によって所望の部品を一体化し、その後冷却するステップ
を含むことを特徴とする上記方法。 - 熱硬化性樹脂が、大気圧より低い圧力下での注入によって添加されることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 請求項16又は17の方法によって得ることができる複合部品。
- 57〜63%の繊維体積比を有することを特徴とする、請求項18に記載の複合部品。
- 25Jのエネルギーを有する衝撃で標準のprEN6038に従って測定された、衝撃後圧縮(CAI)における応力破断値が、200MPaを超えることを特徴とする、請求項18又は19に記載の複合部品。
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