JP4848844B2 - Electric compressor - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to an electric compressor including a motor and a compression mechanism in a housing, and more particularly to improvement of lubrication of a bearing portion in the electric compressor.

  Conventionally, lubricating oil is supplied to the inside of the electric compressor in order to appropriately slide the bearing portion. As such an electric compressor, one having a configuration in which lubricating oil is repeatedly circulated in the electric compressor is known. This fills the outer housing with the compressed high-pressure refrigerant discharged from the compression mechanism, and stores the lubricating oil discharged from the compression mechanism together with the refrigerant in the lower portion of the outer housing, and stores the lubricating oil in the bearing portion of the compression mechanism. To oil. The lubricating oil is supplied by the pressure difference between the oil pump and the low pressure chamber where the low pressure refrigerant before compression is located and the portion where the high pressure lubricating oil is stored. What to do is known.

  For example, in the conventional scroll compressor 1 known as Patent Document 1, as shown in FIG. 5, the lubricating oil separated from the compressed gas is stored in the oil storage chamber 4a below the discharge chamber 4, An oil return throttle passage 5 for returning the lubricating oil to the low pressure side is formed in the end plate 2a of the fixed scroll 2 so as to penetrate therethrough, and the low pressure side outlet of the oil return throttle passage 5 is connected to the fixed scroll 2. It is provided at a position where lubricating oil can be supplied to the sliding surface with the orbiting scroll 3 and opened and closed by the orbiting of the orbiting scroll 3 and opened to the low pressure side.

Japanese Patent No. 3422939

  In the scroll type electric compressor as described above, in order to reduce the load on the rotating shaft, it is effective to dispose bearings on both sides with the electric motor portion interposed therebetween. The rotary shaft 7 is rotatably supported by bearings 8 and 9 with the electric motor M interposed therebetween. As a result, since the bearing 8 on the compression mechanism portion side is arranged near the low pressure side outlet of the oil return throttle passage 5, the lubricating oil spreads relatively sufficiently, but the bearing 9 on the opposite side to the compression mechanism side. Since the motor M is located between them, it is far from the low pressure side outlet of the oil return throttle passage 5 and it is difficult to supply the separated lubricating oil to the bearing 9 or to ensure a stable supply. However, there is a problem that sufficient lubrication to the bearing 9 is insufficient and there is a risk of damage.

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to provide a low pressure side outlet of an oil return throttle passage for returning lubricating oil from a high pressure side oil storage chamber below a discharge chamber of a compression mechanism portion to a low pressure side. It is an object to provide an electric compressor capable of stably securing lubrication even for a bearing far away from the bearing and preventing damage to the bearing.

The present invention provides an electric compressor according to each of the claims as means for solving the problems.
In the electric compressor according to claim 1, the suction chamber 26 is operated by operating the electric motor unit 30 that rotationally drives the main shaft 40 and the movable member 22 connected to the main shaft (40) in the sealed container (11). The compression mechanism portion 20 that compresses the refrigerant introduced into the compression chamber 25 via the shaft, the auxiliary bearing portion 60 that rotatably supports the electric motor portion side of the main shaft 40, and the compression mechanism portion side of the main shaft 40 can rotate. A main bearing portion 50 that supports the shaft and a high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 of a gas-liquid separation portion 28 provided in the discharge chamber 27 of the compression mechanism portion 20 are provided, and oil is supplied to the main bearing portion 50 and the auxiliary bearing portion 60. The low pressure side oil storage part 80 for immersing the sub-bearing part 60 is provided in the low pressure side sealed space S, and the low pressure side oil storage part 80 has introduction means 81 for introducing the splashed oil. The low-pressure side oil storage section 80 and the introducing means 81 are formed integrally. It is those which are, thereby, are far away from the high pressure side oil storage chamber 29, can be ensured lubrication in hard sub bearing portion 60 of the stable supply of the lubricating oil, the sub bearing portion 60 bearing Damage can be prevented. Further, the oil floating in the mist form in the hermetic container 11 can be efficiently guided to the low-pressure side oil storage unit 80, and can be effectively used. Even if the oil supply to the auxiliary bearing unit 60 becomes unstable, the buffer It has a function and can ensure lubrication. Furthermore, since the low-pressure side oil storage section 80 and the introduction means 81 are integrally formed, the number of parts can be reduced and the cost can be reduced. Processing of the low-pressure side oil storage section 80 is facilitated.

In the electric compressor according to claim 2, the suction chamber 26 is operated by operating the motor unit 30 that rotationally drives the main shaft 40 and the movable member 22 connected to the main shaft (40) in the hermetic container (11). The compression mechanism portion 20 that compresses the refrigerant introduced into the compression chamber 25 via the shaft, the auxiliary bearing portion 60 that rotatably supports the electric motor portion side of the main shaft 40, and the compression mechanism portion side of the main shaft 40 can rotate. A main bearing portion 50 that supports the shaft and a high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 of a gas-liquid separation portion 28 provided in the discharge chamber 27 of the compression mechanism portion 20 are provided, and oil is supplied to the main bearing portion 50 and the auxiliary bearing portion 60. In this configuration, the low pressure side oil storage portion 80 for immersing the sub bearing portion 60 is provided in the low pressure side sealed space S, and the support member 17 that supports the sub bearing portion 60 includes a centering member. 18 have a low pressure side oil storage to the centering member 18 80 is attached, so that it is possible to ensure lubrication even in the auxiliary bearing portion 60 that is far from the high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 and is difficult to stably supply the lubricating oil. It is possible to prevent damage to the bearings. In this case, the low-pressure side oil storage section 80 can be formed with a minimum volume required for storing the amount of oil necessary to be supplied to the auxiliary bearing section 60. Moreover, the increase in the number of parts can be suppressed.

In the electric compressor according to claim 3, an oil passage 41 is formed in the main shaft 40, and an oil supply passage 70 is formed in the compression mechanism portion 20, and the high pressure side oil storage chamber is formed in the main bearing portion 50 and the sub bearing portion 60. The oil is forcibly supplied from 29 through the oil supply passage 70 and the oil passage 41.

In the electric compressor according to claim 4 , the compression mechanism unit 20 is specified as the scroll type compression mechanism unit in which the movable member 22 is the orbiting scroll member 22 and forms the compression chamber 25 with the fixed scroll member 23. Therefore, the present invention is suitable for a scroll type electric compressor.

The electric compressor according to claim 5 uses CO ₂ as a refrigerant as a working medium, and this CO ₂ is greatly affected by a decrease in the density of the intake gas due to heating. Therefore, as in the present invention, the low-pressure side oil storage section This is effective for an electric compressor in which 80 is provided at a position far away from the suction chamber 26 of the compression mechanism unit 20 and heating of the suction gas can be reduced.

  Hereinafter, an electric compressor according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In the following description, the present invention will be described based on an embodiment in which the present invention is embodied in a scroll type compressor. However, the present invention is not limited to the scroll type and can be applied to other rotary compressors. Is. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of the electric compressor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.

  The electric compressor 10 includes an outer housing 11 as a hermetic container, a compression mechanism unit 20 accommodated in the outer housing 11, and an electric motor unit 30. The electric compressor 10 is a horizontal electric compressor. In FIG. 1, the lower surface is an installation surface, the compression mechanism unit 20 is disposed on the right side, and the electric motor unit 30 is disposed on the left side. Connected by. The compression mechanism unit 20 is driven by the electric motor unit 30.

  The outer housing 11 includes a cylindrical main body housing 12, a front housing 13, and a rear housing 14. These housings 12, 13, and 14 are fixed, and a sealed space is formed in the outer housing 11. The main body housing 12 is provided with a suction pipe 15 connected to the suction chamber 26 of the compression mechanism section 20 and a discharge pipe 16 connected to the discharge chamber 27 of the compression mechanism section 20. A gas in which low-pressure refrigerant from the refrigeration cycle and low-temperature oil (lubricating oil) are mixed flows into the outer housing 11 from the suction pipe 15.

  The electric motor unit 30 includes a rotor 31 that is fixed to a shaft 40 as a main shaft, and a stator 32 that is disposed on the outer peripheral side of the rotor 31. The stator 32 is fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the main body housing 12 by shrink fitting or press fitting. Electric power is supplied to the electric motor unit 30 from an external power source (not shown), whereby the rotor 31 is rotated and the shaft 40 is also rotated.

  The compression mechanism unit 20 includes a center casing 21, a turning scroll member 22 as a movable member, a fixed scroll member 23, and a rear casing 24. The center casing 21 is fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the main body housing 12 by shrink fitting or press fitting. A hole through which the shaft 40 is inserted is provided in the center portion of the center casing 21, and a bearing is fixed to the hole to form a main bearing portion 50 that rotatably supports the shaft 40. On the other hand, a support member 17 for supporting the shaft 40 is fixed to the inner peripheral surface of the main body housing 12 on the motor portion side of the main body housing 12, and a centering member 18 is provided at the center of the support member 17. Is fixed. A hole for penetrating the shaft 40 is also provided at the center of the centering member 18, and a bearing is fixed to the hole to form a sub-bearing portion 60 that rotatably supports the shaft 40.

  The shaft 40 is provided with an oil passage 41 penetrating the inside in the axial direction, and a tip end of the shaft 40 is provided with a crank portion 42 eccentric from the central axis of the shaft 40. By connecting the crank portion 42 to the orbiting scroll member 22, the orbiting scroll member 22 performs an eccentric rotational motion as the shaft 40 rotates.

  The orbiting scroll member 22 has a substantially circular orbiting scroll end plate portion 22a, a cylindrical boss portion 22c formed on one side of the end plate portion 22a, and an end plate portion on which the boss portion 22c is formed. It consists of the orbiting scroll blade | wing part 22b of the spiral shape formed in the other surface side of 22a. A bearing is press-fitted and fixed to the boss portion 22 b and is rotatably supported by the crank portion 42 of the shaft 40.

  A fixed scroll member 23 that is opposed to the orbiting scroll member 22 at an eccentric position and meshes with the rotational direction shifted by 180 degrees is provided. The fixed scroll member 23 is fixed to the center casing 21 by bolts or the like. The fixed scroll member 23 includes a substantially circular fixed scroll end plate portion 23a and a spiral fixed scroll blade portion 23b having substantially the same shape as the orbiting scroll blade portion 22b, and is opposed to the orbiting scroll blade portion 22b. Assembled. By engaging the orbiting scroll blade portion 22b and the fixed scroll blade portion 23b, a plurality of crescent-shaped working chambers (compression chambers) 25 for taking in and compressing the refrigerant between the spiral blade portions 22b and 23b are formed. However, in the central region common to the two scroll members 22 and 23, only one high pressure working chamber in which the pressure of the compressed refrigerant is highest is formed. A discharge port 23c for discharging the compressed refrigerant from the high-pressure working chamber is formed at substantially the center of the fixed scroll end plate portion 23a.

  A suction chamber 26 is formed in the fixed scroll member 23 located on the outer peripheral side where the two spiral blade portions 23 b and 22 b of the fixed scroll member 23 and the orbiting scroll member 22 are engaged with each other. The suction chamber 26 is connected to the suction pipe 15, and the suction pipe 15 is connected to a low-pressure side of a refrigeration cycle (not shown). The suction chamber 26 communicates with the sealed space S in which the electric motor unit 30 is accommodated through a communication hole 21 a provided in the center casing 21.

  A rear casing 24 that forms a discharge chamber 27 is provided on the opposite side of the fixed scroll member 23 to the blade portion 23b. The rear casing 24 is fixed to the center casing 21 with bolts or the like. The discharge chamber 27 communicates with the high pressure working chamber (compression chamber) 25 through the discharge port 23c. The discharge chamber 27 is provided with a reed valve 27a. The reed valve 27 a is configured to open toward the discharge chamber 27, and is a valve that prevents the high-pressure refrigerant in the discharge chamber 27 from flowing back into the working chamber 25.

  Further, a gas-liquid separation unit 28 is provided in the discharge chamber 27, and a high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 is provided below the gas-liquid separation unit 28. Accordingly, the discharge gas mixed with the refrigerant and oil discharged into the discharge chamber 27 is separated into the high-pressure refrigerant gas and the high-temperature oil (lubricating oil) by the gas-liquid separator 28, and the high-pressure refrigerant gas is discharged into the discharge pipe 16. Further, the oil is sent to the high pressure side of the refrigeration cycle (not shown), and the high temperature oil is temporarily stored in the high pressure side oil storage chamber 29.

  On the other hand, a low-pressure side oil sump 19 is formed in the lower part in the sealed space S in which the outer housing 11 is partitioned by the center casing 21 and in which the electric motor unit 30 is accommodated. The refrigerant gas suction chamber 26 communicates with the low-pressure side sealed space S in which the low-pressure side oil sump 19 is formed by a communication hole 21a provided in the center casing 21, and the oil is mixed in a mist form. A part of the sucked refrigerant gas flows into the sealed space S. Further, the support member 17 is provided with a plurality of openings 17a, which is opposite to the motor part side of the support member 17 and is surrounded by the support member 17 and the outer housing 11 and the low-pressure side oil sump. 19 is communicated. The suction pipe 15 may be disposed so as to be connected to the low-pressure side sealed space S.

  The fixed scroll member 23 and the orbiting scroll member 22 are formed with an oil supply passage 70 for introducing the oil in the high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 into the bottom space 22d in the boss portion 22c of the orbiting scroll member 22. The oil supply passage 70 is provided with a throttle portion 71. The oil that has reached the bottom space 22 d of the boss portion 22 c flows into the oil passage 41 in the shaft 40.

  A portion of the shaft 40 corresponding to the main bearing portion 50 is formed with a radial hole 43 communicating with the oil passage 41 in the shaft 40. Accordingly, a part of the oil flowing in the oil passage 41 is supplied to the main bearing portion 50 through the hole 43, and after lubricating the bearing of the main bearing portion 50, the inner surface of the hole in the center of the center casing 21 and the shaft 40 It flows down to a low-pressure side oil sump 19 through a minute gap with the outer peripheral surface.

  A radial hole 44 communicating with the oil passage 41 in the shaft 40 is also formed in a portion corresponding to the auxiliary bearing portion 60 of the shaft 40. Accordingly, a part of the oil flowing in the oil passage 41 is supplied to the auxiliary bearing portion 60 through the hole 44, and after lubricating the bearing of the auxiliary bearing portion 60, the inner surface of the center hole of the centering member 18 and the shaft 40 are lubricated. The oil flows down to the low-pressure side oil sump 19 through a minute gap with the outer peripheral surface of the oil.

  Next, the characteristic configuration of the first embodiment will be described. In the configuration of the electric compressor described above, the auxiliary bearing portion 60 is far away from the high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29, so that the oil from the high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 may not be stably supplied to the auxiliary bearing portion 60. Therefore, in the first embodiment, the low-pressure side oil storage section 80 is provided adjacent to the opening of the oil passage 41 of the shaft 40. The low-pressure side oil storage section 80 is attached to the centering member 18 of the support member 17 with bolts or the like. Above the low-pressure side oil storage section 80, an introducing means 81 made of a bar or a plate is suspended from the outer housing 11 so as to face the opening 17 a of the support member 17.

  Therefore, the oil discharged from the oil passage 41 is accumulated in the low pressure oil storage unit 80. The suction mixed gas (refrigerant and oil) that has flowed into the low-pressure side sealed space S from the suction chamber 26 through the communication hole 21a of the center casing 21 collides with the introduction means 81 of the opening 17a of the support member 17, and the introduction means. Oil droplets and splashed oil adhering to 81 are guided by the introducing means 81 and flow down to the low-pressure side oil storage section 80. As described above, the oil in the low-pressure side oil storage unit 80 always immerses the auxiliary bearing unit 60. Therefore, damage to the bearing of the auxiliary bearing portion 60 can be prevented.

  Next, the operation of the electric compressor 10 configured as described above will be described. When electric power is supplied to the motor unit 30 from the outside, the rotor 31 is driven to rotate, and the shaft 40 rotates accordingly. As the shaft 40 rotates, the crank portion 42 at the tip of the shaft 40 rotates around the shaft 40 with a predetermined eccentric amount, and the orbiting scroll member 22 connected to the crank portion 42 turns. Thereby, the operation of the compression mechanism unit 20 is performed.

The flow of refrigerant and oil (lubricating oil) accompanying the operation of the compression mechanism unit 20 is performed as follows. In the present invention, carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) is preferably used as the refrigerant.
First, due to the operation of the compression mechanism section 30, a mixed gas of low-pressure refrigerant and low-temperature oil flows from the external refrigeration cycle system into the suction chamber 26 of the compression mechanism section 20 from the suction pipe 15. In principle, the refrigerant flowing from the suction pipe 15 is a gas. This mixed gas enters the working chamber 25 of the compression mechanism unit 20 and is compressed, and then discharged from the discharge port 23 c into the discharge chamber 27. A part of the mixed gas in the suction portion 26 flows into the low pressure side sealed space S through the communication hole 21 a of the center casing 21.

  The compressed mixed gas in the discharge chamber 27 is separated into a high-temperature refrigerant gas and high-temperature oil by the gas-liquid separator 28, and the high-temperature refrigerant gas is sent from the discharge pipe 16 to the external refrigeration cycle system. On the other hand, high-temperature oil is temporarily stored in the high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29, and then supplied to the main bearing portion 50 and the sub-bearing portion 60 from the oil passage 41 of the shaft 40 through the oil supply passage 70. Lubricate. The high-temperature oil supplied from the oil passage 41 through the hole 43 to the main bearing portion 50 then flows down to the low-pressure side oil sump 19 through a minute gap in the main bearing portion 50, and similarly from the oil passage 41 to the hole. The high-temperature oil supplied to the sub-bearing portion 60 through 44 then flows down to the low-pressure side oil sump 19 through a minute gap in the sub-bearing portion 60.

  A part of the high-temperature oil flows through the oil passage 41 as it is into the low-pressure oil storage section 80. In addition, low-temperature splash oil introduced by the mixed gas in the low-pressure sealed space S colliding with the introduction means 81 flows into the low-pressure side oil storage section 80. In this way, the sub-bearing portion 60 that is far from the high-pressure side oil storage chamber 29 that is the oil supply side is constantly immersed in the oil in the low-pressure side oil storage portion 80, and oil shortage is eliminated.

  FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the electric compressor according to the second embodiment of the present invention. In the first embodiment, the low-pressure side oil storage section 80 is provided in a form attached to the centering member 18 of the support member 17, but in the second embodiment, it is opposite to the motor section 30 side of the support member 17. The low-pressure side space S ′ itself that is surrounded by the support member 17 and the outer housing 11 is a low-pressure side oil storage section 80. Therefore, the opening 17a for communicating with the low pressure side oil sump 19 below the support member 17 is not provided, and only the opening 17a for communicating with the low pressure side sealed space S above the support member 17 is provided. It has been. In this case, it is necessary to reduce the volume of the low-pressure side space S ′ so that the oil can be collected quickly. Therefore, the front housing 13 is made as close as possible to the auxiliary bearing portion 60. Therefore, the axial length of the outer housing 11 can be shortened, and the shortening ratio of the electric compressor 10 can be achieved.

  Further, the splash oil introducing means 81 is attached to the lower peripheral edge of the opening 17 a of the support member 17 on the electric motor part side of the support member 17. The introduction means 81 is provided so as to incline to the upper right in FIG. 2 so as to widely open the upper side of the opening 17a. Since other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment, the description thereof is omitted.

  FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of an electric compressor according to a third embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the low-pressure side oil storage section and the introducing means. In the first embodiment described above, the low-pressure oil storage section 80 and the splash oil introduction means 81 are formed separately, and the low-pressure oil storage section 80 is attached to the centering member 18 of the support member 17. On the other hand, the introduction means 81 is attached to the front housing 13 of the outer housing 11, but in the third embodiment, the low pressure side oil storage portion 80 and the introduction means 81 are integrated as shown in FIG. Formed. The low-pressure side oil storage section 80 in which the introduction means 81 is integrated is attached to the centering member 18 of the support member 17 with bolts or the like, as in the first embodiment. Even in this case, the introducing means 81 is provided so as to face the opening 17a. Since other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment, the description thereof is omitted.

  As described above, in the present invention, since the low pressure side oil storage part is provided adjacent to the sub bearing part at the tip of the shaft, lubrication is performed in the sub bearing part far from the high pressure side oil storage chamber on the oil supply side. It can be secured stably and damage to the bearing can be prevented. In addition, the oil floating in the low-pressure sealed space can be effectively used, and the oil supply buffer function for the bearing can be achieved, so that stable lubrication of the bearing can be ensured.

It is sectional drawing of the electric compressor of 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing of the electric compressor of 2nd Embodiment of this invention. It is sectional drawing of the electric compressor of 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is a perspective view of the low voltage | pressure side oil storage part integrated with the introduction means in 3rd Embodiment. It is sectional drawing of the conventional electric compressor.

Explanation of symbols

10 Electric compressor 11 Outer housing (sealed container)
17 Supporting member 18 Centering member 19 Low pressure side oil sump 20 Compression mechanism 21 Center casing 22 Orbiting scroll member (movable member)
23 fixed scroll member 24 rear casing 25 working chamber (compression chamber)
26 Suction chamber 27 Exhaust chamber 28 Gas-liquid separation section 29 High-pressure side oil storage chamber 30 Motor section 31 Rotor 32 Stator 40 Shaft (main shaft)
41 Oil passage 50 Main bearing portion 60 Sub bearing portion 70 Oil supply passage 80 Low pressure side oil storage portion 81 Introduction means

Claims (5)

In the sealed container (11),
An electric motor section (30) for rotationally driving the main shaft (40);
A compression mechanism (20) for compressing the refrigerant introduced into the compression chamber (25) through the suction chamber (26) by operating the movable member (22) to which the main shaft (40) is coupled;
A sub-bearing portion (60) that rotatably supports the motor portion side of the main shaft (40);
A main bearing portion (50) that rotatably supports the compression mechanism portion side of the main shaft (40);
A high pressure side oil storage chamber (29) of a gas-liquid separation unit (28) provided in a discharge chamber (27) of the compression mechanism unit (20);
In the horizontal electric compressor (10), wherein oil is supplied to the main bearing portion (50) and the sub-bearing portion,
A low pressure side oil storage part (80) for immersing the auxiliary bearing part (60) is provided in the low pressure side sealed space S;
The low-pressure side oil storage part (80) has introduction means (81) for guiding splashed oil, and the low-pressure side oil storage part (80) and the introduction means (81) are integrally formed. A featured horizontal electric compressor. In the sealed container (11),
An electric motor section (30) for rotationally driving the main shaft (40);
A compression mechanism (20) for compressing the refrigerant introduced into the compression chamber (25) through the suction chamber (26) by operating the movable member (22) to which the main shaft (40) is coupled;
A sub-bearing portion (60) that rotatably supports the motor portion side of the main shaft (40);
A main bearing portion (50) that rotatably supports the compression mechanism portion side of the main shaft (40);
A high pressure side oil storage chamber (29) of a gas-liquid separation unit (28) provided in a discharge chamber (27) of the compression mechanism unit (20);
In the horizontal electric compressor (10), wherein oil is supplied to the main bearing portion (50) and the sub-bearing portion,
While providing the low pressure side oil storage part (80) for immersing the sub bearing part (60) in the low pressure side sealed space S,
The support member (17) that supports the auxiliary bearing portion (60) has a centering member (18), and the low-pressure side oil storage portion (80) is attached to the centering member (18) . A horizontal electric compressor characterized by that. An oil passage (41) is formed in the main shaft (40), and an oil supply passage (70) is formed in the compression mechanism portion (20), respectively, and the main bearing portion (50) and the auxiliary bearing portion (60) are formed. The oil is forcibly supplied from the high pressure side oil storage chamber (29) through the oil supply passage (70) and the oil passage (41). Horizontal type electric compressor. The compression mechanism section (20) is a scroll type compression mechanism section in which the movable member (22) is the orbiting scroll member (22) and forms a compression chamber (25) with the fixed scroll member (23). The horizontal electric compressor according to claim 1, 2 or 3. Refrigerant as a working medium, carbon dioxide (CO ₂₎ horizontal standing electric compressor according to claim 1, characterized in that a.

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