JP4972545B2 - アントラサイクリン系薬剤及びシチジンアナログのリポソーム製剤 - Google Patents
アントラサイクリン系薬剤及びシチジンアナログのリポソーム製剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4972545B2 JP4972545B2 JP2007508701A JP2007508701A JP4972545B2 JP 4972545 B2 JP4972545 B2 JP 4972545B2 JP 2007508701 A JP2007508701 A JP 2007508701A JP 2007508701 A JP2007508701 A JP 2007508701A JP 4972545 B2 JP4972545 B2 JP 4972545B2
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Description
(a)生物活性に対する関連細胞培養法、無細胞法又は腫瘍ホモジネート法で、薬剤の前記比が細胞のうち1%を超える細胞に影響を与える前記モル比で維持される濃度範囲の少なくとも5%にわたって非拮抗的である前記アントラサイクリン系薬剤及びシチジンアナログのモル比を決定すること、並びに
(b)前記工程(a)で非拮抗的であると決定したモル比のアントラサイクリン系薬剤対シチジンアナログを前記送達媒体を用いてカプセル化すること
を含む方法が提供される。
脚注:略語
DSPC:ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(distearoylphosphatidylcholine);
PG:ホスファチジルグリセロール(phosphatidylglycerol);
DSPG:ジステアロイルホスファチジルグリセロール(distearoylphosphatidylglycerol);
PI:ホスファチジルイノシトール(phosphatidylinositol);
SM:スフィンゴミエリン(sphingomyelin);
Chol又はCH:コレステロール(cholesterol);
CHE:コレステリルヘキサデシルエーテル(cholesteryl hexadecyl ether);
SUV:小型単層小胞体(small unilamellar vesicle);
LUV:大型単層小胞体(large unilamellar vesicle);
MLV:多層膜小胞体(multilamellar vesicle);
MTT:3−(4,5−ジメチルチアゾール−2−イル)−2,5−ジフェニル−2H テトラゾリウムブロマイド(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide);
EDTA:エチレンジアミン四酢酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid);
HEPES:N−[ヒドロキシエチル]−ピペラジン−N−[2−エタンスルホン酸](N-[hydroxylethyl]-pyperazine-N-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]);
HBS:HEPES緩衝生理食塩水(HEPES buffered saline)(20mM HEPES、150mM NaCl、pH7.4);
SHE:300mM スクロース(sucrose)、20mM HEPES、30mM EDTA;
TEA:トリエタノールアミン(triethanolamine);
CI:組み合わせ指数(combination index);
fa:影響された画分(fraction affected)。
代謝拮抗物質又は、より詳しくは、シタラビン、5−アザシチジン、及びゲムシタビン(2’,2’−ジフルオロデオキシシチジン(2',2'-Difluorodeoxycytidine))等のシチジンアナログは、公知の抗悪性腫瘍薬である。シチジンアナログは、その技術においてシトシンヌクレオシドアナログ(cytosine nucleoside analogs)と呼ばれることもある。代謝拮抗物質は、細胞における正常な生化学反応に関与する天然の化学物質(natural chemical)とよく似ているが、細胞の正常な分裂及び機能を妨げるほど異なる化合物である。これらの化合物は、一般に正常な代謝プロセスを阻害する。
ダウノルビシン及びドキソルビシン並びにそれらの誘導体等のアントラサイクリン系抗生物質は、真菌ストレプトミセス・ペウセティウス(Streptomyces peucetius)によって産生される公知の抗悪性腫瘍薬を含む。イダルビシン(4−デメトキシダウノルビシン(4-demethoxydaunorubicin))は、アグリコン環のC4にメトキシ基をもたないダウノルビシンの合成誘導体を含む。これらの化合物は、DNAにインターカレートして、DNA及びRNA合成を含むDNAの各種機能に影響を及ぼす。DNAとの相互作用により、一般に一本鎖及び/又は二本鎖切断並びに姉妹染色分体交換が生ずる。ダウノルビシン(塩酸ダウノルビシン)の一つの特定の医薬品形態が、核酸合成を妨げない投与量で細胞分裂を防ぐことが示されている。DNAが切断されるメカニズムは十分に理解されていないが、トポイソメラーゼIIの作用によって又はフリーラジカルの生成によって媒介されると信じられている。更に、アントラサイクリンは、細胞膜と相互に作用し、それらの機能を変化させて抗腫瘍作用心毒性における役割を果たす可能性があるることも知られている。
本発明の更なる視点において、アントラサイクリン系薬剤及びシチジンアナログは、相乗的又は相加的(即ち、非拮抗的)な比(割合)でリポソームでカプセル化されるであろう。相乗的又は相加的な併用(組み合わせ)効果を示す薬剤の比の決定は、以下に記載した実験データのタイプに基づき、各種アルゴリズムを用いて行われる。これらの方法には、アイソボログラム法(Loewe, et al., Arzneim-Forsch (1953) 3: 258-290;Steel, et al., Int. J. Radiol. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (1979) 5: 27-55)、分画産物法(fractional product method)(ウェブ、酵素及び代謝阻害剤(Enzyme and Metabolic Inhibitors)(1963)第1巻、pp.1−5、ニューヨーク:アカデミック出版(Academic Press))、モンテカルロシミュレーション法、CombiTool、ComboStat及びChou, J. Theor. Biol. (1976) 39: 253-276;及びChou, Mol. Pharmacol. (1974) 10:235-247に記載された方程式に基づくChou−Talalay Median Effect法(Chou-Talalay median-effect method)が含まれる。代替法には、生存画分(surviving fraction)(Zoli, et al., Int. J. Cancer (1999) 80: 413-416)、コントロールと比較した顆粒球/マクロファージ−コロニー形成単位に対する応答率(Pannacciulli, et al., Anticancer Res. (1999) 19: 409-412)、及びその他のもの(Berenbaum, Pharmacol. Rev. (1989) 41: 93-141;Greco, et al., Pharmacol. Rev. (1995) 47: 331-385)が含まれる。
D=Dm[fa/(1−fa)]1/m
ここで、Dは使用した薬剤の投与量であり、faはその投与量によって影響された細胞の画分であり、Dmは効力を示す50%有効量(dose for median effect)であり、mは投与量−効果曲線の形を表す係数である(mは一次反応について1である)。
CI=(D)1/(Dx)1+(D)2/(Dx)2 [式1]
更に、作用につき全く無関係の形態を有する相互非排他的な薬剤について下記式が提案される:
CI=(D)1/(Dx)1+(D)2/(Dx)2+((D)1(D)2)/(Dx)1(Dx)2 [式2]
CI<1、=1、及び>1は、それぞれ相乗作用、相加作用、及び拮抗作用を示す。式1又は式2では、組み合わせにおける(分子の)薬剤1、(D)1、及び薬剤2、(D)2、が実際の実験においてx%を阻害すると規定される。したがって、実験的に観察されるx%阻害は丸めた数でなくてもよく、最も多くは少数を有する。式1及び2の(分母の)(Dx)1及び(Dx)2は、それぞれx%を阻害する薬剤1及び薬剤2単独の投与量である。
本発明において使用される好ましい脂質担体は、リポソームである。リポソームについては、リポソーム:合理的な設計(Liposomes; Rational Design)(A.S.Janoff編、Marcel Dekker社、ニューヨーク、NY)に記載されているように又はその技術において知識を有する者に知られているその他の技術によって製造することができる。本発明において使用される適当なリポソームには、大型単層小胞体(large unilamellar vesicles)(LUVs)、多層膜小胞体(multilamellar vesicles)(MLVs)、小型単層小胞体(small unilamellar vesicles)(SUVs)及び嵌合融合リポソーム(interdigitating fusion liposomes)が含まれる。
前述したように、本発明の送達媒体組成物を、ヒト等の温血動物並びに家禽(domestic avian)種に投与してもよい。ヒトの病気の治療のため、資格のある医師は、確立されたプロトコルを用いて本発明の組成物が投与量、スケジュール及び投与経路に関してどのように利用されるべきか判断するであろう。本発明の送達媒体組成物でカプセル化した薬剤において対象(患者)の健常な組織に対する毒性が緩和されている場合には、そのような投与において、投与量の段階的増大が利用されてもよい。
本発明の組成物中の治療薬を、各治療薬が適当な送達媒体と安定的に会合されている個々の組成物に切り離して処方してもよい。投与される治療薬の比が治療の標的で維持されるよう送達媒体の薬物動態が連係して作用される限り、これらの組成物を、対象(患者)に別々に投与することができる。したがって、独立したコンテナに、少なくとも第一の治療薬と安定的に会合した送達媒体を含む第一の組成物と、第二のコンテナに、少なくとも第二の治療薬と安定的に会合した送達媒体を含む第二の組成物とを含むキットを作成することは有用である。前記コンテナを、その後キットに包装することができる。
2以上の薬剤の組み合わせの多くは、相乗効果を発揮する能力を有する。同様に、その同じ2以上の薬剤の組み合わせはまた、相加的又は拮抗的相互作用を示す場合もある。相乗的であるダウノルビシンとシタラビン(Ara−Cとしても知られている)との比を同定するため、ダウノルビシンとシタラビンとの各種組み合わせについて、インビトロで細胞毒性効果をテストした。より具体的には、薬剤濃度の広い範囲にわたって相乗作用を示す薬剤比を同定した。
ダウノルビシン及びシタラビンの両方を含むリポソームを、ダウノルビシンを能動的に負荷した受動捕捉シタラビン(passively entrapped cytarabine)を含むDSPC/DSPG/コレステロール(7:2:1 モル比)リポソームを用いて得ることができた。簡単には、100mg脂質/ml最終濃度の濃度で混合した脂質(DSPC:DSPG:CHOL(7:2;1 モル比))をクロロホルム:メタノール:H2O混合物(95:4:1 vol/vol)中に溶解させることによって、脂質発泡体を、調製した。溶媒を、その後真空蒸発(vacuum evaporation)により除去し、生じた脂質発泡体を、70℃で、100mM Cu(グルコネート)2、220mMトリエタノールアミン(triethanolamine)(TEA)、pH7.4及び50mg/mL(203mM)シタラビン(3H−シタラビンをトレーサーとして含むもの)からなる溶液で水和させた。生じたMLVを、70℃で10分間押し出して、大型単層小胞体を得た。生じたリポソームの平均直径を、QELS(準弾性光散乱(quasi-elastic light scattering))分析によって測定したところ、約100nm+/−20nmであった。次いで、リポソームを、タンジェンシャルフロー透析法(tangential flow dialysis)を用いて300mM スクロース、20mM HEPES、1mM EDTA(SHE)、pH7.4中へ、バッファ交換し、それによってカプセル化(内封)されなかったシタラビン及びCu(グルコネート)2/TEAを除去した。シタラビン対脂質モル比を脂質シンチレーションカウンティング(lipid scintillation counting)を用いて測定して、脂質濃度(14C−DPPC)及びシタラビン濃度(3H−シタラビン)を求めた。
ダウノルビシン及びシタラビンがインビボで相乗作用の範囲において1:5の薬剤:薬剤比で維持されうるかどうかを測定するため、カプセル化したダウノルビシン及びシタラビンを含むDSPC/DSPG/Chol(7:2:1 mol:mol)リポソームを、マウスに静脈投与し、血漿(プラズマ)薬剤/薬剤比を、経時でモニターした。
薬剤組み合わせの治療活性を最大にするため及びインビトロで認められる相乗的な利益を得るため、薬剤組み合わせは、最適な薬剤対薬剤比で腫瘍部位に送達される必要がある。組織培養において相乗的であるとわかった固定した比で、二つの薬剤を含む単一のリポソーム製剤を、実施例3において示したのと同様にインビボでの薬剤放出を連係して行うことができるように、開発した。この製剤の抗腫瘍活性を、その後P388及びL1210マウスリンパ性白血病モデルで評価した。
Claims (7)
- リポソームを含む、患者への非経口投与用組成物であって、
前記リポソームは、それと安定的に会合してダウノルビシン及びシタラビンを1:5のダウノルビシン対シタラビンのモル比で有し;
前記ダウノルビシン及びシタラビンは、患者への投与後少なくとも1時間血中において前記比を維持するよう前記リポソームと安定的に会合され、
前記リポソームは、ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)、ジステアロイルホスファチジルグリセロール(DSPG)及びコレステロールを7:2:1のモル比で含むことを特徴とする組成物。 - 前記ダウノルビシン及びシタラビンは、共カプセル化されている請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記リポソームは、平均直径4.5〜500nmである請求項1又は2に記載の組成物。
- 前記リポソームは、平均直径250nm未満である請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 白血病の治療用である請求項1〜4何れか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記白血病は、ALL又はAMLである請求項5に記載の組成物。
- リポソームを含む、患者への非経口投与用組成物であって、
前記リポソームは、それと安定的に会合してダウノルビシン及びシタラビンを有し;かつ
(a)前記ダウノルビシン及びシタラビンは、共カプセル化され;
(b)前記投与比は、患者への投与後少なくとも4時間、血中において維持され;
(c)前記ダウノルビシン対シタラビンのモル比は、1:5であり;
(d)前記リポソームは、平均直径250nm未満であり;
(e)前記組成物は、前記ダウノルビシン及びシタラビン以外にいかなる治療薬も含まず;並びに
(f)前記リポソームは、ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)、ジステアロイルホスファチジルグリセロール(DSPG)及びコレステロールを7:2:1のモル比で含む
ことを特徴とする組成物。
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PCT/CA2005/000625 WO2005102359A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 | 2005-04-22 | Liposomal formulations of anthracycline agents and cytidine analogs |
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CA2564542C (en) | 2012-11-27 |
AU2005235455A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
PT1744764E (pt) | 2012-08-30 |
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HK1097194A1 (en) | 2007-06-22 |
US20120009252A1 (en) | 2012-01-12 |
CY1113012T1 (el) | 2016-04-13 |
CA2564542A1 (en) | 2005-11-03 |
NL300960I2 (nl) | 2019-05-22 |
IL178779A0 (en) | 2007-05-15 |
EP1744764A4 (en) | 2009-04-01 |
WO2005102359A8 (en) | 2005-12-15 |
AU2005235455B2 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
EP2407169A1 (en) | 2012-01-18 |
JP2007533670A (ja) | 2007-11-22 |
CY2018033I1 (el) | 2019-07-10 |
US20070286897A1 (en) | 2007-12-13 |
US8022279B2 (en) | 2011-09-20 |
EP1744764A1 (en) | 2007-01-24 |
IL178779A (en) | 2013-12-31 |
BE2018C045I2 (ja) | 2024-08-08 |
US8431806B2 (en) | 2013-04-30 |
ES2388064T3 (es) | 2012-10-08 |
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