JP4921965B2 - 癌治療新規方式 - Google Patents
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- JP4921965B2 JP4921965B2 JP2006508789A JP2006508789A JP4921965B2 JP 4921965 B2 JP4921965 B2 JP 4921965B2 JP 2006508789 A JP2006508789 A JP 2006508789A JP 2006508789 A JP2006508789 A JP 2006508789A JP 4921965 B2 JP4921965 B2 JP 4921965B2
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- Prior art keywords
- cancer
- ido
- inhibitor
- tryptophan
- methyl
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Description
この出願の発明に関連する先行技術文献情報としては次のものがある。
「IDO阻害剤」という用語は、インドールアミン2、3−ジオキシゲナーゼ(IDO)の活動を抑制する能力があり、IDOを媒体とした免疫抑制を食い止めることのできる物質のことを指す。IDO阻害剤は、競争的、非競争的、もしくは不可逆的IDO阻害剤である可能性がある。「競争的IDO阻害剤」とは、触媒の位置においてIDO酵素活性を可逆的に抑制する複合物である(例えば、1-メチル-トリプトファンを含むがこれに限らない)。「非競争的IDO阻害剤」とは、非触媒の位置においてIDO酵素活性を可逆的に抑制する複合物である(例えば、ノルハルマンを含むがこれに限らない)。そして「不可逆的IDO阻害剤」とは、酵素で共有結合を形成することによってIDO酵素活性を不可逆的に破壊する複合物である(例えば、シクロプロピル基/アジリジニル・トリプトファン派生物を含むがこれに限らない)。
本発明では、少なくとも一つのIDO阻害剤から成る医薬的複合物を示している。そこでは、少なくとも一つのIDO阻害剤は、本発明においてIDO阻害剤を有していると発見された少なくとも一つの複合物から成っている。だが、かかる複合物にはこれまで確立された抗癌効果はない。複合物は以下のグループから選ばれたものであるが、それらに限らない。:フェニル-TH-DL-trp (3-(N-フェニル-チオヒダントイン)-インドール)、プロペニル-TH-DL-trp (3-(N-アリル-チオヒダントイン)-インドール)、そして メチル-TH-DL-trp (3-(N-メチル-チオヒダントイン)-インドール)。医薬的に許容されるキャリアとともに投与されるものとする。癌治療を必要としている患者に対して、こうした医薬的複合物を、治療効果のある分量、投与してもよいものとする。
本発明は、腫瘍抑制のさらなる方式を示している。本発明では、情報伝達阻害剤(STI)とIDO阻害剤の併用療法は、相乗的な効果をもって、腫瘍成長を抑制することが発見された。さらに、本発明では、少なくとも一つのIDO阻害剤と少なくとも一つのSTIを、医薬的に許容されるキャリアとともに患者に投与する、癌治療の医薬複合物を示している。さらに、本発明では、少なくとも一つのIDO阻害剤を少なくとも一つのSTIと併用し、治療効果がある分量投与することによる癌患者の治療方式を提示している。適切なIDO阻害剤には、IDO阻害活性を示すあらゆる複合物が含まれる。適切なSTIには、上記に示したとおり、以下のものが含まれるがそれらに限らない:(i)例えばSTI 571(Gleevec)およびその派生物のような、bcr/ablキナーゼ阻害剤、; (ii) 上皮増殖因子 (EGF)レセプター阻害剤。 例えばキナーゼ阻害剤(Iressa、SSI-774)、抗体(Imclone:C225 [Goldstein et al.(1995)、Clin Cancer Res.1:1311-1318]、and Abgenix:ABX-EGF); (iii) her-2/neu レセプター阻害剤。例えば、 ハーセプチン(tm) (trastuzumab)。 そして ファルネシルトランスフェラーゼ阻害剤 (FTI) 例えば、L-744、832 (Kohl et al.(1995)、Nat Med. 1(8):792-797); (iv) Akt群キナーゼもしくはAkt経路。例えばラパマイシン(Sekulic et al.(2000) Cancer Res.60:3504-3513参照のこと); (v) 細胞周期キナーゼ阻害剤。例えば、フラヴォピリドルや UCN-01 (Sausville (2003) Curr. Med. Chem. Anti-Canc Agents 3:47-56参照のこと); そして (vi) LY294002のようなホスファチジル・イノシトール・キナーゼ阻害剤 (Vlahos et al.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269:5241-5248参照のこと)。
本発明の他の実例では、慢性ウィルス感染の治療として、IDO阻害剤と化学療法薬の投与から成る併用療法の手順を示している。さらに、本発明では、IDO阻害剤や化学療法薬と併用し、抗ウィルス薬(例えば、ウィルス感染を治療できる薬)の投与による方式を提示している。
本発明で用いる医薬的複合物は、例えば、注射、経口、肺、経鼻、もしくはその他の投与方式でもって投与することができる。一般的に、本発明の医薬的複合物は、医薬的に許容される希釈剤、保存料、可溶化剤、乳化剤、補助剤およびキャリアから成る。こうした複合物には、さまざまなバッファ含有物(例えば、トリス-HCl、アセテート、フォスフェイト)や、pH、イオン強度;洗浄剤や可溶化剤(例えば、Tween80、ポリソルベート80)、酸化防止剤(例えば、アスコルビン酸、メタ重亜硫酸ナトリウム)、保存料(例えば、チメルソル、ベンジル・アルコール)そして、充てん物質(例えば、乳糖やマンニトール)が含まれる。こうした複合物は、ポリ乳酸、ポリグリコール酸などの高分子複合物や、リポソーム等の特別な製剤に入れることができる。かかる複合物は、本発明の医薬的複合物の内容の物理的状態、安定性、生体内放出の度合い、生体内の除去の度合いに影響する。参考文献として挙げている『レミントンの医薬科学』、18th Ed.、1435ページから1712ページを参照のこと(1990、Mack Publishing Co.、Easton、PA 18042)。本発明で用いる医薬的複合物は、液体形状で用意することも可能であると同時に、乾燥粒子形状とすることもできる(例えば、凍結乾燥)。医薬的複合物投与の特定の方式は、上記に記したとおりである。
新規IDO阻害剤の評価
1. 新規IDO阻害剤の生化学的評価:
概要:IDOの生化学はすでに確立されたものであり、その酵素は1963年に初めて単離されている(Higuchi、K.、et al.(1963) Federation Proc.22:243 (abstr.); Shimizu、T.、et al.(1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253:4700-6)。IDOは、およそ41kDaの分子重量を持つ、単量で血液を含むオキシドレダクターゼである。生体内触媒作用の際に活性第一鉄形状を維持するため、酵素は、スーパーオキシド、あるいはアスコルビン酸のような還元剤とともに、メチレンブルーを要する。生体内では、フラビンやテトラヒドロビオプテリンが、メチレンブルー色素の役割を果たすものとされている。また、非競争IDO阻害剤向けの、特別の場所がある可能性がある。活性酵素は、クローン化された、His-tagged型の哺乳類遺伝子を、バクテリアの中で発現させることによって生み出される。(2000) Prot. Exp. Purif. 19:22-29)。生化学分析にとって、これは都合のよい酵素源となる。トリプトファンから生産される(Daubener、W.、et al.(1994) J. Immunol. Methods 168:39-47) キヌレニンを光度測定することによる、IDO活性の従来型生化学分析は(the hydrolysis product of N-formyl-kynurenine)、酵素および細胞に基づいた分析の両方で、読み出しとして用いられている。酵素分析は、複合物をIDO阻害剤と特定する際の、手軽なハイスループット・スクリーンをもたらす。この分析は、特定の複合物のKi値を見極めるために使用される。このKi値は、異なる一連の複合物を囲むSAR(構造活性相関)の発達にとって、重要なものである。細胞を基礎とした分析は特定された複合物のIDO阻害活性を確認すると同時に、生物学的利用能の初期的な課題に焦点をあてるものである。この生物学的利用能とは、細胞間のIDOを阻害する複合物の能力のことである。IDO阻害の特別性は、酵素トリプトファン・ジオキシゲナーゼを分解する他のトリプトファンと比較することにより、細胞を基礎とした分析を行うことで調べられる(TDOは、TDO2と称されることもある)。
概要:細菌性のリポ多糖体(LPS)の投与は、様々な細胞においてIDO活性を誘発する。その結果、キヌレニンが生産され、血流に放出される(図3)。キヌレニンのピークのレベルは、LPS投与から一日後に達成される (Takikawa、O.、et al.(1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:3648-53; Yoshida、H.、et al.(1998) Cell 94:739-750)。ここで記述する薬力学的分析は、キヌレニンとトリプトファンの両方の血清レベル測定に基づくものである。キヌレニン/トリプトファンの割合を計算することにより、基準となるトリプトファン水準に依存しないIDO活性を予測することができる(Fuchs、D.、et al.(1991) Immunol. Lett. 28:207-11; Gasse、T.、et al.(1994) Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 32:685-9)。また、IDO活性を測定するこのアプローチは、人間においても頻繁に用いられているものである。細胞におけるIDO酵素活性の直接評価に関するこのアプローチの主な利点は、同一の動物から複数のサンプルを収集できるような、非侵襲性の手順であるという点である。これにより、IDO活性を、一つのマウスで複数回にわたって観察することができる。血清の中のトリプトファンとキヌレニンのレベルは、HPLC分析によって測定することができる。血清の中の複合物のレベルもまた、同じHPLCで測定することができる。それにより、一つの実験で、同時に薬物動態データを収集することができる。
IDO阻害剤と情報伝達阻害剤の併用癌治療
乳癌のMMTVneu遺伝子移植「オンコマウス」モデルは、腫瘍病態生理におけるIDO阻害とSTIsの効果を測定するために用いられる。MMTVneu遺伝子移植マウスは、あまり分化されていないヒト腺管癌に類似した乳腺の腫瘍を活発に発達させる。MMTVneuマウスモデルでは、乳癌はHER-2/Neu遺伝子の突然変異の組織特異的発現によって引起される。これは、侵攻性のヒト乳腺管癌において頻繁に活性化する。HER-2は、細胞表面成長要因レセプターのEGF-R群の一つである。Mycは癌を引起すHER-2/Neuの偏性下流エフェクターである。女性のMMTVneu「オンコマイス」は、乳房組織においてNeu/HER2腫瘍遺伝子の転写を引起すマウス乳癌ウィルス(MMTV)から発現を促すべく、二度結合する。生後5ヶ月までに、このモデルシステムにおいて、90%を超える浸透率で、乳癌が発生する。150 mm3 までのサイズの同様の腫瘍を持っているMMTVneu「オンコマイス」は、管理されたグループや、実験処置を施すグループに、無作為に割り当てられる。コントロールされているマウスには、プラシーボ持続放出ペレット(Innovative Research、Inc.、Sarasota、FL)が埋め込まれた。実験対象となるマウスのグループは以下の通りである。(1)1MT持続放出ペレットを埋め込まれたマウス、(2)L-744、832を施されたマウス、(3) 1MT持続放出ペレットを埋め込まれ、L-744、832を施されたマウス。ファルネシル群が加えられたCaaXモチーフを再現したL-744、832は、ファルネシル転移酵素(FTI)の有力で選択的な阻害剤である(Kohl et al.、(1995) Nat Med. 1(8):747-748)。
持続放出ペレットは、ケタミン/ロンプンの筋肉注射によって麻酔をかけられたマウスの背中の皮下に投入された。止血剤の鈍的切開の方式を用いて、皮下の空間を作り出すために筋肉と皮膚を分離した。一つか二つの生体分解性の緩やかな放出ペレットが、この空間に埋め込まれた。機械的応力や、創傷離開を防ぐため、切開の際に直接埋め込む手法は取らなかった。切開は創傷クリップで閉じられた。プラシーボ持続放出を埋め込まれた雌のマウスが、臨月まで妊娠を持ちこたえられたことを鑑みると、この手順の苦痛の度合いはわずかなものだと考えられる。
新規IDO阻害剤
IDO阻害剤としての効能を調べるため、様々な複合物が審査されている。特定の複合物は、生化学的分析において、以下のとおり審査された。IDO cDNAsは、his-taggedたんぱく質としてバクテリアの中で発現し、前述の通り浄化された(Littlejohn et al.(2000) Prot. Exp. Purif. 19:22-29)。つまり、浄化されたIDOは基質と、様々なIDO阻害剤候補とともに、培養されたのである。候補となる阻害剤の有効性を見極めるため、反応混合物の蛍光発光が測定される。なぜなら反応によって生まれるキヌレニンは、蛍光発光するからである。生体内生化学審査の結果は、図6にまとめてある。
IDO阻害剤と細胞毒性化学療法薬の併用癌治療
乳癌のMMTVneu遺伝子移植「オンコマウス」モデルは、腫瘍病態生理におけるIDO阻害と細胞毒性化学療法薬の効果を測定するために用いられる。
Claims (6)
- 癌治療用薬学的組成物であって、
少なくとも1つのインドールアミン2,3−ジオキシゲナーゼ(IDO)阻害剤の有効量と、
少なくとも1つの化学療法薬と
を薬学的に許容される担体媒体中に有するものであり、前記IDO阻害剤は、1−メチル−DL−トリプトファン若しくはメチル−TH−DL−Trpであり、前記少なくとも1つの化学療法薬は、パクリタキセル、シスプラチン、ドキソルビシン、及びシクロホスファミドから成る群から選択されるものである、癌治療用薬学的組成物。 - 請求項1記載の薬学的組成物において、前記少なくとも1つのIDO阻害剤は1−メチル−トリプトファン(1MT)である。
- 請求項1記載の薬学的組成物において、前記癌は、前立腺癌、結腸直腸癌、膵臓癌、頸癌、胃癌、子宮内膜癌、脳腫瘍、肝臓癌、膀胱癌、卵巣癌、精巣癌、頭部癌、頸部癌、皮膚癌、中皮裏層癌、白血球癌、食道癌、乳癌、筋肉腫瘍、結合組織癌、肺癌、副腎腫瘍、甲状腺癌、腎臓癌、若しくは骨肉腫である。
- 請求項3記載の薬学的組成物において、前記癌は乳癌である。
- 請求項1記載の薬学的組成物において、前記癌は、メラノーマ、基底細胞癌、リンパ腫、白血病、小細胞肺癌、非小細胞肺癌、膠芽細胞腫、中皮腫、腎細胞癌、胃癌、肉腫、絨毛癌、皮膚基底細胞癌、及び精巣セミノーマから成る群から選択されるものである。
- 癌を治療するための薬剤の製造における、少なくとも1つのインドールアミン2,3−ジオキシゲナーゼ(IDO)阻害剤及び少なくとも1つの化学療法薬の治療有効量の使用であって、前記IDO阻害剤は、1−メチル−DL−トリプトファン若しくはメチル−TH−DL−Trpであり、前記少なくとも1つの化学療法薬は、パクリタキセル、シスプラチン、ドキソルビシン、及びシクロホスファミドから成る群から選択されるものである、使用。
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WO2002018368A1 (en) * | 2000-08-30 | 2002-03-07 | Schering Corporation | Tricyclic antitumor compounds being farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors |
JP2004513885A (ja) * | 2000-08-30 | 2004-05-13 | シェーリング コーポレイション | ファルネシルタンパク質トランスフェラーゼインヒビターである三環式抗腫瘍化合物 |
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EP2260846A1 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
WO2004093871A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
US20100233166A1 (en) | 2010-09-16 |
US20070099844A1 (en) | 2007-05-03 |
EP2260846B1 (en) | 2018-11-28 |
US7714139B2 (en) | 2010-05-11 |
US8383613B2 (en) | 2013-02-26 |
CA2520586C (en) | 2011-06-14 |
US20110311648A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
US20070173524A1 (en) | 2007-07-26 |
CA2520586A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
CA2520172C (en) | 2012-10-02 |
JP2006521378A (ja) | 2006-09-21 |
EP1606285A4 (en) | 2009-03-18 |
EP1613308A1 (en) | 2006-01-11 |
US8476454B2 (en) | 2013-07-02 |
EP1613308A4 (en) | 2008-02-20 |
WO2004094409A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
EP1606285A1 (en) | 2005-12-21 |
CA2520172A1 (en) | 2004-11-04 |
US8008281B2 (en) | 2011-08-30 |
JP2006521377A (ja) | 2006-09-21 |
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