JP4833746B2 - Heat pipe and heat sink - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a heat pipe having a heat receiving region with an expanded volume and excellent heat transport capability, and a heat sink.

  There is a need for a high-performance heat sink with excellent heat dissipation efficiency due to an increase in heat generation amount and heat generation density of CPUs and elements. Conventionally, heat sinks made of extruded aluminum material, which are inexpensive to manufacture, have been used. The heat sink made of extruded material is easy to manufacture because the base plate and heat radiating fins are integrally formed, but the pitch is limited due to manufacturing limitations, and it is technically difficult to form fins with a fine pitch. Met. However, it is difficult to cope with an increase in the amount of heat generated only by the combination of the base plate and the heat radiating fins, and furthermore, a heat sink combined with a heat pipe has been used. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2005-114341 discloses a heat sink in which a base plate, a radiation fin, and a heat pipe are combined.

A space serving as a flow path for the working fluid is provided inside the heat pipe, and heat is moved by the phase change or movement of the working fluid accommodated in the space such as evaporation and condensation. That is, on the heat absorption side of the heat pipe, the working fluid evaporates due to the heat generated by the parts to be cooled that are conducted through the material of the container constituting the heat pipe, and the vapor moves to the heat radiation side of the heat pipe. To do. On the heat radiating side, the working fluid vapor is cooled and returned to the liquid phase again. The working fluid that has returned to the liquid phase in this way moves (refluxs) again to the heat absorption side. Heat is transferred by such phase transformation and movement of the working fluid.
JP 2005-114341 A

  In the heat sink combining the base plate, the heat radiating fins, and the heat pipe described above, when the base plate is formed of a relatively thick member, the heat receiving surface that contacts the heat-generating component by cutting or pressing the entire base plate By smoothing the surface, desired smoothness can be ensured and it is strong against bending. Therefore, the area of the thermal contact portion between the heat generating component and the base plate can be increased, and heat transfer loss can be reduced.

  However, in a heat sink that combines a base plate, radiating fins, and heat pipes, if the base plate is thin, it is difficult to process the surface by cutting or pressing as described above. There is a problem that the heat transfer loss increases because the heat transfer loss cannot be made smooth.

  Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a heat pipe and a heat sink excellent in heat transfer characteristics while realizing a reduction in cost and weight.

  The inventor has conducted extensive research to solve the above-described conventional problems. As a result, when a part with an expanded volume as a heat receiving area consisting of a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral part thermally connected to a heat generating component is provided in a part of the heat pipe container, the heat receiving area with an expanded volume is provided. It became clear that the phase change as a heat pipe became easier and the heat transport capacity increased. That is, the working fluid recirculated from the heat radiating portion returns to the flat heat receiving surface at the bottom of the concave portion along the peripheral inclined portion and evaporates in the volume expanding portion, thereby increasing the heat transport capacity.

  Furthermore, corresponding to the heat receiving area of the heat pipe described above, a heat receiving area is provided in the heat receiving plate material, the heat pipe and the heat receiving plate material are arranged in close contact, and the heat receiving surface that is thermally connected to the heat generating component is cut and polished to obtain a desired temperature. It has been found that a heat sink having excellent heat transport capability can be obtained by providing flatness.

  The present invention has been made based on the research results described above.

  A first aspect of the heat pipe of the present invention is a flat heat receiving device having at least one volume expansion portion having a cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions, and thermally connecting to the heat generation component in the volume expansion portion. A heat pipe comprising a container having a heat receiving region comprising a surface and an inclined peripheral portion, a member having a capillary force provided in the container, and a working fluid sealed in the container.

  According to a second aspect of the heat pipe of the present invention, the working fluid recirculated from the heat radiating portion returns to the flat heat receiving surface along the peripheral inclined portion and evaporates in the volume expanding portion, thereby increasing heat transport capacity. It is a heat pipe.

  A third aspect of the heat pipe according to the present invention is a heat pipe in which the container is formed in a plate shape, a round shape, or a flat shape, and the volume expansion portion is formed in a plurality.

  A fourth aspect of the heat pipe of the present invention is a heat pipe in which the height of the heat receiving region is in a range of approximately 3 to 10% of the height of the container.

A first aspect of the heat sink of the present invention has at least one volume expansion portion having a cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions, and the volume expansion portion includes a flat heat-receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion. A heat pipe comprising at least one container having a region; a member having a capillary force provided in the container; and a working fluid sealed in the container;
A heat receiving area consisting of a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion, in close contact with the heat receiving area consisting of an inclined peripheral portion, and having a shape corresponding to the heat receiving area and thermally connecting to the heat-generating component and an inclined peripheral portion. Heat receiving plate material,
It is a heat sink provided with the fin part connected to the said heat pipe.

A second aspect of the heat sink according to the present invention has at least one volume expansion portion having a cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions, and the volume expansion portion includes a flat heat-receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion. A heat pipe comprising at least one container having a region; a member having a capillary force provided in the container; and a working fluid sealed in the container;
A heat receiving area consisting of a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion, in close contact with the heat receiving area consisting of an inclined peripheral portion, and having a shape corresponding to the heat receiving area and thermally connecting to the heat-generating component and an inclined peripheral portion. Heat receiving plate material,
A heat diffusion plate material thermally connected to the other surface of the heat pipe;
It is a heat sink provided with the fin part thermally connected to the said thermal-diffusion board | plate material.

  According to a third aspect of the heat sink of the present invention, the heat sink includes a plurality of containers, and the heat receiving plate member includes a heat receiving area corresponding to a corresponding heat receiving area of the plurality of containers.

  Another aspect of the heat sink according to the present invention is a heat sink in which the container includes a single container, and the container and the heat receiving plate member each include a plurality of heat receiving regions corresponding to each other.

  Another aspect of the heat sink of the present invention is a heat sink in which at least one of the plurality of heat receiving regions has a different height.

  In another aspect of the heat sink according to the present invention, the heat receiving area of the heat receiving plate is formed by drawing, and the heat receiving surface that is thermally connected to the heat generating component in the heat receiving area is cut and polished to obtain a desired flatness. It is a heat sink which has.

  Another aspect of the heat sink according to the present invention is a heat sink in which a portion other than the heat receiving region of the container is arranged to be thermally connected along the heat receiving plate member.

One aspect of the method of manufacturing a heat sink according to the present invention includes at least one volume expansion portion whose cross-sectional area is larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions, and has a flat heat receiving surface and a slope on the volume expansion portion. Preparing at least one container having a heat receiving region composed of a peripheral portion, arranging a member having a capillary force in the container, enclosing a working fluid to prepare a heat pipe,
A flat heat-receiving plate material is subjected to a drawing process, and is placed in close contact with the heat-receiving area consisting of a flat heat-receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion of the container, and is thermally connected to a heat-generating component having a shape corresponding to the heat-receiving area. Forming a heat receiving area composed of a heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion,
Applying cutting polishing to the heat receiving surface of the heat receiving plate material to give a desired flatness,
The heat receiving area of the heat pipe is in close contact with the heat receiving area of the heat receiving plate material, and the heat pipe is thermally connected along the heat receiving plate material,
Thermally connecting a thermal diffusion plate to the other surface of the heat pipe;
It is a manufacturing method of a heat sink which manufactures a heat sink by thermally connecting a fin part to the heat diffusion plate material.

  A part of the heat pipe container is provided with a portion having an expanded volume as a heat receiving region composed of a flat heat receiving surface that is thermally connected to the heat-generating component and an inclined peripheral portion. As a result, the phase change can be facilitated and the heat transport capability can be increased. That is, the working fluid recirculated from the heat radiating portion returns to the flat heat receiving surface at the bottom of the concave portion along the peripheral inclined portion and evaporates in the volume expanding portion, thereby increasing the heat transport capacity.

  Furthermore, corresponding to the heat receiving area of the heat pipe described above, a heat receiving area is provided in the heat receiving plate material, the heat pipe and the heat receiving plate material are closely arranged, and the heat receiving surface that is thermally connected to the heat generating component is cut and polished to obtain a desired flatness. Therefore, a heat sink excellent in heat transport capability can be obtained.

  The heat pipe and heat sink of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.

  One aspect of the heat pipe of the present invention is a flat surface having at least one volume expansion portion whose cross-sectional area is larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions and thermally connecting to the heat-generating component in the volume expansion portion. A heat pipe including a container having a heat receiving area including a heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion, a member having a capillary force provided in the container, and a working fluid sealed in the container.

  The working fluid recirculated from the heat radiating part returns to the flat heat receiving surface along the peripheral inclined part and evaporates in the volume expanding part to increase the heat transport capacity. The container may have a plate shape, a round shape, or a flat shape, and a plurality of volume expansion portions may be formed. The height of the heat receiving area is in the range of approximately 3 to 10% of the height of the container.

  FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the heat pipe of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the heat pipe of the present invention has a volume expanding portion 2 in which the cross-sectional area of the portion is larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions. The volume expanding portion 2 described above is provided with a flat heat receiving surface 3 that is thermally connected to a heat generating element (not shown) and a heat receiving region 20 that includes an inclined peripheral portion 4.

  FIG. 2 is a partial plan view showing a heat receiving area of the heat pipe of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, the heat receiving area 20 is formed in a part of the container 5 of the heat pipe, and has a concave shape including a flat heat receiving surface 3 that is thermally connected to the heating element and an inclined peripheral portion 4. . The heat pipe container has a plate shape, a round shape, or a flat shape. In the figure, the case where there is one volume expansion section is described, but a plurality of volume expansion sections may be formed.

  With reference to FIG. 1, the heat pipe of this invention is demonstrated in detail.

  The heat of the heat generating element is transmitted through the material having excellent thermal conductivity that forms the flat heat receiving surface 3 that is thermally connected to the heat generating element, and the working fluid existing in the heat receiving region 20 is boiled to become the vapor 21. . Steam moves through the heat pipe due to the pressure difference and transports heat. The working fluid cooled to the liquid in the heat radiating portion returns to the flat heat receiving surface 3 through the inclined peripheral portion 4 of the heat receiving region 20 as indicated by an arrow 6.

  That is, as described above, the heat pipe of the present invention includes the volume expansion portion having a cross section larger than the cross-sectional area of the other region in the vicinity of the portion thermally connected to the heat generating element. Vaporization of the hydraulic fluid and recirculation of the liquefied hydraulic fluid is performed in the part where the volume is enlarged, so that the phase change as the heat pipe (repetition of vaporization and liquefaction of the hydraulic fluid) is facilitated, and as a result Is significantly improved.

  FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating the volume expansion unit 2.

  As shown in FIG. 3, the depth (height) of the heat receiving region 20 formed by the flat heat receiving surface 3 and the inclined peripheral portion 4 is b, and the height of the heat pipe portion other than the volume expanding portion 2 is the height. If a, then 0.03a ≦ b ≦ 0.1a. When the depth b of the heat receiving region 20 is less than the lower limit value described above, the function of facilitating the phase change as the heat pipe of the volume expanding portion cannot be exhibited. Moreover, when the depth b of the heat receiving area | region 20 exceeds the upper limit mentioned above, formation of the heat receiving area | region in the state which maintained the function of the heat pipe becomes difficult. Note that the length of the heat receiving region 20 can be appropriately set according to the size of the heat generating element thermally connected to the flat heat receiving surface.

  The hydraulic fluid sealed in the container is selected in consideration of compatibility with the material forming the container. Preferably, water can be used as the working fluid.

  The member provided with the capillary force provided in the container may be a groove formed in the container integrally with the container, and is formed by a separate member from the container and disposed in the container. Also good. Examples of the member formed by the container and the separate member include a mesh and a sintered member. In any case, any means may be used as long as it generates a capillary force at a portion in contact with the container.

Next, the heat sink of the present invention will be described. According to one aspect of the heat sink of the present invention, there is at least one volume expansion portion whose cross-sectional area is larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions, and the volume expansion portion has a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion. A heat pipe comprising at least one container having a heat receiving region, a member having a capillary force provided in the container, and a working fluid sealed in the container;
A heat receiving surface having a heat receiving surface composed of a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion and having a shape corresponding to the heat receiving region and a heat receiving surface thermally connected to the heat generating component and an inclined peripheral portion. Board material,
A heat diffusion plate thermally connected to the other surface of the heat pipe;
It is a heat sink provided with the fin part thermally connected to the heat-diffusion board | plate material.

  FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the heat sink of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, the heat receiving area composed of the flat heat receiving surface 13 and the peripheral portion 14 having a shape corresponding to the heat receiving area 20 composed of the flat heat receiving surface 3 and the inclined peripheral portion 4 of the heat pipe having the volume expanding portion. A heat receiving plate 7 having 30 is disposed in close contact with the heat pipe.

  That is, the heat receiving area 20 of the heat pipe 1 is connected so as to be press-fitted into the heat receiving area 30 of the heat receiving plate 7 so that the thermal resistance is reduced. Therefore, the flat heat receiving surface 20 of the heat receiving area 20 of the heat pipe 1 and the flat heat receiving surface 30 of the heat receiving plate 7 are in close contact with each other, and the heat receiving element 30 is thermally connected to the heat receiving surface 20 through the heat receiving surface 20. Heat is easily transmitted to the hydraulic fluid located in the volume expansion part of the heat pipe.

  A heat diffusion plate material is thermally connected to the other surface of the heat pipe. A plurality of heat radiating fins are thermally connected to the heat diffusion plate. The radiating fins may be formed integrally with the heat diffusing plate material, or the radiating fins and the heat diffusing plate material may be formed separately and joined by solder or the like, and without using solder or the like. It may be crimped mechanically. In any case, any material that can efficiently vaporize and liquefy the hydraulic fluid in the heat pipe may be used.

  FIG. 5 is a view showing the back surface of the heat sink shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 5, a flat heat receiving surface 13 and an inclined peripheral portion 14 are provided on the side of the heat receiving plate 7 located at the bottom of the heat sink 10 that is thermally connected to the heating elements. The size of the heat receiving surface is set corresponding to the heat generating element, and can correspond to a size of 9 mm × 9 mm to 50 mm × 50 mm, for example.

  For example, the heat receiving plate material is drawn by being drawn from the side where the heat pipe is installed to the opposite side (that is, the heat receiving surface side). After that, the desired flatness is formed by cutting and polishing the portion squeezed by various cutting processes. Examples of the cutting method include surface grinding (machining), surface polishing, and press correction. In this way, flatness with an error per unit area of 0.01 mm to 0.015 mm is obtained. Thereby, the thermal resistance between the heating elements can be reduced.

  FIG. 9 is a view showing another embodiment of the heat sink of the present invention. In the aspect shown in FIG. 9, the radiation fin is directly thermally connected to the other surface of the heat pipe. That is, in the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 4, the heat diffusion plate material is thermally connected to the other surface of the heat pipe, and further, a plurality of radiating fins are thermally connected to the heat diffusion plate material. Yes. On the other hand, in this aspect, the bottom surface portions of the plurality of L-shaped heat dissipating fins arranged in parallel form a heat receiving portion and are directly thermally connected to the heat pipe without using a heat diffusion plate material.

  FIG. 6 is a view showing another embodiment of the heat sink of the present invention. That is, FIG. 6 is a view seen from the back side of the heat sink. The heat sink of this aspect includes four heat pipes 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4. The four heat pipes are arranged in parallel in contact with each other at one end, and the two central heat pipes 1-2, 1-3 are arranged as they are at the other end, and the outer one The heat pipes 1-1 and 1-4 are arranged so as to spread outward outward. The heat receiving plate 7 is provided with three flat heat receiving surfaces 13-1, 13-2, 13-3 corresponding to three different heat generating elements. Inclined peripheral portions 14-1, 14-2, 14-3 are provided around the respective flat heat receiving surfaces.

  Flat heat receiving surfaces 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 are provided at portions where the heat pipes 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4 are in contact with the flat heat receiving surface 13-1 of the heat receiving plate 7. 3, 3-4. Further, the heat pipes 1-1 and 1-4 are provided with flat heat receiving surfaces 3-5 and 3-6 at portions where the heat receiving plates 7 are in contact with the flat heat receiving surfaces 13-2 and 13-3, respectively. Around the flat heat receiving surfaces 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 of the heat pipe, there are inclined peripheral portions. The heat receiving plate member and the heat pipe are arranged so that the heat receiving region of the heat pipe is fitted in the heat receiving region of the heat receiving plate member, and the respective flat heat receiving surfaces are closely connected to each other.

  Therefore, the heat from the heating element is transferred to the working fluid enclosed in the heat pipe with a small thermal resistance through the flat heat receiving surface of the heat receiving plate material and the flat heat receiving surface of the heat pipe, and the heat is transported. . The flat heat receiving surface of the heat pipe and the flat heat receiving surface of the heat receiving plate have excellent flatness, and as described above, the thermal resistance between them is small.

  Although not shown, the heat diffusion plate member and the heat radiation fin are thermally connected to the opposite surface of the heat pipe as described with reference to FIG.

  The flat heat receiving surfaces formed on the heat receiving plate material shown in FIG. 6 may be located on the same surface, and when the heating elements have different heights, the respective flat heat receiving surfaces are set to the corresponding heights. May be formed.

  As described with reference to FIG. 1, the movement of the working fluid in the heat pipe is performed by the flat heat receiving surface 13-1 of the heat receiving plate and the flat heat receiving surface of the heat pipe that are thermally connected to the heating elements. The heat of the heat generating element is transmitted through the material having excellent heat conductivity forming 3, the working fluid existing in the heat receiving region 20 is boiled to become the steam 21, and the steam moves in the heat pipe by the pressure difference, To transport. The working fluid cooled to the liquid in the heat radiating portion returns to the flat heat receiving surface 3 through the inclined peripheral portion 4 of the heat receiving region 20 as indicated by an arrow 6. The same operation is performed on the flat heat receiving surfaces 13-2 and 13-3 of the heat receiving plate, and heat is transported.

  According to the heat pipe and heat sink of the present invention, the heat transport capability is improved by approximately 10 to 15%.

  FIG. 7 is a view for explaining another embodiment of the heat pipe of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a partially enlarged view for explaining a portion A of FIG.

  As shown in FIG. 7, the heat pipe is a U-shaped heat pipe. A plurality of thin plate fins 9 are inserted and fixed to the vertical portion 21 of the heat pipe 1 at a predetermined interval. As shown in FIG. 8, the horizontal portion 22 of the heat pipe 1 is provided with a flat heat receiving surface 3 that is thermally connected to the heat generating element, and a heat receiving region 20 that includes an inclined peripheral portion 4. Although not shown, a heat receiving plate member provided with a corresponding heat receiving surface 3 including a flat heat receiving surface 3 and an inclined peripheral portion 4 can be attached to the outside of the above-described heat pipe to form a heat sink.

  As described above, the present invention can be applied to various types of heat pipes.

  Next, the manufacturing method of the heat sink of this invention is demonstrated.

One aspect of the method of manufacturing a heat sink according to the present invention includes at least one volume expansion portion whose cross-sectional area is larger than the cross-sectional area of other regions, and has a flat heat receiving surface and a slope on the volume expansion portion. Preparing at least one container having a heat receiving region composed of a peripheral portion, arranging a member having a capillary force in the container, enclosing a working fluid to prepare a heat pipe,
A flat heat-receiving plate material is subjected to a drawing process, and is placed in close contact with the heat-receiving area consisting of a flat heat-receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion of the container, and is thermally connected to a heat-generating component having a shape corresponding to the heat-receiving area. Forming a heat receiving area composed of a heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion,
Applying cutting polishing to the heat receiving surface of the heat receiving plate material to give a desired flatness,
The heat receiving area of the heat pipe is in close contact with the heat receiving area of the heat receiving plate material, and the heat pipe is thermally connected along the heat receiving plate material,
Thermally connecting a thermal diffusion plate to the other surface of the heat pipe;
It is a manufacturing method of a heat sink which manufactures a heat sink by thermally connecting a fin part to the heat diffusion plate material.

That is, as shown in FIGS. 1, 4 and 5, first, a heat pipe having a heat receiving region including a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion is prepared in the volume expanding portion.
Next, a heat receiving area having a shape corresponding to the heat receiving area including the flat heat receiving surface and the inclined peripheral portion of the heat pipe is formed on the flat heat receiving plate by drawing.
The heat pipe and the heat receiving plate material thus formed are arranged so that the heat receiving area of the heat pipe is in close contact with the heat receiving area of the heat receiving plate material. Next, the heat receiving surface of the heat receiving plate material is cut and polished to give desired flatness. A heat diffusion plate member provided with a fin portion is thermally connected to the other surface of the heat pipe.

  According to the present invention, since the portion having an expanded volume as the heat receiving region including the flat heat receiving surface and the inclined peripheral portion which are thermally connected to the heat generating component is provided, the chemical reaction as the heat pipe in the heat receiving region having the expanded volume. Can be increased and the heat transport capacity can be increased.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the heat pipe of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a partial plan view showing a heat receiving area of the heat pipe of the present invention. FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view illustrating the volume expansion unit 2. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the heat sink of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a view showing the back surface of the heat sink shown in FIG. FIG. 6 is a view showing another embodiment of the heat sink of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a view for explaining another embodiment of the heat pipe of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a partially enlarged view for explaining a portion A of FIG. FIG. 9 is a view showing another embodiment of the heat sink of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Heat sink 2 Volume expansion part 3 Flat heat receiving surface 4 Inclined peripheral part 5 Container 6 Flow of hydraulic fluid 7 Heat receiving plate material 8 Heat diffusion plate material 9 Heat radiation fin 10 Heat sink 11 Invention bottom surface portion 13 of L-type heat radiation fin Flat heat-receiving surface 14 of heat-receiving plate material Inclined peripheral portion 20 of heat-receiving plate material Heat-receiving region 21 of heat pipe 21 Steam 30 Heat-receiving region of heat sink

Claims (8)

It has at least one volume expansion portion having a cross-sectional area larger than the cross-sectional area of another region, the volume expansion portion has a heat-receiving region composed of a flat heat-receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion, and has a capillary force inside. A heat sink in which a plurality of heat pipes enclosing a member and a working fluid are disposed,
A heat receiving plate material having a flat heat receiving surface that is thermally connected to the heat generating component and a heat receiving area composed of an inclined peripheral portion,
A heat sink in which a heat receiving area provided in the plurality of heat pipes is fitted into a heat receiving area of the heat receiving plate material, and a flat heat receiving surface and an inclined peripheral portion are in close contact with each other.   The heat sink according to claim 1, wherein the heat pipe has a round shape or a flat shape.   The heat sink according to claim 1, further comprising a fin portion connected to the plurality of heat pipes.   The heat sink according to claim 3, wherein the plurality of heat pipes and fin portions are connected by a heat diffusion plate.   The heat sink according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a height of the heat receiving region in the heat pipe is in a range of 3% to 10% with respect to a height of the heat pipe other than the volume expansion portion.   The heat sink according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plurality of heat pipes are arranged so as to spread outward on an end side.   The heat sink according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a plurality of the heat receiving regions are formed in the heat pipe.   The heat sink according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a plurality of the volume expansion portions are formed in the heat pipe.

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