JP4856752B2 - 薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法 - Google Patents
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- JP4856752B2 JP4856752B2 JP2009271437A JP2009271437A JP4856752B2 JP 4856752 B2 JP4856752 B2 JP 4856752B2 JP 2009271437 A JP2009271437 A JP 2009271437A JP 2009271437 A JP2009271437 A JP 2009271437A JP 4856752 B2 JP4856752 B2 JP 4856752B2
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Description
本発明におけるPLGAナノ粒子の製造方法として用いられるESD法は、エマルジョンを形成してから、良溶媒と貧溶媒との相互拡散を利用して薬物を球状に結晶化させる方法である。操作手順としては、まず、良溶媒中にPLGAを溶解後、このPLGAが析出しないように、薬物溶解液を良溶媒中へ添加混合する。このPLGAと薬物とを含む良溶媒溶液を、攪拌下で貧溶媒中に滴下すると、混合液中の良溶媒(有機溶媒)が貧溶媒中へ急速に拡散移行する。その結果、貧溶媒中で良溶媒の自己乳化が起き、サブミクロンサイズの良溶媒のエマルジョン滴が形成される。さらに、良溶媒と貧溶媒の相互拡散が進むにつれ、エマルジョン滴内のPLGA並びに薬物の溶解度が低下し、最終的に、薬物を包含した球形結晶粒子のPLGAナノ粒子が生成する。
その後、良溶媒である有機溶媒を減圧留去し、PLGAナノ粒子懸濁液とする。この留去工程において、良溶媒である有機溶媒をPLGAのガラス転移点を超える温度で長時間に亘って減圧留去すると、PLGAナノ粒子を構成するPLGAの剛性が低下して流動性が増すことによりPLGAナノ粒子同士が融着し、留去工程に続くろ過滅菌工程において加圧ろ過特性が著しく低下してしまう。そのため、留去工程はできるだけ低温で、且つ短時間で行う必要がある。具体的には、45℃以下で30時間以内に行うことが好ましい。
留去工程で得られたPLGAナノ粒子懸濁液を精製水で希釈し、孔径0.2μmのろ過滅菌用メンブレンフィルターが装着されたろ過装置に充填した後、窒素ガスで加圧しながらろ過滅菌する。
ポリビニルアルコール(ゴーセノールEG05、日本合成化学工業製)75g、キトサン(CHITOSAN GH−400EF、日油製)4g、クエン酸(日本薬局方 クエン酸 「製造専用」、和光純薬工業製)0.03gを水9100mLに溶解して貧溶媒とした。また、アセトン6450mL、エタノール2500mL、水750mLの混合液を調製し良溶媒とした。PLGA(PLGA7520、和光純薬工業製)50g、長さ12mer、配列tgcctcgcaccaである合成オリゴヌクレオチド(DNA Oligomer(12)SetA01、和光純薬工業製)1gを良溶媒中に溶解して良溶媒溶液とした。良溶媒に対するPLGA濃度は5.2mg/mL、貧溶媒に対するPLGA濃度は5.5mg/mLである。
実施例1〜3、及び比較例1〜3で得られたPLGAナノ粒子懸濁液の加圧ろ過特性について評価した。以下の(1)〜(4)の手順により加圧ろ過後の懸濁液中のPLGA濃度を求め、加圧ろ過前後における懸濁液のPLGA濃度の比率から、PLGAナノ粒子の加圧ろ過率を求めた。良溶媒に対するPLGA濃度と加圧ろ過率との関係をナノ粒子の平均粒子径と合わせて図1に示す。なお、図1では良溶媒に対するPLGA濃度を対数で表示している。
(2)PLGAナノ粒子懸濁液約10mLをガラス瓶(容量30cc)に充填し、充填液の重量(Wsus)を精密に測定した。
(3)懸濁液を凍結乾燥した後、アセトン10mLでガラス瓶中のPLGAを溶解した。これを孔径0.2μmのPTFEメンブレンフィルター(アドバンテック製)を用いて、予め重量(Wgb)を測定した別のガラス瓶中へろ過した。さらに10mLのアセトンで同様の操作を繰り返した。
(4)ろ液の入ったガラス瓶を室温で静置してアセトンを乾燥後、ガラス瓶の重量を精密に測定した(Wga)。懸濁液中のPLGA濃度を次式により算出した。
PLGA濃度(重量%)=(Wga−Wgb)/Wsus×100
試験例1の加圧ろ過条件におけるメンブレンフィルターの除菌性能を、FDA Aseptic Processing Guidelineに準拠したバクテリアチャレンジ試験にて評価した。試験菌としては通常用いられるBrevundimonas diminutaを用いた。試験に供したPLGAナノ粒子が試験菌に対する抗菌性を有していないことを事前に確認し、PLGAナノ粒子懸濁液に試験菌を直接懸濁させる方法で試験を行った。懸濁液とメンブレンフィルターとの接触時間は、ろ過装置の一次側のバルブを閉じて通液を途中で停止し、5時間となるように調整した。使用前後のメンブレンフィルターの完全性(Integrity test)はザルトチェック(ザルトリウス社製)を用いたバブルポイント法(Bubble point test)により評価した。
Claims (7)
- ポリビニルアルコール水溶液から成る貧溶媒に、アセトンとエタノールを含む良溶媒中に少なくとも薬物と乳酸・グリコール酸共重合体とを溶解させた良溶媒溶液を加えて、薬物含有ナノ粒子を形成してナノ粒子含有溶液とするナノ粒子形成工程と、
前記ナノ粒子含有溶液から前記良溶媒を留去してナノ粒子懸濁液とする留去工程と、
を含む薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法であって、
前記良溶媒及び前記貧溶媒に対する乳酸・グリコール酸共重合体の濃度が共に1mg/mL以上6mg/mL以下であることを特徴とする薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。 - 前記留去工程の後に、前記ナノ粒子懸濁液を孔径0.2μmのメンブレンフィルターを用いて加圧ろ過する、ろ過滅菌工程を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。
- 前記留去工程を45℃以下の温度で30時間以内に行うことを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2に記載の薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子形成工程において、貧溶媒中にカチオン性高分子を溶解させて前記ナノ粒子表面をカチオン性高分子で被覆することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。
- 前記カチオン性高分子がキトサンであり、乳酸・グリコール酸共重合体に対するキトサンの添加量が1重量%以上20重量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。
- 前記良溶媒中のエタノール濃度が10体積%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。
- 前記貧溶媒中のポリビニルアルコール濃度が10重量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の薬物含有ナノ粒子の製造方法。
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