JP5454154B2 - 発光装置および発光装置の製造方法 - Google Patents
発光装置および発光装置の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5454154B2 JP5454154B2 JP2010005208A JP2010005208A JP5454154B2 JP 5454154 B2 JP5454154 B2 JP 5454154B2 JP 2010005208 A JP2010005208 A JP 2010005208A JP 2010005208 A JP2010005208 A JP 2010005208A JP 5454154 B2 JP5454154 B2 JP 5454154B2
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- light emitting
- emitting element
- light
- emitting device
- silver
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Images
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L24/83—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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Description
また、封止部材の材料としては、発光素子からの光を透過しやすい部材が適している。中でも耐候性や耐熱性に優れた樹脂を封止部材に用いることで、発光装置の長寿命化を図ることができる。
そのため、銀の劣化を防止するために、従来から様々な工夫が施されている。例えば、発光素子を搭載したキャビティ内の光反射面である銀鍍金層の上に有機系の銀変色防止剤を用いる技術が知られている(特許文献1参照)。また、発光装置において銀の変色を防止するために、発光素子を搭載したキャビティ内の光反射面である銀鍍金層の上に貴金属鍍金を施す技術(特許文献2参照)や、銀鍍金が施されたリードフレームをゾルゲルガラスで被覆する技術(特許文献3参照)が開示されている。
また、一般的にスパッタリングによる成膜時には、例えば、いわゆるピンホールという部分的に成膜できない箇所が生じることもある。また、スパッタリングによる成膜時に発光装置の表面にごみ等が付着した部分は、スパッタリング工程に続いて行う洗浄工程にて、ごみ等がその上に形成されたパッシベーション膜と共に剥がれて不要な凹部が形成され、ごみ等の下に埋もれていた銀鍍金等が露出してしまう。また、パッシベーション膜を形成する基体側に微小な凹凸があると、成膜できない箇所が生じることもある。そのため、さらなる信頼性や寿命の向上が要望されている。
かかる構成によれば、光取り出し効率がよくなり光出力を向上させることができる。
かかる構成によれば、光取り出し効率がよくなり光出力を向上させることができる。
かかる構成によれば、発光装置は、フィラーがワイヤの裏面(下面)を被覆することにより、発光素子からワイヤ裏面に直接照射される光がワイヤに吸収されることによる光の吸収量を低減することができる。そのため、光取り出し効率がよくなり光出力を向上させることができる。
本発明の発光装置の製造方法によれば、銀含有金属の表面を絶縁部材で保護すると共に、この絶縁部材で保護されていない部位には絶縁性のフィラーを形成するので、高出力かつ高信頼性の発光装置を製造することができる。
本発明の実施形態に係る発光装置の構成の概略について図1〜図3を適宜参照して説明する。図1に示す発光装置100は、その基体101が、例えば積層された複数のセラミックスグリーンシートを焼成して構成されている。基体101は、凹部109を有している。凹部109は、上面が開口し、側面と底面とを有する。凹部109に発光素子104(図2参照)が載置されている。また発光素子104が載置された凹部109は、樹脂等からなる封止部材108で封止されている。
次に、本発明の実施形態に係る発光装置の製造方法について説明する。図1〜図3に示す発光装置100は、例えば、図4〜図8に示す製造工程を経て得ることができる。すなわち、発光装置の製造方法は、主として、ダイボンディング工程(図4参照)と、ワイヤボンディング工程(図5参照)と、フィラー形成工程(図7参照)とを有する。さらに、封止部材108を形成する場合には、封止部材形成工程(図8参照)を行う。
第1工程は、発光装置100の導電部材102A、102B上に銀含有金属103を設けるまでの工程である。ここでは、2−1−A.導電部材形成工程と、2−1−B.銀鍍金工程とを行う。
図4に示すように、本実施形態において発光装置100の基体101は凹部109を有している。基体101の凹部109の底面には、導電部材102A、102Bが露出するように形成する。
続いて、前記のようにして形成された導電部材102A、102B上に、銀含有金属103を設ける。なお、基体101内に埋設されている導電部材上にまでは銀含有金属103を設けるものではない。
第2工程は、発光装置100の導電部材102A、102B上にダイボンド部材を介して発光素子104を接合する工程である。ここでは、2−2−A.ダイボンド部材形成工程と、2−2−B.加熱工程とを行う。ここで、ダイボンド部材は特に材料を限定するものではないが、樹脂組成物で形成することができる。
ダイボンド部材は、導電部材102A、102Bと発光素子104との間に介在するように形成すればよい。そのため、ダイボンド部材を形成する部位は、次の(A1)〜(A3)のいずれでもよい。
(A1)導電部材102A、102B上のうち発光素子104を載置する領域
(A2)発光素子104の裏面
(A3)A1とA2の両方
(B1)発光素子の基板104aとして導電性の基板を使用し、窒化ガリウム系半導体層を積層させて積層半導体構造104bを構成して作製された発光素子104を用いて、この窒化ガリウム系半導体発光素子の半導体層に形成された電極または導電性の基板を接合面とする場合
(B2)発光素子の基板104aとして絶縁性の基板を使用し、窒化ガリウム系半導体層を積層させて積層半導体構造104bを構成して作製された発光素子104を用いて、この窒化ガリウム系半導体発光素子の半導体層に形成された電極を接合面とする場合
加熱工程は、前記のようにして形成した樹脂組成物の少なくとも一部が揮発する温度より高い温度で加熱するものである。樹脂組成物が含有する物質に応じて加熱温度は異なる。
第3工程は、第2工程において銀含有金属103で被覆された電極としての導電部材102A、102Bと、発光素子104上部にある電極端子とを導電性のあるワイヤ106で電気的に接続する工程であり、図5はこの第3工程が完了した状態を示している。なお、図5に示す接着層123は、図4に示す接着層123が発光素子104の載置により変形したものである。
なお、本形態の発光素子の実装形態は、発光素子の電極を発光観測面方向(支持体と反対側)に向けて実装する形態に限定されることなく、フリップチップ実装でもよい。
第4工程は、第3工程に続いて、銀含有金属103で被覆された導電部材102A、102B上、発光素子104上部およびワイヤ106を上から被覆するように、絶縁性の保護膜である絶縁部材110を設けるものである(図6)。
また、図6に示すように、絶縁部材110に、種々の原因によりピンホール131等が発生する場合がある。この場合には、ピンホールから腐食性ガスが侵入し銀含有金属103を腐食させる原因となる。さらには、ワイヤ106の裏面もこの絶縁部材110は被覆されにくいため、ワイヤ106の裏面は発光素子からの光を吸収してしまう。
しかしながら、本実施形態に係る発光装置の製造方法では、第4工程の完了後、凹部109を封止する前に、次の第5工程を有するので、このような事態を防ぐことができる。
第5工程は、第4工程において成膜した絶縁部材110が形成されていない部位、かつ、銀等の導体部が露出した部位に、フィラーを形成する。
フィラーは、媒質中を電気泳動しやすい形状および大きさとされていることが好ましい。特に、電解液中での電気泳動について、フィラーの形状は、ほぼ球形の粒子状とされていることが好ましい。フィラーの粒径は、10nmから10μmの範囲であることが好ましい。またフィラーの粒径は、100nmから5μmの範囲とすることで、光の散乱の効果が大きくなるため、より好ましい。
ここで、フィラーが堆積した厚みは、20μm程度である。
上述したフィラーの電着による形成工程の後、フィラー以外の部材を電着により形成してもよい。
また、電解液には金属アルコキシドを含有されてもよい。具体的には、Al、Sn、Si、Ti、Y、Pbあるいはアルカリ土類金属から選択される元素を構成元素として含む有機金属材料である。電解液に含まれる材料としては、その他にも、金属アルコレート、あるいは金属アルコキサイドと有機溶剤とを所定の割合で混合してなるゾル中にフィラーを分散させた混合液を電解液とすることもできる。
その他にも、電解液はイソプロピルアルコールを母液とする溶液に、有機溶剤としてアセトン、有機金属材料としてアルミナゾルおよびフィラーを含有させた混合溶液とすることができる。
第6工程は、発光素子104を被覆する封止部材108を形成し硬化するものである。図8は、凹部109内に封止部材108を充填し、発光素子104を被覆したことを示す図である。このように基体101に凹部109が形成されている場合は、凹部109内に溶融樹脂を注入することで、容易に封止部材108を形成することができる。形成された封止部材108は、加熱や光照射等によって硬化させることができる。封止部材108を硬化する条件は、用いる封止部材108の材料によって適宜選択することができる。なお、封止部材108は単一の部材で形成することもできるし、または、2層以上の複数の層として形成することもできる。
ここでは、3−1.基体、3−2.導電部材、3−3.銀含有金属、3−4.絶縁部材、3−5.フィラー、3−6.ダイボンド部材、3−7.封止部材、3−8.ワイヤ、3−9.波長変換部材、3−10.発光素子、3−11.接着部材、の各節に分けて、発光装置100を構成する各部材について順次説明する。
本実施形態において、基体101は、発光素子104や保護素子105等の電子部品を保護するとともに、これら電子部品に外部からの電流を供給するための導電部材102A,102Bを備えているものである。基体101の材料としては、絶縁性部材が好ましく、発光素子104からの光や外光等が透過しにくい部材が好ましい。また、ある程度の強度を有するものが好ましく、より具体的には、セラミックス(Al2O3、AlN等)、フェノール樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、BTレジン(bismaleimide triazine resin)、PPA(ポリフタルアミド)等の樹脂が挙げられる。基体101の材料が樹脂である場合には、ガラス繊維や無機フィラー(SiO2、TiO2、Al2O3等)を混合し、機械的強度の向上や熱膨張率の低減、光反射率の向上等を図ることもできる。
導電部材102A、102Bは、外部と発光素子104とを電気的に接続させるためのものである。導電部材102A、102Bの好ましい材料としては、基体101の材料や基体101の製造方法等に応じて適宜選択することができる。
銀含有金属103は、基体101から露出している導電部材102A、102Bの表面に設けられる。銀含有金属103の形成方法は、鍍金法、スパッタ法、蒸着法等を用いることができる。銀含有金属103の材料としては、銀のみでもよいし、銀と、銅、金、アルミニウム、ロジウム等の光反射率の高い金属との合金、もしくは、銀と光反射率の高い金属との多層膜等でもよい。好ましくは、銀単体で構成する。また、銀含有金属103の膜厚は、発光素子104からの光を効率よく反射可能な膜厚とするのが好ましく、具体的には、1nm〜50μm程度が好ましい。なお、銀含有金属103を多層膜とする場合には、多層膜全体の厚さをこの範囲内とすることが好ましい。
絶縁部材110は、主として銀含有金属103上に設けられるものである。絶縁部材110の材料としては、透光性のものが好ましく、また、主として無機化合物を用いることが好ましい。具体的には、SiO2、Al2O3、TiO2、ZrO2、ZnO2、Nb2O5、MgO、SrO、In2O3、TaO2、HfO、SeO、Y2O3等の酸化物や、SiN、AlN、AlON等の窒化物、MgF2等のフッ化物が挙げられる。これらは、単独で用いてもよいし、または、混合して用いてもよい。もしくは、積層させるようにしてもよい。
フィラー112は、主に銀含有金属103の露出面において、絶縁部材110が形成されていない部位を被覆することで、銀含有金属103の劣化を効果的に抑制するものである。また、絶縁部材が形成されていない部位における銀含有金属が腐食ガスにより硫化されたとしても、フィラーには発光素子からの光や封止樹脂内で波長変換された光に対して反射率が大きいものが用いられるため、銀含有金属103上部のフィラーにより発光素子からの光を反射することができる。
また、ワイヤ106の下面に形成されるフィラー112は、その反射率が、430nm〜490nmの波長域の光(青色光)に対して50%以上であることが好ましい。
ダイボンド工程に用いるダイボンド部材としては、その上に載置される発光素子104を接着固定できるものであれば、特に限定されるものではないが、例えば樹脂組成物を用いる。このダイボンド部材は、基体101の凹部109内の導電部材102A、102B上に銀含有金属103を介して発光素子104や保護素子105等を接合させるための接合部材である。
さらに、これら絶縁性、導電性のダイボンド部材のうち、特に透光性のダイボンド部材を用いる場合は、その中に発光素子104からの光を吸収して異なる波長の光を発光する蛍光部材を含有させることもできる。
封止部材108は、基体101の凹部109に載置された発光素子104やワイヤ106等を、塵芥、水分や外力等から保護する部材であり、発光素子104からの光を透過可能な透光性を有するものが好ましい。封止部材108の材料としては、具体的には、シリコーン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ユリア樹脂等を挙げることができる。このような材料に加え、例えば、着色剤、光拡散剤、フィラー、波長変換部材(蛍光部材)等を含有させることもできる。
ワイヤ106は、発光素子104の電極端子104c(図4参照)と、基体101の凹部109に配される導電部材102A,102Bとを銀含有金属103を介して接続するものである。ワイヤ106の材料は、金、銅、白金、アルミニウム等の金属およびそれらの合金が挙げられる。特に、熱抵抗等に優れた金を用いることが好ましい。
封止部材108中に、波長変換部材として発光素子104からの光の少なくとも一部を吸収して異なる波長を有する光を発する蛍光部材を含有させることもできる。蛍光部材としては、発光素子104からの光を、より長波長に変換させるものの方がよい。蛍光部材は、1種の蛍光物質等を単層で形成してもよいし、2種以上の蛍光物質等が混合された単層を形成してもよいし、1種の蛍光物質等を含有する単層を2層以上積層させてもよいし、2種以上の蛍光物質等がそれぞれ混合された単層を2層以上積層させてもよい。
蛍光物質は、例えば、Eu、Ce等のランタノイド系元素で主に賦活される、窒化物系蛍光体、酸窒化物系蛍光体を用いることができる。より具体的には、大別して下記(D1)〜(D3)にそれぞれ記載された中から選ばれる少なくともいずれか1以上であることが好ましい。
(D1)Eu等のランタノイド系、Mn等の遷移金属系の元素により主に賦活される、アルカリ土類ハロゲンアパタイト、アルカリ土類金属ホウ酸ハロゲン、アルカリ土類金属アルミン酸塩、アルカリ土類金属硫化物、アルカリ土類金属チオガレート、アルカリ土類金属窒化ケイ素、ゲルマン酸塩等の蛍光体
(D2)Ce等のランタノイド系元素で主に賦活される、希土類アルミン酸塩、希土類ケイ酸塩、アルカリ土類金属希土類ケイ酸塩等の蛍光体
(D3)Eu等のランタノイド系元素で主に賦活される、有機または有機錯体等の蛍光体
(D21)Y3Al5O12:Ce
(D22)(Y0.8Gd0.2)3Al5O12:Ce
(D23)Y3(Al0.8Ga0.2)5O12:Ce
(D24)(Y,Gd)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce
本実施形態においては、発光素子104として発光ダイオードを用いることが好ましい。発光素子104は、任意の波長のものを選択することができる。例えば、青色(波長430nm〜490nmの光)や緑色(波長490nm〜570nmの光)の発光素子を用いる場合には、ZnSeや窒化物系半導体(InXAlYGa1−X−YN、0≦X、0≦Y、X+Y≦1)、GaPを用いたものを用いることができる。また、赤色(波長620nm〜750nmの光)の発光素子としては、GaAlAs、AlInGaP等を用いることができる。さらに、これ以外の材料からなる半導体発光素子を用いることもできる。用いる発光素子の組成や発光色、大きさや、個数等は目的に応じて適宜選択することができる。
発光素子104の下面(裏面)に成膜する接着部材は、発光素子の電極を発光観測面方向(支持体と反対側)に向けて実装する形態において、例えば、図4に示す反射層121、バリア層122、接着層123等として機能させることができる。
反射層121は、発光素子104によって発光した光を効率的に基板104aや積層半導体構造104bの内部に反射させる層である。このようにすることで、発光素子104の別の露出端面から光を外部に取り出すことができる。具体的な材料としては、Ag、Al、Rh、Pt,Pd等を用いることが好ましい。例えば銀または銀合金を用いると、反射率が高く、光取り出しの良好な素子を得ることができる。
101 基体
101A 基体露出部
101B 凹部の側壁
101C 基体の上面
102A、102B 導電部材
103 銀含有金属
104 発光素子
104a 基板
104b 積層半導体構造
104c 電極端子
105 保護素子
106 ワイヤ
107 カソードマーク
108 封止部材
109 凹部
110 絶縁部材
111 ダイボンド部材
112 フィラー
121 反射層
122 バリア層
123 接着層
131 ピンホール
Claims (12)
- 基体と、
前記基体に設けられた導電部材と、
前記導電部材の少なくとも一部に設けられた銀含有金属と、
前記基体上に載置された発光素子と、
前記基体上に前記発光素子が載置された後に形成される絶縁部材であって、前記発光素子および前記銀含有金属の表面において、一部を被覆する絶縁部材と、前記絶縁部材が形成されていない部位を被覆するように設けられる絶縁性のフィラーと、を備えることを特徴とする発光装置。 - 前記絶縁性のフィラーは、前記発光素子の外周領域を被覆するように設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の発光装置。
- 前記絶縁性のフィラーは、前記発光素子の下部領域を被覆するように設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の発光装置。
- 前記導電部材の電極となる部位と前記発光素子の電極端子とを電気的に接続するワイヤを有し、前記ワイヤの上面に前記絶縁部材が形成されており、前記ワイヤの下面に前記絶縁性のフィラーが形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の発光装置。
- 前記ワイヤの下面に形成される絶縁性のフィラーの反射率は、430nm〜490nmの波長域の光に対して50%以上であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の発光装置。
- 前記発光素子の下面側に、当該発光素子の下面よりも面積が小さい接着層を備えることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項5のいずれか一項に記載の発光装置。
- 基体と、
前記基体に設けられた導電部材と、
前記基体上に載置された発光素子と、
前記導電部材の電極となる部位と前記発光素子の電極端子とを電気的に接続するワイヤと、
前記発光装置の少なくとも前記ワイヤを上から被覆するように設けられた絶縁部材と、
前記ワイヤの前記絶縁部材が形成されていない部位を被覆するように設けられる絶縁性のフィラーと、
を備えることを特徴とする発光装置。 - 前記絶縁性のフィラーは、SiO2、Al2O3、Al(OH)3、TiO2、ZrO2、ZnO2、Nb2O5、MgO、MgCO3、Mg(OH)2、SrO、In2O3、TaO2、HfO、SeO、Y2O3、SiN、AlN、AlON、MgF2からなる群から選択されることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項7のいずれか一項に記載の発光装置。
- 前記絶縁性のフィラーは、前記絶縁部材と異なる材料からなることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項8のいずれか一項に記載の発光装置。
- 前記発光装置は、封止部材により被覆されており、前記絶縁性のフィラーの隙間には該封止部材が含浸していることを特徴とする請求項1ないし請求項9のいずれか一項に記載の発光装置。
- 銀含有金属で少なくとも一部が被覆された導電部材が設けられた基体に発光素子を接合するダイボンディング工程と、
前記発光素子および前記銀含有金属の表面の一部に絶縁部材を形成する絶縁部材形成工程と、
前記銀含有金属の表面であって、前記絶縁部材が形成されていない部位に絶縁性のフィラーを形成するフィラー形成工程と、
を有することを特徴とする発光装置の製造方法。 - 前記ダイボンディング工程の後に、前記銀含有金属を介して前記導電部材の電極となる部位と前記発光素子の電極端子とをワイヤにより電気的に接続するワイヤボンディング工程を有し、
前記絶縁部材形成工程において、前記発光素子、前記銀含有金属および前記ワイヤの少なくとも一部を上から被覆するように絶縁部材を形成し、
前記フィラー形成工程において、前記絶縁部材が形成されていない部位を被覆するように絶縁性のフィラーを電着塗装法または静電塗装法により形成することを特徴とする請求項11に記載の発光装置の製造方法。
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