JP5471941B2 - Charge control device for plug-in vehicle and vehicle navigation device - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a charging control device for a plug-in vehicle and a vehicle navigation device that can be charged from a power source by solar power generation and other power sources.

  In Patent Document 1, charging to a battery mounted on a plug-in vehicle is performed by making maximum use of a plurality of types of power sources in ascending order of power unit price and charging by solar power generation with the lowest power unit price. It is disclosed to adjust the time based on the weather forecast.

JP 2009-148121 A

According to the thing of such patent document 1, since it can charge to a battery using solar power generation with the lowest electric power unit price to the maximum, reduction of charging cost can be aimed at.
However, although the thing of patent document 1 can implement | achieve an optimal charging plan from photovoltaic power generation and a weather forecast until the next scheduled departure time, even if it is a case where the amount of charging required for the next driving | running is small In the time zone other than the charging time by solar power generation, there is a problem that charging by a commercial power source is performed and inexpensive charging cannot be realized.
The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its purpose is a plug-in that does not perform useless charging while charging a battery by making maximum use of photovoltaic power generation with the lowest unit price of electric power. An object of the present invention is to provide a vehicle charging control device and a vehicle navigation device.

According to invention of Claim 1, since a battery can be charged to the maximum by photovoltaic power generation until the next scheduled departure time, it is possible to reduce the charging cost. In this case, even if the weather is bad, the charging schedule is created based on the weather forecast, so the amount of power charged by solar power generation is less than the expected power consumption required for the next run. However, by charging from another power source, it is possible to avoid a shortage in the amount of charged power during the next run.
Further, since the predicted power consumption required for the next travel is obtained using the power consumption when the probe vehicle travels along the route, the accuracy of the predicted power consumption can be improved.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, when the amount of power charged by solar power generation is insufficient, the battery can be reliably charged by the commercial power source. In this case, since the power can be charged using the commercial power source in the time zone where the power unit price is cheaper than other time zones, for example, at midnight power hours, the charging cost of the commercial power source can be reduced. Can do.

According to the invention of claim 3, since the route traveled by commuting is constant, the expected power consumption required for the next commuting can be accurately obtained based on the past power consumption.
According to the invention of claim 4, even when the weather is bad and charging is insufficient during charging of solar power generation, it is possible to appropriately deal with and prevent charging shortage .
According to the invention 請 Motomeko 5, the vehicle is further enhanced since obtaining the expected amount of power consumption required for the next driving, the accuracy of the estimated amount of power consumption by using power consumption at the time of traveling on a route in the past be able to.
According to the invention of claim 6 , since it can be implemented using a car navigation device having a function of acquiring weather information or current position information, it can be implemented easily.

Functional block diagram schematically showing the overall configuration of a reference embodiment of the present invention Flow chart showing charging procedure by car navigation device Flow chart showing calculation of required power amount of next day by car navigation device Flow chart showing creation of charging schedule by car navigation device Diagram showing an example of the charging schedule The flowchart which shows one Embodiment of this invention

( Reference form)
Hereinafter, reference embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of the charge control device. The plug-in vehicle 1 is equipped with a charge control device 2. The charging control device 2 (corresponding to the expected power consumption calculating means, the solar power generation amount calculating means, the insufficient power amount calculating means, the charging schedule creating means, the charging control means, the commuting instruction means, and the storage means) is connected to the plug-in vehicle 1. Power source selector 3 mounted, battery 4 (lead storage battery, nickel metal hydride battery, lithium battery, etc.) charged by this power source selector 3, car navigation device (hereinafter referred to as “car navigation”) 5 for controlling power source selector 3 It is composed of The plug-in vehicle is a vehicle capable of charging the battery 4 with electric power supplied from the outside of the vehicle. The plug-in electric vehicle uses only a motor as a driving force source, and uses an engine and a motor as driving force sources. There is a plug-in hybrid vehicles, in this reference embodiment assumes a plug-in hybrid vehicles. In FIG. 1, the basic configuration of the car navigation 5 is omitted, and only the configuration related to the present invention is shown in the functional block diagram. In addition to the basic configuration (not shown), the car navigation 5 includes a charging control device 2, a route calculation / prediction function 6 (corresponding to a travel route prediction unit), a weather forecast providing function 7 (corresponding to a weather information acquisition unit), Sunset time data 8 (corresponding to sunshine information acquisition means) is provided.

A plurality of charging terminals 9 are connected to the power source selector 3, and power lines from the power sources A to C corresponding to the charging terminals 9 can be connected. In this case, the terminal of the power line that can be connected corresponding to the charging terminal 9 is configured to be alternative, and other power lines other than the corresponding power line cannot be connected. The power sources A to C are supplied by a commercial power source supplied from an electric power company, a power source supplied by solar power generation, a power source supplied by wind power generation, or a private power generator using gas or a fuel cell. However, in this reference embodiment, a case where two power sources, that is, a commercial power source and a power source by solar power generation are used will be described. As solar power generation, it is generally installed on the roof of a house or a garage roof, and power is supplied as a power source of the house during power generation, but the power source by solar power generation is connected to the charging terminal 9 Then, priority is given to the charge to a vehicle, and it switches to the electric power feeding to a house when the charge to a vehicle is complete | finished.

  The power source selector 3 includes a power converter mainly including a transformer, and converts the power supplied from the selected charging terminal 9 into power that can be charged in the battery 4. Further, the power source selector 3 is provided with a voltage sensor for detecting and detecting a voltage of a current path from the power converter to the output terminal to the battery 4, and a current sensor for detecting current. And the present charging electric energy can be calculated by calculating the electric energy charged in the battery 4 and the electric energy discharged (power feeding to a driving motor (not shown)) based on the detected value by the current sensor. . In this case, the amount of electric power charged into the battery 4 is the amount of electric power consumed when the plug-in hybrid vehicle travels only with the battery 4 during the first travel after charging.

The reason why the charging control device 2 is provided in the car navigation 5 is that information for creating a charging schedule for executing charging control on the battery 4 can be acquired from the function of the car navigation 5. In the reference mode, the function of the charging control device 2 is realized by a processor (not shown) in the car navigation system 5, and the following functions use functions of the car navigation system 5.
When the destination is set, the route calculation / prediction function 6 sets a route from the current position to the destination, and will later describe the power consumption of the battery 4 required to travel back and forth to the destination. Calculate as follows.

The weather forecast providing function 7 obtains a weather forecast for an external information center to broadcast over a wide area (data service using radio broadcast or digital radio), and determines the weather until the next day (the next scheduled travel date).
The sunrise / sunset time data 8 stores the sunrise / sunset time corresponding to the latitude and longitude, and the sunrise / sunset time corresponding to the latitude and longitude indicated by the GPS data acquired by the car navigation system 5 is stored. provide. Since the sunrise / sunset data is standard data corresponding to the latitude and longitude, the car navigation system 5 is located in an obstacle located in the sunrise and sunset directions of the current location, especially in mountainous areas. It is desirable to consider the influence of the surrounding mountains, and in the city center the sunlight blocking time zone by the surrounding high-rise buildings. Moreover, since the irradiation time zone of sunlight changes with the installation location of a solar cell even if it is the same area, you may make it a user input the irradiation time zone.

When the user charges the battery 4 for the next run, the car navigation 5 is connected to the charging terminal 9 of the plug-in vehicle 1 with the power lines from the solar power generation and the commercial power source connected. Enter information about your trip. The car navigation 5 creates a charging schedule based on the input departure time and destination and charges the battery 4 as described later.
FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a charging procedure by the car navigation system 5. The car navigation 5 first checks the remaining battery level by the charge control device 2 (A1).
Next, the required power amount for traveling on the next day (next time) is calculated (A2).

  FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing calculation of the required power amount for the next day by the car navigation system 5. When the user sets the destination and estimated arrival time when traveling the next day (next time) in the car navigation 5 (B1: YES), the car navigation 5 calculates a route to the destination, and calculates the distance and past fuel consumption (power consumption). The amount of electric power (Y) required for the round trip from the data to the destination is calculated. In this case, the predicted power consumption when traveling along the route is obtained by multiplying the power consumption at that time by a safety factor in the case of a route that has traveled in the past. If the route has traveled in the past, you can use past data, but if you have traveled only in some sections, or if the route has not traveled in the past, The data at that time is used for a certain section, and for the sections that have never traveled or the routes that have not traveled, the slope of the road (inclination of up and down) and the presence or absence of signals are obtained from the map data. To calculate (B2). In other words, when there is an uphill in the route, the expected power consumption is increased according to the slope and distance, and the downhill exists compared to the power consumption when traveling on a flat ground according to the slope and distance. When doing so, the expected power consumption is reduced by the amount of regenerative power. In addition, when there are many signals in the route, the amount of power consumption increases as the number of stops increases, so the expected power consumption increases according to the number of signals. In addition, when the traffic speed limit, the number of lanes, the straight distance, or the traffic jam forecast on the scheduled travel date can be obtained, the predicted power consumption is calculated in consideration of the traffic jam distance and the like. Furthermore, when there is a tunnel in the route, or when the travel is after sunset, the light needs to be turned on, so that the expected power consumption is increased accordingly.

  Then, the required travel time is calculated from the estimated arrival time and the route calculation result, and the departure time is determined by back calculation. For example, the estimated arrival time is 9:00 am, the required travel time is 1 hour, and the amount of power required for a round trip to the destination is 50 Kw. If charging is possible at the destination, only the forward path is set for the car navigation 5, and the required charging amount at that time is halved.

Moreover, in the case of a user who uses the plug-in vehicle 1 for commuting, the destination is the same, that is, the route is the same, and it is possible to estimate the required expected power consumption. In this way, in order to make the user easily reserve necessary and sufficient charging for commuting, a “commuting charging” button (not shown) is installed on the screen of the car navigation 5 so that the next day use can be set with one touch. I made it. Therefore, when the “commuting charge” button is turned on (B3: YES), the car navigation 5 calculates the necessary power amount from the day of the week and the predicted weather and past power consumption statistical data (B4). In this case, if it is determined that the amount of charging power required for short commuting distance is sufficient with only solar power generation, it is also possible to control to charge only with solar power generation from sunrise to work time. Such a case is the cheapest in terms of cost. The same applies to the case where the destination is input as described above and the destination is a short distance, or the departure time is late and sufficient time for charging by solar power generation can be obtained. In this way, even when the amount of power necessary for traveling can be obtained by charging only with solar power, it is desirable to perform charging with solar power as much as possible during sunshine hours.
If the user does not set the route (B1: NO) and does not turn on the “commuting charge” button (B3: NO), the calendar is used to predict whether the commuter will be used. If it is not commuting, full charge (B5) control is also possible.

Next, the car navigation system 5 creates a charging schedule (A3).
FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the creation of a charging schedule by the car navigation system 5. When the user sets the departure time (C1), the car navigation system 5 acquires the next morning weather information from the information center and determines whether the weather forecast is clear (C6). If the weather forecast is sunny (C6: YES), if the table data with the interior of the sunny and a solar power generation are possible generation of 10 Kw / h (average value in this preferred embodiment). The amount of power generation varies depending on the date and time (even if it is clear, the time close to sunrise and sunset is small and maximum in the daytime). The corresponding power amount is set finely.

  The date of the next day is acquired from the calendar function, and the next morning sunrise time is acquired from the internal sunrise and sunset table data. This sunrise / sunset table data stores the correspondence between the position (latitude, longitude) in Japan, and the monthly sunrise / sunset time. For example, if the sunrise time is 6 o'clock, the solar power generator generates electricity before departure from 2 o'clock from 6 o'clock to 8 o'clock on departure. 10 kw / h × 2 h = 20 kw. For this reason, it is necessary to charge 50 kw-20 kw = 30 kw before sunrise (at night).

  If the charging capacity from a commercial power source is 20 kW, charging with a commercial power source of 30 kW / 20 kW = 1.5 h is required before sunrise. In this case, since the charging cost of the commercial power source is low in the midnight power time zone where the power unit price is cheaper than other time zones, the car navigation 5 determines whether the midnight power time zone is 1.5 hours or more. In the above case, a schedule is created to charge at midnight power (C7). When the charging time at the commercial power source exceeds the midnight power time zone, the charging time at the normal commercial power source is used for the time zone that exceeds the charging time.

  On the other hand, when the weather forecast is other than sunny (C6: NO), charging by solar power generation cannot be expected, so a schedule for charging using midnight power of commercial power is created (C8). Also in this case, when the charging time at the commercial power source exceeds the midnight power time zone, the charging time at the normal commercial power source is set for the exceeding time zone.

  On the other hand, when the “commuting charge” button is turned on or when the next day is a weekday (C4: YES), the working hours are calculated every sunrise (C3), and a charging schedule is created based on the weather forecast for the next day (C6). ). If the next day is a holiday (C4: NO), the operation start time is estimated from the holiday operation history (C5), and a charging schedule is created based on the next day's weather forecast (C6).

If the weather forecast for the next day is cloudy or rainy, charging by solar power generation cannot be expected. In such cases, charging by solar power generation is considered to be zero and charging by late-night power hours Create a charging schedule to include as much as possible. Further, when the wiper is operated in rainy weather, the lighting of the light is predicted, or the driving of the air conditioner is predicted, it is necessary to create a charging schedule by increasing the predicted power consumption accordingly.
As described above, charging is most used for photovoltaic power generation based on the charging schedule, the amount of insufficient power can be charged with midnight power, and the amount of insufficient power can be charged with normal commercial power.

FIG. 5 shows an example of the charging schedule created as described above.
From 1:00 to 2:30, it is charged with the midnight power of the commercial power source, from 6:00 to 8:00 is charged with the power supplied by solar power generation, and the outbound route from 8:00 to 9:00 It shows that it is running.
Then, the car navigation 5 switches the power source selector 3 based on the charging schedule created as described above, thereby switching the power source for the battery 4 from the commercial power source to the solar power generation for charging.

In the charging schedule, when the amount of charging power is extremely small in the time zone where solar power generation should be performed, the power supply is automatically switched to the commercial power source. Thereby, even if the weather forecast is off, it is possible to prevent the amount of charge from being insufficient and causing trouble in traveling.
In addition, when the next scheduled travel date is, for example, the day after next, the next day may be charged only by photovoltaic power generation, and after the sunset, the next day's charging schedule may be created based on the current amount of charging power.

According to such a reference form, the following effects can be achieved.
The car navigation system 1 obtains the predicted power consumption required for the next driving based on the estimated arrival time and the destination on the next day (next time) input by the user, the weather information on the next day, and the sun / sunset. Based on the time, a charging schedule for maximizing charging with solar power generation until the scheduled departure time of the next sunrise is created, and charging to the battery 4 is controlled according to the charging schedule, so that the charging cost can be reduced. Further, when the amount of power charged by solar power generation is less than the expected power consumption required for the next day's travel, charging is performed from the commercial power source, so that it is possible to avoid a power shortage during the next day's travel.

When charging with a commercial power source, charging is performed with late-night power, so that charging costs can be reduced even when charging is performed with a commercial power source.
A charging schedule that takes into account the sunrise and sunset times according to the current position is created so that charging by solar power generation can be used to the fullest regardless of latitude and lightness.
Since it is implemented by the car navigation 5 having a function of acquiring weather information or current position information, it can be implemented easily.

( One embodiment)
Next, one embodiment of the present invention with reference to FIG. In the reference form, as a method of calculating the estimated power consumption on the next vehicle use day, the calculation is based on the slope of the road and the presence or absence of a signal from the map data, but the data calculated from the map data is not accurate enough. It is possible that there is. In other words, the map data inside the car navigation 5 is used as an information source for sections or routes that have never traveled, but the map data is not designed for calculating power consumption, and is not necessarily expected to be consumed appropriately. The amount of power is not always calculated.

  Therefore, in this embodiment, external information is used in order to improve the accuracy of the predicted power consumption. That is, in recent years, a so-called probe vehicle provided with a communication device that collects the traveling state of the vehicle has been provided. By constantly connecting the probe vehicle and the information center, traveling information of a large number of probe vehicles can be obtained in the information center. Are collected and analyzed in real time, and traffic congestion information, rainfall information, etc. are distributed to vehicles.

  As one piece of information collected by such a probe vehicle, the power consumption amount during traveling of the probe vehicle is uploaded together with the travel route and use conditions, and stored in the probe vehicle information database of the information center. Information that can be used for prediction of power consumption is obtained from the power consumption information stored in this way and used for calculation. In other words, when uploading the usage conditions (vehicle type, number of passengers and baggage weight, driving characteristics) of the vehicle to the information center, if there is a probe vehicle whose usage conditions almost match, the power consumption will be downloaded. The car navigation 5 uses the downloaded power consumption amount as the predicted power consumption amount, and handles it in the same manner as the route traveled by the host vehicle. In this case, the power consumption amount acquired from the information center may be registered as information when the host vehicle travels.

The information center determines whether there is a probe vehicle with a similar use condition when there is no probe vehicle with a substantially matched use condition, and if there is a probe vehicle with a similar use condition, Download the power consumption information of the probe vehicle. The car navigation 5 calculates the predicted power consumption after multiplying the downloaded power consumption information by a correction coefficient corresponding to the difference from the own vehicle. In other words, if the usage conditions of the host vehicle and the probe vehicle are almost the same, the power consumption registered by the probe vehicle can be used as the expected power consumption as it is, but if the usage conditions are different, the probe vehicle Since the power consumption cannot be used as the expected power consumption as it is, the power consumption of the probe vehicle is corrected.
Also, even if only information on electric vehicles such as gasoline cars and diesel cars as probe vehicles and vehicles that are not hybrid cars could be obtained, it was assumed that the vehicle ran from the power consumption of the gasoline cars and diesel cars. It is possible to predict the expected power consumption in the case.

An example of a calculation formula considering the above factors is shown below.
Expected power consumption = probe vehicle power consumption × vehicle characteristic A × loading factor B × driving characteristic C
Vehicle characteristics A: 1 in the case of the same vehicle type, 0 <A <1 in case of own vehicle weight <probe vehicle weight, and A> 1 in case of own vehicle weight> probe vehicle weight.
Loading factor B: Number of passengers and luggage weight of own vehicle <0 <B <1 when the number of passengers and luggage weight of the probe vehicle, number of passengers and luggage weight of the own vehicle> B when the number of passengers and luggage of the probe vehicle > 1.
Driving characteristic C: 0 <C <1 when the acceleration / deceleration frequency of the probe vehicle is higher than that of the host vehicle, and C> 1 when the frequency is low. In addition, 0 <C <1 when the handle operation of the probe vehicle is greater than that of the own vehicle, and C> 1 when it is less. The driving characteristics are determined from the similarity of acceleration / deceleration patterns or steering wheel angle patterns on the same traveling road collected by, for example, a vehicle-mounted sensor.

  Such correction can be performed in the car navigation system 5 by downloading the probe vehicle information, but the correction coefficient is set in the information center by uploading the weight of the own vehicle, the number of passengers and the weight of the baggage from the car navigation system 5 to the information center. The correction coefficient or the calculation result may be downloaded.

  Next, a method of calculating the predicted power consumption when traveling along the searched route will be described with reference to the flowchart of FIG. When the searched route is a route that has traveled in the past, the power consumption at that time is multiplied by a safety factor and used. The route in this case does not mean all routes from the starting point to the destination, but means a part of the route constituting the route to the destination. In the case of a route that has not traveled in the past, it is determined whether there is data in the probe vehicle information database that can be used to calculate the predicted power consumption. In other words, it is determined whether the power consumption when the same or similar probe vehicle travels on the same route is registered, and if it is registered, the power consumption is set to the usage condition as described above. Use the corresponding correction factor.

When the predicted power consumption corresponding to the same route as the searched route is not registered, the estimated power consumption is calculated by acquiring road inclination and presence / absence of a signal from the map data as in the reference mode. Then, the car navigation 5 creates the next charging schedule based on the predicted power consumption obtained as described above.

According to such an embodiment, the car navigation 5 obtains the predicted power consumption from the power consumption collected from the probe vehicle that has traveled the same route as the searched route, and the next charging schedule based on the predicted power consumption. Therefore, the accuracy of the predicted power consumption can be improved. Accordingly, it is possible to reliably prevent unnecessary charging with commercial power other than sunlight while reliably preventing the amount of power consumed when the plug-in vehicle is driven next.
In addition, if the search route is a route that has traveled in the past, the required power consumption is calculated using the power consumption at that time as the highest priority, so the accuracy of the predicted power consumption is further improved. Can be increased.
When a plurality of probe vehicles having similar usage conditions are registered in the information center, an average of those information may be used as the probe vehicle information.

(Other embodiments)
The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment and reference embodiments , and can be modified or expanded as follows.
In the above embodiment and the reference embodiment , a plug-in hybrid vehicle is assumed as the plug-in vehicle, but it may be applied to a plug-in electric vehicle. In this case, when the battery is completely discharged, it becomes impossible to drive the vehicle. Therefore, it is necessary to set a large safety factor during charging.
Instead of the car navigation charging control device, it may be mounted on the vehicle as a charging ETC to obtain necessary information from the car navigation system.
When weather information is monitored by car navigation and the weather information is changed, the charging schedule may be reviewed, or the user may be able to manually change the charging schedule. Further, when the traffic jam information is acquired, the scheduled departure time may be changed to be earlier, and the charging schedule may be changed accordingly.
The commercial power may be switched between the 100V line and the 200V line.

  In the drawings, 1 is a plug-in vehicle, 2 is a charge control device (expected power consumption calculation means, solar power generation amount calculation means, insufficient power amount calculation means, charge schedule creation means, charge control means, commuting instruction means, storage means ) 3 is a power source selector, 4 is a battery, 5 is a car navigation device, 6 is a route calculation / prediction function (travel route prediction means), 7 is a weather forecast providing function (weather information acquisition means), 8 is a Sunset time data (sunshine information acquisition means).

Claims (6)

A battery charging control device for a plug-in vehicle that controls charging by a plurality of power sources including solar power generation with respect to a battery mounted on the plug-in vehicle,
Travel route prediction means for predicting the next travel route based on information input by the user;
An expected power consumption calculating means for obtaining an expected power consumption required for traveling on the travel route determined by the travel route predicting means;
Weather information acquisition means for acquiring weather information until the next driving,
Sunshine information acquisition means for acquiring sunshine information until the next run,
Solar power generation amount calculating means for calculating the amount of solar power generation until the next scheduled departure time based on the weather information acquired by the weather information acquisition unit and the sunshine information acquired by the sunshine information acquisition unit;
If the amount of photovoltaic power generation up to the next scheduled departure time determined by the photovoltaic power generation amount calculation means is less than the expected power consumption amount calculated by the predicted power consumption amount calculation means, the insufficient power amount is calculated. A power shortage calculation means;
Charging schedule creating means for creating a charging schedule indicating a time for charging the battery with the insufficient power amount calculated by the unexpected power amount calculating means with another power source, and a time for charging with solar power generation;
Charging control means for controlling charging of the battery according to a charging schedule created by the charging schedule creating means;
Power consumption acquisition means for acquiring the power consumption of the probe vehicle registered in the information center,
The expected power consumption calculating means determines whether or not a part of the search route scheduled to travel on the next vehicle use day has been traveled in the past, and if it has traveled, uses the power consumption at that time If the estimated power consumption required for the next driving is calculated and the vehicle is not driving, the probe vehicle similar to the host vehicle can use the information center by traveling on the same route as a part of the search route. If there is data that can be used, and if there is data that can be used, the expected power consumption required for the next run is obtained from the power consumption of the probe vehicle acquired by the power consumption acquisition means, and there is no data that can be used Is a charging control device for a plug-in vehicle, wherein a predicted power consumption required for the next travel is obtained from the map data . Commercial power source is set as another power source,
2. The plug-in vehicle according to claim 1, wherein the charging schedule creation unit sets a time unit for charging by a commercial power source so as to include a time zone in which the power unit price is cheaper than other time zones. Charge control device. Commuting instruction means for instructing that the next driving is commuting,
Storage means for storing past power consumption,
When the commuting instruction means instructs the next running to be commuting, the running power calculation means calculates a necessary predicted power consumption based on the past power consumption stored in the storage means. The charging control device for a plug-in vehicle according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the charging control device is obtained.   The plug according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the charging control means switches to another power source when determining that the amount of charging power is insufficient during charging by solar power generation. In-vehicle charge control device. The predicted power consumption calculation means uses the power consumption at that time when a part of the search route is a route that the vehicle has traveled in the past. A charge control device for a plug-in vehicle according to claim 1. A vehicle navigation device comprising the plug-in vehicle charge control device according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

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