JP4784608B2 - リチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4784608B2 JP4784608B2 JP2008003763A JP2008003763A JP4784608B2 JP 4784608 B2 JP4784608 B2 JP 4784608B2 JP 2008003763 A JP2008003763 A JP 2008003763A JP 2008003763 A JP2008003763 A JP 2008003763A JP 4784608 B2 JP4784608 B2 JP 4784608B2
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- active material
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- lithium ion
- secondary battery
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- 229910006296 SnLi0.2B0.5P0.5O3.1 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006286 SnMg0.1Cs0.1Al0.1B0.3P0.4O2.75 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006274 SnMg0.1Cs0.1B0.4P0.4F0.2O3.3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006278 SnMg0.1K0.1B0.4P0.4O2.75 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006361 SnMg0.1Rb0.1Al0.1B0.3P0.4O2.75 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006342 SnNa0.1B0.45O1.75 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007203 SnRb0.2B0.3P0.4O2.55 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007205 SnRb0.2P0.8O3.2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006985 SnSi0.3Al0.1P0.6O2.25 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007011 SnSi0.4B0.2P0.4O2.1 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004927 SnSi0.5B0.2P0.2O1.85 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005310 SnSi0.6Al0.1B0.2O1.65 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005299 SnSi0.6Al0.1B0.5O2.1 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005464 SnSi0.8Al0.2O2.9 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005120 SnSi0.8B0.2O2.9 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005104 SnSi0.8P0.2O3.1 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- HEPLMSKRHVKCAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Pb] HEPLMSKRHVKCAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydroxide;hydrate Chemical compound [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Description
(2)二次粒子の粒径が1〜30μm、一次粒子の粒径が0.1〜1μmであることを特 徴とする項1に記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
(3)比表面積が0.1〜10m 2 /gであることを特徴とする項1または2に記載のリ チウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
(4)リチウム化合物、ニッケル化合物、および元素Mを含む化合物からなる原料混合物 において、該原料の少なくとも一種類の化合物が塩化物またはフッ化物であり、該原料混 合物を酸素分圧が0.2気圧以上の雰囲気下400〜1000℃で焼成することを特徴と するLi x Ni 1-y M y O 2-z X a (Mは周期率表の第2族、第13族、第14族の元素 、遷移金属元素から選ばれる1種以上の元素であり、かつ、少なくともMg、B、Al、 Sn、Si、Ga、Mn、Fe、Ti、Nb、Zr、Mo、Wから選ばれる1種以上の元 素を含み、Xはハロゲン元素であり、0.2<x≦1.2、0≦y≦0.5、0.01≦ z≦0.25、0.02≦a≦0.5)の組成で示され、X線回折により測定されたa軸 の格子定数が2.81〜2.91Åで、c軸の格子定数が13.7〜14.4Åであり、 (104)面の回折ピーク強度の(003)面のピーク強度に対する比が0.3〜0.8 であるリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
(5)前記焼成を複数回行うことを特徴とする項4に記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二 次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
(6)該原料中の塩化物またはフッ化物がNiCl 2 、CoCl 2 、SnCl 2 、MgC l 2 、FeCl 3 、AlF 3 、BaF 2 、LiF、LaF 3 、SnF 2 から選ばれること を特徴とする項4または5に記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製 造方法。
(7)該原料中の塩化物またはフッ化物がLiFであることを特徴とする項4または5に 記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
O3 、BaO、SrCO3 、La2 O3 、Zn(NO3 )2 、WO3 、Ga(NO3 )2
、CuO、V2 O5 、Sm2 O3 、Y2 O3 、AlF3 、BaF2 、LiF、LaF3 、SnF2 、Li3 PO4 、AlPO4 、Cs2 CO3 、Ca(OH)2 、Na2 CO3 などを用いることができる。これらの原料の混合は、固体粉末のまま混合してもよいし、複数の原料を溶媒に溶かして混合溶液としこれを乾燥固化あるいはスラリー状として混合物としても良い。焼成によって合成する場合は、上記の原料の粉末あるいはスラリー状の混合物を、400℃から1000℃好ましくは600℃から900℃の温度で、酸素存在下あるいは酸素分圧が0.2気圧以上好ましくは酸素分圧が0.5気圧以上の雰囲気下で、4時間から48時間反応させて合成を実施する。焼成は必要に応じて同条件下あるいは条件を変えて複数回行って良い。原料混合物はあらかじめペレット状に充填し成型したものを用いても良い。焼成の方法は、たとえば特開昭62−264560、特開平2−40861、同6−267538、同6−231767に記載の粉末混合法、特開平4−237953、同5−325966、同6−203834に記載の溶液混合法、特開昭63−211565に記載の共沈による合成法、特開平5−198301、同5−205741に記載の焼成物の急冷を行う方法、特開平5−283076、同6−310145に記載のペレット成型による焼成方法、特開平5−325969に記載のLiOH水和物を原料として溶融状態で焼成する方法、特開平6−60887に記載の酸素分圧制御下で合成する方法、特開平6−243871に記載のフッ素ドープ法、特開平8−138670に記載の粒子の内部と表面の組成の異なる活物質を合成する方法などが有効である。
ここで、M1 はMn、Fe、Pb、Geから選ばれる1種以上を、M2 はAl、B、P、Si、周期律表第1族,第2族,第3族,ハロゲン元素から選ばれる2種以上の元素を示し,0<x≦1、0.1≦y≦3、1≦z≦8。上記の構造式に従ったさらに好ましい組成を述べると、M1 はPb、Geから選ばれる元素であり、M2 はB、P、Si、周期率表第1族,第2族から選ばれる2種以上の元素であり、M2 はとくにAl以外の元素であることが好ましい。
SnSi0.8 P0.2 O3.1
SnSi0.5 B0.2 P0.2 O1.85
SnSi0.8 B0.2 O2.9
SnSi0.8 Al0.2 O2.9
SnSi0.6 Al0.1 B0.2 O1.65
SnSi0.3 Al0.1 P0.6 O2.25
SnSi0.4 B0.2 P0.4 O2.1
SnSi0.6 Al0.1 B0.5 O2.1
SnB0.5 P0.5 O3
SnK0.2 PO3.6
SnRb0.2 P0.8 O3.2
SnBa0.1 P1.45O4.5
SnLa0.1 P0.9 O3.4
SnNa0.1 B0.45O1.75
SnLi0.2 B0.5 P0.5 O3.1
SnCs0.1 B0.4 P0.4 O2.65
SnBa0.1 B0.4 P0.4 O2.7
SnCa0.1 Al0.15B0.45P0.55O3.9
SnY0.1 B0.6 P0.6 O3.55
SnRb0.2 B0.3 P0.4 O2.55
SnCs0.2 B0.3 P0.4 O2.55
SnCs0.1 B0.4 P0.4 O2.65
SnK0.1 Cs0.1 B0.4 P0.4 O2.7
SnBa0.1 Cs0.1 B0.4 P0.4 O2.75
SnMg0.1 K0.1 B0.4 P0.4 O2.75
SnCa0.1 K0.1 B0.4 P0.5 O3
SnBa0.1 K0.1 Al0.1 B0.3 P0.4 O2.75
SnMg0.1 Cs0.1 Al0.1 B0.3 P0.4 O2.75
SnCa0.1 K0.1 Al0.1 B0.3 P0.4 O2.75
SnMg0.1 Rb0.1 Al0.1 B0.3 P0.4 O2.75
SnCa0.1 B0.2 P0.2 F0.2 O2.6
SnMg0.1 Cs0.1 B0.4 P0.4 F0.2 O3.3
Sn0.5 Mn0.5 Mg0.1 B0.9 O2.45
Sn0.5 Mn0.5 Ca0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.5 Ge0.5 Mg0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.5 Fe0.5 Ba0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.8 Fe0.2 Ca0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.3 Fe0.7 Ba0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.9 Mn0.1 Mg0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.2 Mn0.8 Mg0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.7 Pb0.3 Ca0.1 P0.9 O3.35
Sn0.2 Ge0.8 Ba0.1 P0.9 O3.35
SnAl0.1 B0.5 P0.5 O3.15
SnCs0.1 Al0.4 B0.5 P0.5 O3.65
SnCs0.1 B0.5 P0.5 O3.05
SnCs0.1 Ge0.05B0.5 P0.5 O3.15
SnCs0.1 Ge0.05Al0.3 B0.5 P0.5 O3.60
γ−ブチロラクトン、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジメチルスルフォキシド、1,3−ジオキソラン、ホルムアミド、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジオキソラン、アセトニトリル、ニトロメタン、蟻酸メチル、酢酸メチル、リン酸トリエステル(特開昭60−23,973)、トリメトキシメタン(特開昭61−4,170)、ジオキソラン誘導体(特開昭62−15,771、同62−22,372、同62−108,474)、スルホラン(特開昭62−31,959)、3−メチル−2−オキサゾリジノン(特開昭62−44,961)、プロピレンカーボネート誘導体(特開昭62−290,069、同62−290,071)、テトラヒドロフラン誘導体(特開昭63−32,872)、ジエチルエーテル(特開昭63−62,166)、1,3−プロパンサルトン(特開昭63−102,173)などの非プロトン性有機溶媒の少なくとも1種以上を混合した溶媒とその溶媒に溶けるリチウム塩、例えば、LiClO4 、LiBF4 、LiPF6 、LiCF3SO3 、LiCF3 CO2 、LiAsF6 、LiSbF6 、LiB10Cl10(特開昭57−74,974)、低級脂肪族カルボン酸リチウム(特開昭60−41,773)、LiAlCl4 、LiCl、LiBr、LiI(特開昭60−247265)、クロロボランリチウム(特開昭61−165,957)、四フェニルホウ酸リチウム(特開昭61−214,376)などの1種以上の塩から構成されている。なかでも、プロピレンカーボネートあるいはエチレンカーボネートと1,2 −ジメトキシエタンおよび/あるいはジエチルカーボネートの混合液にLiCF3 SO3 、LiClO4 、LiBF4 および/あるいはLiPF6 を含む電解質が好ましい。これら電解質を電池内に添加する量は、特に限定されないが、正極活物質や負極活物質の量や電池のサイズによって必要量用いることができる。溶媒の体積比率は、特に限定されないが、プロピレンカーボネートあるいはエチレンカーボネート対1,2−ジメトキシエタンおよび/あるいはジエチルカーボネートの混合液の場合、0.4/0.6〜0.6/0.4(1,2−ジメトキシエタンとジエチルカーボネートを両用するときの混合比率は0.4/0.6〜0.6/04)が好ましい。支持電解質の濃度は、特に限定されないが、電解液1リットル当たり0.2〜3モルが好ましい。以上の電解液のなかで、二次電池の充放電のサイクル寿命を良化する効果の点で、本発明の電解液組成として特に好ましいものは、少なくともエチレンカーボネートを溶媒、少なくともLiPF6 をリチウム塩として含む組成であり、もう1つの好ましい組成は、少なくともエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートを共に溶媒として、少なくともLiPF6 をリチウム塩として含む組成であり、別の好ましい組成は、少なくともエチレンカーボネートとジメチルカーボネートを共に溶媒として、少なくともLiPF6 をリチウム塩として含む組成である。
〔負極材料である複合金属酸化物の合成例,溶融法〕SnO 67.4g、B2 O3 17.4g、Sn2 P2 O7 102.8gを混合し、自動乳鉢で十分に粉砕、混合した後、アルミナ製るつぼにセットしてアルゴンガス雰囲気下で1000℃で10時間焼成を行った。焼成後、100℃/分の速度で急冷し、黄色透明ガラス状の負極活物質前駆体SnB0.5 P0.5 O3 を得た(化合物A−1)。活物質のX線回折を測定したところ、Cu−α線の照射下で2θ=20−35°の領域にブロードな回折のバンドを示したが、結晶構造に帰属するシャープな回折線は検出されず、活物質構造がアモルファス(非晶質)であることが判明した。
実施例1と同様な溶融急冷法によって、SnOとSiO2 を原料に用いてArガス中1200℃で12時間焼成し、SnSiO3 の組成をもつ非晶質のガラス体を合成し、これを振動ミルで粉砕して平均粒径が3μm、比表面積が3m2/gの負極活物質前駆体(化合物A−2)を調製した。次に化合物A−2を天然黒鉛炭素粉末と1/19から8/2の種種の重量比で混合し、得られた混合物に対して、結着剤としてPVDFを5重量%添加した。これらをN−メチル−2−ピロリドンに分散して、実施例1と同様にホモジナイザーで混練し負極スラリーを調製して、銅集電体の両面に均一に塗布して塗布量が40〜80g/m2の範囲の負極シートを作製した。この負極シートに対しては表面保護層と金属Liの担持によるリチウムの電解挿入を行なわず、化合物C−1を塗設した正極シートとともに、実施例1の方法にしたがって巻回し、電解液の注液を行ない、第1図に示したシリンダー型電池を作製した。この電池を、実施例1と同様に2mA/cm2 で4.2Vまで充電し、55℃に保持し3日間エージングを行って、活性化処理したのちに、充電終止電圧4.2V、放電終始電圧2.8V、2mA/cm2 の電流密度の条件で繰り返し充放電させた。上記の電池について、第1サイクルの放電の電流容量とエネルギー容量および100サイクル終了後の電流容量の維持率を表2に比較した。
9 負極シート
10 セパレーター
11 負極缶(電池缶)
12 正極端子
13 ガスケット
14 安全弁
Claims (7)
- Lix Ni1-y My O2-z Xa (Mは周期律表の第2族、第13族、第14族の元素、遷移金属元素から選ばれる1種以上の元素であり、かつ、少なくともMg、B、Al、S n、Si、Ga、Mn、Fe、Ti、Nb、Zr、Mo、Wから選ばれる1種以上の元素 を含み、Xはハロゲン元素であり、0.2<x≦1.2、0≦y≦0.5、0.01≦z ≦0.25、0.02≦a≦0.5)の組成で示され、X線回折により測定されたa軸の 格子定数が2.81〜2.91Åで、c軸の格子定数が13.7〜14.4Åであり、( 104)面の回折ピーク強度の(003)面のピーク強度に対する比が0.3〜0.8で あるリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 二次粒子の粒径が1〜30μm、一次粒子の粒径が0.1〜1μmであることを特徴と する請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- 比表面積が0.1〜10m 2 /gであることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のリ チウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質。
- リチウム化合物、ニッケル化合物、および元素Mを含む化合物からなる原料混合物にお いて、該原料の少なくとも一種類の化合物が塩化物またはフッ化物であり、該原料混合物 を酸素分圧が0.2気圧以上の雰囲気下400〜1000℃で焼成することを特徴とする Li x Ni 1-y M y O 2-z X a (Mは周期率表の第2族、第13族、第14族の元素、遷 移金属元素から選ばれる1種以上の元素であり、かつ、少なくともMg、B、Al、Sn 、Si、Ga、Mn、Fe、Ti、Nb、Zr、Mo、Wから選ばれる1種以上の元素を 含み、Xはハロゲン元素であり、0.2<x≦1.2、0≦y≦0.5、0.01≦z≦ 0.25、0.02≦a≦0.5)の組成で示され、X線回折により測定されたa軸の格 子定数が2.81〜2.91Åで、c軸の格子定数が13.7〜14.4Åであり、(1 04)面の回折ピーク強度の(003)面のピーク強度に対する比が0.3〜0.8であ るリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記焼成を複数回行うことを特徴とする請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二 次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
- 該原料中の塩化物またはフッ化物がNiCl 2 、CoCl 2 、SnCl 2 、MgCl 2 、FeCl 3 、AlF 3 、BaF 2 、LiF、LaF 3 、SnF 2 から選ばれることを特 徴とする請求項4または5に記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製 造方法。
- 該原料中の塩化物またはフッ化物がLiFであることを特徴とする請求項4または5に 記載のリチウムイオン非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法。
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US20100159326A1 (en) * | 2008-12-24 | 2010-06-24 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Plate-like particle for cathode active material of a lithium secondary battery, a cathode active material film of a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery |
US8795898B2 (en) | 2008-12-24 | 2014-08-05 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Plate-like particle for cathode active material of a lithium secondary battery, a cathode active material film of a lithium secondary battery, and a lithium secondary battery |
EP2369664B1 (en) | 2008-12-24 | 2015-02-25 | NGK Insulators, Ltd. | Plate-shaped particles for positive electrode active material of lithium secondary batteries, lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material films, manufacturing method therefor, lithium secondary battery positive electrode active material manufacturing method and lithium secondary batteries |
JP6406049B2 (ja) * | 2014-03-26 | 2018-10-17 | 株式会社デンソー | 正極材料,非水電解質二次電池用正極及び非水電解質二次電池 |
EP3327835B1 (en) | 2015-07-23 | 2019-09-11 | Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd. | Positive electrode active material and battery |
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CN107431203B (zh) | 2015-09-16 | 2021-08-20 | 松下知识产权经营株式会社 | 正极活性物质和电池 |
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