JP4430622B2 - フォトニック結晶の製造方法 - Google Patents
フォトニック結晶の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4430622B2 JP4430622B2 JP2005513135A JP2005513135A JP4430622B2 JP 4430622 B2 JP4430622 B2 JP 4430622B2 JP 2005513135 A JP2005513135 A JP 2005513135A JP 2005513135 A JP2005513135 A JP 2005513135A JP 4430622 B2 JP4430622 B2 JP 4430622B2
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- QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lichenxanthone Natural products COC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C3=C(C)C=C(OC)C=C3OC2=C1 QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LGRLWUINFJPLSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanide Chemical compound [CH3-] LGRLWUINFJPLSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KOARAHKGQSHYGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;oxiran-2-ylmethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C.C=CC(=O)OCC1CO1 KOARAHKGQSHYGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LMTGCJANOQOGPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-n-phenylacetamide Chemical compound CC(=O)N(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 LMTGCJANOQOGPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XTXNWQHMMMPKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-phenylethenyl carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)OC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XTXNWQHMMMPKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQZNLOXENNXVAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[2-(7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-4-yl)ethyl]silane Chemical compound C1C(CC[Si](OC)(OC)OC)CCC2OC21 DQZNLOXENNXVAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XFVUECRWXACELC-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl oxiran-2-ylmethyl silicate Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)OCC1CO1 XFVUECRWXACELC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylolethane Chemical compound OCC(C)(CO)CO QXJQHYBHAIHNGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
- G03F7/0047—Photosensitive materials characterised by additives for obtaining a metallic or ceramic pattern, e.g. by firing
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- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
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- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
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- G02B6/138—Integrated optical circuits characterised by the manufacturing method by using polymerisation
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G03F7/20—Exposure; Apparatus therefor
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- G03F7/2053—Exposure without an original mask, e.g. using a programmed deflection of a point source, by scanning, by drawing with a light beam, using an addressed light or corpuscular source using a laser
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Description
本特許出願において、
「周期的誘電性構造体」とは、誘電率に周期的空間的変化を示す構造体のことを意味する。
「フォトニックバンドギャップ」(PBG)とは、周期的誘電性構造体において電磁放射線が一部(「部分フォトニックバンドギャップ」)または全て(「完全フォトニックバンドギャップ」)の方向に広がらないある範囲の周波数または波長のことを意味する。
「実質的に無機の光反応性組成物」とは、光反応および熱分解の際に、初期重量の約80パーセント未満を失う光反応性の組成物のことを意味する。
「予備縮合(前縮合)」(無機ナノ粒子について)とは、対応のバルク材料と実質的に同じ密度のナノ粒子のことを意味する。
本発明のプロセスに有用な光反応性組成物は、実質的に無機質であり、フォトニック結晶の製造に一般的に用いられる条件下(例えば、約600〜1300℃までの温度)で熱安定性である。光反応および熱分解の際に、かかる組成物は、初期重量の約80パーセント未満(好ましくは、約60パーセント未満、より好ましくは約40パーセント未満、最も好ましくは約30パーセント未満)を失う。
好適なカチオン反応性種としては、硬化性および非硬化性種が挙げられる。硬化性種が通常好ましく、例えば、有機質(例えば、エポキシ)またはハイブリッド有機質/無機質(例えば、グリシジルオキシプロピルトリメトキシシランおよびそのオリゴマー)であるものが挙げられる。有用な硬化性種としては、カチオン重合性なモノマーおよびオリゴマーならびにカチオン架橋性ポリマー(例えば、エポキシ、ビニルエーテルおよびシアネートエステル)等が挙げられる。カチオン硬化性種を用いると、組成物の屈折率を大幅に変更することなく、露光領域における光酸の潜像の形成が可能となる。これは、硬化および現像前に多数回の露光を含むプロセスに好ましい。
有機カチオン反応性種を光反応性組成物に用いることができる。好適な有機カチオン反応性種としては、カチオン硬化性種が挙げられる。所望であれば、2種類以上のモノマー、オリゴマーおよび/または反応性ポリマーの混合物を用いることができる。
ハイブリッド有機質/無機質カチオン反応性種を光反応性組成物に用いることができる。有用なハイブリッド有機質/無機質カチオン反応性種としては、少なくとも1個のカチオン重合性有機基を有するシラン化合物が挙げられる。かかるシランとしては、例えば、エポキシシラン化合物(グリシジルオキシトリメトキシシラン、ビス(グリシジルオキシ)ジメトキシシラン、β−(3,4−エポキシシクロヘキシル)エチルトリメトキシシラン、β−(3,4−エポキシシクロヘキシル)エチルトリエトキシシラン等のような)、オキセタンシラン化合物(3−(3−メチル−3−オキセタンメトキシ)プロピルトリメトキシシラン、3−(3−メチル−3−オキセタンメトキシ)プロピルトリメトキシシラン等のような)、6員環エーテル構造を有するシラン化合物(オキサシクロヘキシルトリメトキシシラン、オキサシクロヘキシルトリメトキシシラン等のような)および多光子活性化光硬化可能なその他反応性シランが例示される。かかるシラン化合物の加水分解物も用いることができる。
光開始剤系は、多光子光開始剤系とすることができる。というのは、かかる系を用いると、3次元周期誘電性構造体におけるコントラストおよび欠陥の向上を可能とするからである。かかる系は、少なくとも1種類の多光子光増感剤と、少なくとも1種類の電子受容体と、任意に、少なくとも1種類の電子供与体とを含む2−または3−成分系であるのが好ましい。かかる多成分系は、感受性を向上させ、短期間で光反応を行うことができるため、試料および/または露光系の1つ以上の成分の移動による問題が生じる恐れを減じる。
光反応性組成物に用いるのに好適な多光子光増感剤は、露光システムにおいて適切な光源からの放射線に露光されると、少なくとも2つの光子を同時に吸収することができる。好ましい多光子光増感剤は、同じ波長で測定したときに、フルオレセインより大きな(すなわち、3’,6’−ジヒドロキシスピロ[イソベンゾフラン−1(3H)、9’−[9H]キサンテン]3−オンより大きな)2光子吸収断面を有している。
光反応性組成物に用いるのに好適な電子受容体は、多光子光増感剤の電子励起状態から電子を受容することにより光増感可能で、少なくとも1つの酸を形成するものである。かかる電子受容体としては、ヨードニウム塩(例えば、ジアリールヨードニウム塩)、ジアゾニウム塩(例えば、アルキル、アルコキシ、ハロまたはニトロのような基で任意に置換されたフェニルジアゾニウム塩)、スルホニウム塩(例えば、アルキルまたはアルコキシ基で任意に置換され、近接するアリール部分を架橋する2,2’オキシ基を任意に有するトリアリールスルホニウム塩)等およびこれらの混合物が挙げられる。
トリフェニルスルホニウムテトラフルオロボレート
メチルジフェニルスルホニウムテトラフルオロボレート
ジメチルフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
トリフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
トリフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート
ジフェニルナフチルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアルセネート
トリトリルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
アニシルジフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート
4−ブトキシフェニルジフェニルスルホニウムテトラフルオロボレート
4−クロロフェニルジフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
トリ(4−フェノキシフェニル)スルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
ジ(4−エトキシフェニル)メチルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアルセネート
4−アセトニルフェニルジフェニルスルホニウムテトラフルオロボレート
4−チオメトキシフェニルジフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
ジ(メトキシスルホニルフェニル)メチルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート
ジ(ニトロフェニル)フェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート
ジ(カルボメトキシフェニル)メチルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
4−アセトアミドフェニルジフェニルスルホニウムテトラフルオロボレート
ジメチルナフチルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
トリフルオロメチルジフェニルスルホニウムテトラフルオロボレート
p−(フェニルチオフェニル)ジフェニルスルホニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート
10−メチルフェノキサンテニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
5−メチルチアンスレニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
10−フェニル−9,9−ジメチルチオキサンテニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
10−フェニル−9−オキソチオキサンテニウムテトラフルオロボレート
5−メチル−10−オキソチアンスレニウムテトラフルオロボレート
5−メチル−10,10−ジオキソチアンスレニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェート
光反応性組成物に有用な電子供与体化合物は、光増感剤の電子励起状態に電子を供与することのできる化合物(光増感剤そのもの以外)である。電位供与化合物は、ゼロより大きく、p−ジメトキシベンゼンの酸化電位より少ない、または等しい酸化電位を有しているのが好ましい。好ましくは、酸化電位は、標準飽和カロメル電極(「S.C.E.」)に対して約0.3〜1Vである。
本発明のプロセスに用いるのに好適な粒子としては、予備縮合された化学組成が無機のものが挙げられる。かかる予備縮合粒子の密度は対応のバルク材料と実質的に同じ(対応のバルク材料の密度の好ましくは少なくとも約50パーセント、より好ましくは少なくとも約70パーセント、最も好ましくは少なくとも約90パーセント)である。約200℃の温度まで加熱すると、かかる粒子は元の重量の少なくとも約70パーセント(好ましくは少なくとも約80パーセント、より好ましくは少なくとも約90パーセント)保持する。
光反応性組成物の成分は、上述した方法により、または業界に公知のその他の方法により調製することができ、多くが市販されている。これらの成分は、「安全光」条件下で、任意の混合の順番および方法(任意に、攪拌またはかき混ぜで)を用いて混合することができる。ただし、電子受容体を最後に(その他の成分の溶解を促すために任意に用いられる任意の加熱工程後に)添加するのが好ましい場合がある。所望であれば、組成物の成分とあまり反応しないような溶剤を選択するという条件で、溶剤を用いることができる。好適な溶剤としては、アセトン、ジクロロエタンおよびアセトニトリルが挙げられる。反応性種自身がまた、その他の成分の溶剤として機能することもある。
実質的に無機光反応性組成物の少なくとも一部を、光反応性組成物の反応および未反応部分の二次元または三次元(好ましくは三次元)周期パターンを生成するために、少なくとも3本のビーム(好ましくは少なくとも4本のビーム)を含むマルチビーム干渉(MBI)技術を用いて、適切な波長、空間分布および強度の放射線に露光することができる。周期パターンはサブミクロンスケールであるのが好ましい。組成物の得られる未反応部分(または、反応部分)を除去して(例えば、溶剤現像により)、間隙ボイドスペース(他の材料、例えば、空気または異なる屈折率を有する溶剤で充填することができる)を形成する。
多ビーム干渉用の好適な光源としては、パルスと連続波源の両方が含まれる。好適な連続波源としては、アルゴンイオンレーザー(例えば、カリフォルニア州サンタクララのコヒーレント(Coherent,Santa Clara,California)より入手可能なイノーバ(Innova)90)およびヘリウムカドミウムレーザー(例えば、カリフォルニア州メレスグリオ(Melles Griot,California)より入手可能なもの)が挙げられる。光源は、必要な露光時間を最小にするために、比較的長いコヒーレンス長、比較的良好なビーム品質および比較的高出力を有しているのが望ましい。好適なパルス源としては、2倍または3倍波出力のナノセカンドNd:YAGレーザー(例えば、カリフォルニア州スペクトラ−フィジックス(Spectra−Physics,California)より入手可能なプロシリーズ(Pro−Series)250)および2倍波出力のフェムト秒チタンサファイアレーザー(例えば、(スペクトラ−フィジックスマイタイ(Spectra−Physics Mai Tai))が挙げられる。パルス源は、露光時間を短く保持し、光学コンポーネントの振動から生じ得るパターニングの可変性を減少するのが好ましい。
光反応性組成物の選択的露光後、光反応性組成物の反応部分(例えば、非硬化性反応性種を用いるとき)または未反応部分(好ましくは、未反応部分)のいずれかを除去して、光反応性組成物の残りの部分とは異なる屈折率を有する1種類以上の材料で少なくとも部分的に任意に充填できる空隙容量を作成することができる。光反応性組成物の一部の露光により、その溶解度が変化するとき(例えば、低分子量反応性種の高分子量種への硬化の際に)、組成物の未露光、未反応部分は、適切な溶剤(例えば、プロピレングリコールメチルエーテルアセテート(PGMEA)、メチルイソブチルケトンまたはシクロヘキサノン等)による現像により除去することができる。好ましくは、現像溶液は、未反応反応性種と無機粒子の両方を効率的に溶媒和することができ、両者とも周期誘電性構造体から実質的にきれいに除去することができる。
図1a〜図1hを参照すると、本発明のプロセスの好ましい実施形態において、実質的に無機の光反応性組成物10(任意に基材20に適用された)を提供することができ(図1a)、多ビーム干渉装置30(図1b)を用いて組成物10の少なくとも一部を露光して、組成物10の露光部分32と未露光部分36の二次元または三次元周期パターンをそれぞれ形成する(図1c)(そして、露光部分に光反応を行う)ことができる。周期パターンの性質とスケールは、各レーザービームの波長、干渉角度、出力および/または偏光を変更することにより調整することができる。
実質的に無機の光反応性組成物の提供
ローダミン(Rhodamine)Bヘキサフルオロアンチモネートの調製
220mL脱イオン水中ローダミン(Rhodamine)B染料(ウィスコンシン州、ミルウォーキーのアルドリッチケミカル社(Aldrich Chemical Co.,Milwaukee,WI))の塩化物塩4.2gの溶液を珪藻土を通してろ過した。ろ液を除去し、10.0gのNaSbF6(オクラホマ州カトーサのアドバンスドリサーチケミカルズ社(Advanced Research Chemicals, Inc.,Catoosa,OK))を攪拌しながら添加した。5分間の混合後、得られる混合物をろ過し、得られる固体を脱イオン水で洗って、50〜80℃で一晩オーブンで乾燥した。暗赤固体が得られ(4.22g)、これを赤外(IR)分光学、核磁気共鳴分析(NMR)法および塩化物の元素分析により分析した。分析は、ローダミン(Rhodamine)Bのヘキサフルオロアンチモネート塩(以下に示す構造)と一致していた。
900gのナルコ(NALCO)2327(イリノイ州ベッドフォードパークのオンデオナルコ(ONDEO Nalco)より入手可能な水中平均直径約20nmのシリカ粒子の分散液)を2リットルのビーカーに入れ、中程度の攪拌で、アンバーライト(AMBERLITE)で予備洗浄し、IR−120プラスイオン交換樹脂(ウィスコンシン州、ミルウォーキーのアルドリッチケミカル社(Aldrich Chemical Co.,Milwaukee,WI)より入手可能)をpH測定値が2〜3になるまで(ニュージャージー州ギブスタウンのEMサイエンス(EM Science,Gibbstown,NJ)より入手可能なカラーファスト(COLORPHAST)pH紙、pH範囲1〜14を用いて)徐々に添加した。室温で30分間攪拌した後、得られる混合物を10−ミクロンのナイロンメッシュ布地を通してろ過し、イオン交換樹脂を除去したところ、固体は41.6パーセントであった。800gのイオン交換ナルコ(NALCO)2327分散液を丸底フラスコに入れ、中程度の攪拌で、230gの脱イオン水(pHが上昇するにつれた凝集を防ぐために)を添加した後、水酸化アンモニウム水を滴下して、pHを8〜9とした。この混合物に、1600gの1−メトキシ−2−プロパノールと40.92gのトリメトキシフェニルシラン(シリカ1g当たり0.62mmolのシラン)の予備混合した溶液を5〜10分にわたって添加した。得られる非凝集シリカ分散液を約22時間にわたって90〜95℃で加熱した。分散液のシリカ固体を測定すると重量分析によれば15.4パーセントであった。
31.5gのERL(登録商標)4221E(ミシガン州ミッドランドのダウケミカル(Dow Chemical,Midland,MI)より入手可能な脂環式エポキシ)と3.5gの1,5−ペンタンジオール(アルドリッチケミカル社(Aldrich Chemical Co.))の混合物に、390gの15.4パーセントのシリカ分散液を添加する。成分をよく混合し、アスピレータと油浴を備えたロータリエバポレータを用いて徐々に加熱しなから、水とメトキシプロパノールを真空ストリッピングする。最終ストリッピング温度(真空ポンプを用いた)は45分間で130℃である。96gの得られる混合物を、5.0gの3−グリシジルオキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン(アルドリッチケミカル社(Aldrich Chemical Co.)と共に100−gのレートの速度混合カップ(サウスカロライナ州ランドラムのフラックテック社(FlackTek Inc.,Landrum,SC)より入手可能)に入れ、得られた混合物を、フラックテック社DAC150FVZスピードミキサー(フラックテック社(FlackTek Inc.))を用いて3000rpmで10分間混合する。得られるシリカ−エポキシゾルは60重量パーセントの表面処理済みナノシリカを含有している。
反応性種の早期硬化を防ぐために安全光条件下で動作させて、2.06gの上述した通りに作成したシリカ−エポキシゾルを、0.020gのジアリールヨードニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート(ペンシルバニア州ウェストチェスターのサートマー(Sartomer,West Chester,PA)より入手可能)、0.010gのローダミン(Rhodamine)Bヘキサフルオロアンチモネート(すなわち、N−[9−(2−カルボキシフェニル)−6−(ジエチルアミノ)−3H−キサンテン−3−イリデン]−N−エチルエタナミニウムヘキサフルオロアンチモネート、上述した通りに実質的に調製したもの)、0.2gのテトラヒドロフランおよび0.65gの1,2−ジクロロエタンの溶液と混合した。得られる混合物をマグネチックスターラーを用いて15分間攪拌して、均一な分散液を提供する。
光反応性組成物のマルチビーム干渉(MBI)露光
トリエチルアミンのような塩基を、実施例1(a)の得られる実質的に無機組成物に添加し、得られる組成物を好適な基材(例えば、シリコンまたはガラス)にコーティング(例えば、ディップコーティング、スピンコーティング、グラビアコーティングまたはマイヤー(Meyer)ロッドコーティング)により適用する。組成物の粘度は慎重に制御する。(この塩基は、露光中に生成される局所光酸を部分中和して、均一な架橋バックグラウンドを減少させることにより組成物の「未露光」部分における非ゼロ−バックグラウンド光強度を緩和する補助となる。)露光前、加熱工程(例えば、ホットプレート上でのソフトベーク)を適用して、残渣溶剤を組成物から除去する。
光反応性組成物の多光子露光
MBI露光に続いて、直線エアベアリングステージを移動範囲に沿って移動して、試料の露光領域を第2の光学トレインの出力の下にする。欠陥構造体の多光子反応は、800nmの波長、約100fsのパルス幅、80MHzのパルス繰り返しレート、約2mmのビーム直径で動作するダイオードポンプTi:サファイアレーザー(カリフォルニア州マウンテンビューのスペクトラ−フィジックス(Spectra−Physics,Mountain View,California))を用いて行う。光学トレインは、低分散反射鏡、ビーム拡大器、光学出力を変える光学減衰器、シャッターのための音響-光学的変調器および光を試料に集束させる直線z−ステージに装着された100X油浸顕微鏡対物レンズ(NA1.4)からなる。試料の上の顕微鏡対物レンズ(z軸位置)の高さは、集束位置がコーティングの内側になるまで調整する。集束位置の微調整は、共焦点光学系および光電子増倍管検出器を用いて多光子蛍光強度をモニタリングすることにより行う。多光子光増感剤のフォトブリーチングは露光の際に生じるため、明暗領域のパターンが識別され、集束位置を所望の焦点面に配置することができる。所望の経路に沿って一定の速度でステージをスキャニングすることにより欠陥構造体をコーティングに作成する。最終装置における光学損失を最小にするために、この経路を干渉パターンについて1つ以上の格子ベクトルと位置合せする。
光反応性組成物の未反応部分の除去
露光後、試料を加熱して、露光領域の組成物の硬化を促進する。未露光部分を好適な溶剤(例えば、プロピレングリコールメチルエーテルアセテート)で除去して、間隙ボイドスペースを形成する。溶剤を、乾燥応力を最小にするために、超臨界乾燥により除去する。得られる露光、現像試料を熱分解して(例えば、バルカン(Vulcan)オーブン、型番3−350、コネチカット州ブルームフィールドのデグサ−ネイ(Degussa−Ney,Bloomfield,CT)、5℃/分〜600℃、1時間)、有機分を除去し、更に熱処理して、残りのシリカの空隙率を最小にする。得られる周期誘電性構造体は、少なくとも部分フォトニックバンドギャップを示す。
間隙ボイドスペースの充填
アモルファスシリコンを、約560℃で操作される市販の低圧化学蒸着炉(アリゾナ州フェニックス(Phoenix,AZ)のASMより入手可能)を用いて周期誘電性構造体の間隙ボイドスペースに付着させる。付着条件は、構造体の全厚にわたってアモルファスシリコンの均一なろ過が得られるように選択する。付着後、アモルファスシリコンを600℃で8時間アニールすることにより多結晶に変換する。得られる構造体を室温まで冷やす。希釈HF溶液(水中5〜10パーセントのHF)でのウェットエッチングにより残りのシリカを除去する。シリコン/空気周期誘電性構造体が得られる。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いて周期誘電性構造体を検査する。重合した実質的に無機の光反応性組成物の元の位置に対応する空気流路を観察する。
Claims (8)
- (a)(1)少なくとも1種類のカチオン反応性種と、
(2)多光子光開始剤系と、
(3)複数の予備縮合した無機のナノ微粒子と
を含む実質的に無機の光反応性組成物を提供する工程と、
(b)少なくとも3本のビームを含むマルチビーム干渉技術を用いて、前記光反応性組成物の少なくとも一部に放射線を露光して、前記光反応性組成物の反応済みおよび未反応部分の二次元または三次元の周期パターンを生成する工程と、
(c)前記光反応性組成物の前記未反応部分の少なくとも一部に放射線を露光して、多光子吸収および光反応を生じさせて、追加の反応済み部分および残りの未反応部分を形成する工程と、
(d)前記光反応性組成物の前記残りの未反応部分または全反応済み部分を除去して間隙ボイドスペースを形成する工程と、
(e)前記間隙ボイドスペースを、前記光反応性組成物の前記残りの未反応部分または反応済み部分の屈折率とは異なる屈折率を有する少なくとも1種類の材料で少なくとも部分的に充填する工程と
を含むフォトニック結晶を製造する方法。 - 前記実質的に無機の光反応性組成物が、光反応および熱分解によりその初期重量の60パーセント未満を失う、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記カチオン反応性種がカチオン硬化性種である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記多光子光開始剤系が、(a)少なくとも1種類の多光子光増感剤と、(b)少なくとも1種類の電子受容体とを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記無機ナノ粒子が、金属酸化物ナノ粒子、金属炭酸塩ナノ粒子、金属フッ化物ナノ粒子およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記露光工程が、少なくとも4本のビームを含むマルチビーム干渉技術を用いて実施される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (a)(1)少なくとも1種類のカチオン硬化性種と、
(2)(i)少なくとも1種類の多光子光増感剤、および
(ii)少なくとも1種類の電子受容体と、
(3)平均粒子直径が5ナノメートル〜20ナノメートルの複数の予備縮合シリカナノ粒子と
を含む実質的に無機の光反応性組成物を提供する工程と、
(b)少なくとも4本のビームを含むマルチビーム干渉技術を用いて、前記光反応性組成物の少なくとも一部に放射線を露光して、前記光反応性組成物の反応済みおよび未反応部分の三次元サブミクロンスケールの周期パターンを生成する工程と、
(c)前記光反応性組成物の前記未反応部分の少なくとも一部に放射線を露光して、多光子吸収および光反応を生じさせて、追加の反応済み部分と残りの未反応部分とを形成する工程と、
(d)前記光反応性組成物の前記残りの未反応部分を除去して間隙ボイドスペースを形成する工程と、
(e)前記間隙ボイドスペースを、前記光反応性組成物の前記残りの反応済み部分の屈折率とは異なる屈折率を有する少なくとも1種類の材料で少なくとも部分的に充填する工程と、
(f)前記光反応性組成物の前記残りの反応済み部分を除去する工程と
を含むフォトニック結晶を製造する方法。 - 前記放射線の波長は、500〜1700nmである、請求項1又は7に記載の方法。
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-
2003
- 2003-12-05 JP JP2005513135A patent/JP4430622B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-05 DE DE60328835T patent/DE60328835D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-05 EP EP03819269A patent/EP1723455B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-12-05 US US10/596,186 patent/US7655376B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-12-05 AU AU2003304694A patent/AU2003304694A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-12-05 AT AT03819269T patent/ATE439612T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-12-05 WO PCT/US2003/038775 patent/WO2005066672A1/en active Application Filing
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AU2003304694A1 (en) | 2005-08-12 |
DE60328835D1 (de) | 2009-09-24 |
EP1723455A1 (en) | 2006-11-22 |
JP2007525685A (ja) | 2007-09-06 |
CN1894611A (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
ATE439612T1 (de) | 2009-08-15 |
US7655376B2 (en) | 2010-02-02 |
EP1723455B1 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
US20070282030A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
WO2005066672A1 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
CN100392444C (zh) | 2008-06-04 |
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