JP4415521B2 - Non-aqueous electrolyte battery - Google Patents
Non-aqueous electrolyte battery Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP4415521B2 JP4415521B2 JP2001275842A JP2001275842A JP4415521B2 JP 4415521 B2 JP4415521 B2 JP 4415521B2 JP 2001275842 A JP2001275842 A JP 2001275842A JP 2001275842 A JP2001275842 A JP 2001275842A JP 4415521 B2 JP4415521 B2 JP 4415521B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- anhydride
- nonaqueous electrolyte
- negative electrode
- electrolyte battery
- acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
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- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001244 carboxylic acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001786 chalcogen compounds Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930016911 cinnamic acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000013985 cinnamic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N cis-aconitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C\C(C(O)=O)=C\C(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-IWQZZHSRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N citraconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C\C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-IHWYPQMZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940018557 citraconic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Co] CKFRRHLHAJZIIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930003836 cresol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NKKMVIVFRUYPLQ-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotononitrile Chemical compound C\C=C\C#N NKKMVIVFRUYPLQ-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXIJMRYMVAMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cycloheptene Chemical compound C1CCC=CCC1 ZXIJMRYMVAMXQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940105990 diglycerin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglycerol Chemical compound OCC(O)COCC(O)CO GPLRAVKSCUXZTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl carbonate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 ROORDVPLFPIABK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZZTCPWRAHWXWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylmethanediamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(N)(N)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZZTCPWRAHWXWCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylene glycol Chemical compound OCCCOCCCO SZXQTJUDPRGNJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011532 electronic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BLCTWBJQROOONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethenyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=COC(=O)C=C BLCTWBJQROOONQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N galactitol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003055 glycidyl group Chemical group C(C1CO1)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diol Chemical compound OCCCCCCO XXMIOPMDWAUFGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011256 inorganic filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003475 inorganic filler Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008040 ionic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead lithium Chemical compound [Li].[Pb] JWZCKIBZGMIRSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001540 lithium hexafluoroarsenate(V) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium tin Chemical compound [Li].[Sn] UIDWHMKSOZZDAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IRDCEJVOXCGYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O IRDCEJVOXCGYAV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- NTWKDFWKALPPII-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;octadecane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O NTWKDFWKALPPII-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- JFNAJRJKQQEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;octane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Li+].CCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O JFNAJRJKQQEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N maleamic acid Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N mesaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(/C)=C/C(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N methyl (2s)-2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)[C@@H](N=C=O)CCCCN=C=O AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOVAGTYPODGVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl beta-galactoside Natural products COC1OC(CO)C(O)C(O)C1O HOVAGTYPODGVJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CXHHBNMLPJOKQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M methyl carbonate Chemical compound COC([O-])=O CXHHBNMLPJOKQD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl p-hydroxycinnamate Natural products OC(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000011987 methylation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylfumaric acid Natural products OC(=O)C(C)=CC(O)=O HNEGQIOMVPPMNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012982 microporous membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052961 molybdenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M pent-4-enoate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CCC=C HVAMZGADVCBITI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethylene Natural products C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005906 polyester polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium thiocyanate Chemical class [K+].[S-]C#N ZNNZYHKDIALBAK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000003141 primary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229960000380 propiolactone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylamine Chemical group CCCN WGYKZJWCGVVSQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003242 quaternary ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007761 roller coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- JIYNFFGKZCOPKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sbb061129 Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C2C1C1C=C(C)C2C1 JIYNFFGKZCOPKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000108 silver(I,III) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium thiocyanate Chemical class [Na+].[S-]C#N VGTPCRGMBIAPIM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M sodium;(2r)-2-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]oxirane-2-carboxylate Chemical compound [Na+].C=1C=C(Cl)C=CC=1OCCCCCC[C@]1(C(=O)[O-])CO1 RPACBEVZENYWOL-XFULWGLBSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000600 sorbitol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000021286 stilbenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008053 sultones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005621 tetraalkylammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VOZKAJLKRJDJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tolylenediamine group Chemical group CC1=C(C=C(C=C1)N)N VOZKAJLKRJDJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-aconitic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)=CC(O)=O GTZCVFVGUGFEME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic anhydride Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005609 vinylidenefluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Sealing Battery Cases Or Jackets (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は非水電解質電池に関するもので、特に、非水電解質電池の非水電解質の改良に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
近年、非水電解質電池、特にリチウム二次電池は、携帯電話,PHS(簡易携帯電話),小型コンピューター等の携帯機器類用電源、電力貯蔵用電源、電気自動車用電源として注目されている。
【0003】
リチウム二次電池は、一般に、正極活物質を主要構成成分とする正極と、負極活物質を主要構成成分とする負極と、非水電解質とから構成される。
【0004】
リチウム二次電池を構成する正極活物質としては、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物が、負極活物質としては、グラファイトに代表される炭素質材料が、非水電解質としては、六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)等の電解質がエチレンカーボネートを主構成成分とする非水溶媒に溶解されたものが広く知られている。
【0005】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、エチレンカーボネートは融点が高く、低温で電解液が凝固し易い。そのため、エチレンカーボネートに代えて、より融点の低いプロピレンカーボネートを電解液の非水溶媒として使用する方法が知られているが、充電時、とりわけ初充電時にプロピレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解するため、電池性能が充分に得られないという問題があった。
【0006】
この問題を解決する手段として、特開平11−67266号公報などに、プロピレンカーボネートの上記分解を抑制するためのビニレンカーボネートとを必須成分とする非水溶媒を非水電解質電池に適用する技術が開示されている。すなわち、初充電時にビニレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制され、高い低温特性と高いエネルギー密度とを有する非水電解質電池が得られるとされている。しかしながら、ビニレンカーボネートは耐酸化性に劣り、正極上で分解するため、多量に添加すると電池性能を劣化させるという問題があった。
【0007】
本発明は、前記問題点に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的は、安全性に優れ、且つ、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池を容易に提供することである。
【0008】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記課題を解決するため、本発明者らは、鋭意検討の結果、非水電解質を構成する非水溶媒を特定のものとすることにより、驚くべきことに、安全性に優れ、且つ、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池が得られることを見出し、本発明に至った。すなわち、本発明の技術的構成およびその作用効果は以下の通りである。ただし、作用機構については推定を含んでおり、その正否は、本発明を制限するものではない。
【0009】
請求項1記載の発明は、正極活物質を主要構成成分とする正極と、負極活物質を主要構成成分とする負極と、非水電解質とから、少なくとも構成される非水電解質電池において、前記非水電解質は、少なくともプロピレンカーボネートを含有しており、且つ、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物を非水電解質の全質量に対して0.01質量%〜20質量%含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0010】
請求項1記載の発明によれば、非水電解質中に環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物を含有することにより、初充電時に、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物がグラファイト負極上で分解し、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、非水電解液を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解を確実に抑制できるので、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができ、充放電効率を向上させることができる。このとき、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物により負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜は、緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、ごく少量添加するだけで非水電解液を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をより効果的に抑制できる。一方、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、フッ素化されているため耐酸化性が高く、正極上での酸化分解がほとんど起こらず、過剰に添加しても電池性能を劣化させることはない。よって、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池とすることができる。さらに、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、フッ素化されているため引火点が高く、非水電解質の安全性を高める効果も期待できる。よって、安全性に優れた非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【0011】
請求項2記載の発明は、前記環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、無水フルオロコハク酸、無水2,2−ジフルオロコハク酸、無水テトラフルオロコハク酸、無水トリフルオロメチルコハク酸、無水2,2−ジ(トリフルオロメチル)コハク酸、無水フルオロマレイン酸、無水2,3−ジフルオロマレイン酸、無水2,3−ジ(トリフルオロメチル)マレイン酸、無水2−フルオログルタル酸、無水3−フルオログルタル酸、無水2,2−ジフルオログルタル酸、無水3,3−ジフルオログルタル酸、無水ヘキサフルオログルタル酸、無水3−フルオロフタル酸、無水4−フルオロフタル酸、無水3,4,5,6−テトラフルオロフタル酸、無水ヘキサフルオロフタル酸からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0014】
本発明によれば、非水電解質中にπ結合を有さない環状カーボネートを含有することにより、非水電解質の沸点および引火点を高く保った上に、高誘電率を有するため、リチウムイオン伝導度を向上でき、さらに耐酸化性に優れることから、上記効果が効果的に得られる。よって、より安全性に優れ、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【0016】
本発明によれば、非水電解質中に含有するπ結合を有さない環状カーボネートを、プロピレンカーボネートとすることにより、高誘電率を有し、耐酸化性に優れた有機溶媒の特性を生かすことができるため、上記効果がより効果的に得られる。
【0017】
請求項3記載の発明は、前記負極活物質は、グラファイトであることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0018】
請求項3記載の発明によれば、グラファイトは、金属リチウム電位(水溶液の場合−3.045V vs. NHE)に極めて近い作動電位を有し、かつ充放電における不可逆容量を少なくできることから、高作動電圧を有し、高エネルギー密度である非水電解質電池を得ることができる。
【0019】
請求項4記載の発明は、外装体が、金属樹脂複合材料からなることを特徴とする非水電解質電池である。
【0020】
請求項4記載の発明によれば、金属樹脂複合材料は、金属よりも軽く、また、薄形形状に容易に成形できるので、非水電解質電池の小形軽量化が可能である。
【0021】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に、本発明の実施の形態を例示するが、本発明は、これらの記述に限定されるものではない。
【0022】
本発明に係る非水電解質電池は、正極活物質を主要構成成分とする正極と、負極活物質を主要構成成分とする負極と、電解質塩を非水溶媒に溶解した酸無水物のフッ化物を含有する非水電解質とから構成され、一般的には、正極と負極との間に、非水電解質電池用セパレータが設けられる。
【0023】
前記カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、(化1)に示される構造を有するものである。
【0024】
【化1】
【0027】
本発明における前記カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、A及びBが有機官能基であって、該Aと該Bとが互いに結合して環状構造を形成した、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物(但し、ヘキサフルオログルタル酸無水物、フルオロマロン酸無水物、フルオロジグリコール酸無水物、及び、(トリフルオロメチル)ジグリコール酸無水物を除く)である。例えば、無水フルオロコハク酸、無水2,2−ジフルオロコハク酸、無水テトラフルオロコハク酸、無水トリフルオロメチルコハク酸、無水2,2−ジ(トリフルオロメチル)コハク酸、無水フルオロマレイン酸、無水2,3−ジフルオロマレイン酸、無水2,3−ジ(トリフルオロメチル)マレイン酸、無水2−フルオログルタル酸、無水3−フルオログルタル酸、無水2,2−ジフルオログルタル酸、無水3,3−ジフルオログルタル酸、無水ヘキサフルオログルタル酸、無水3−フルオロフタル酸、無水4−フルオロフタル酸、無水3,4,5,6−テトラフルオロフタル酸、無水ヘキサフルオロフタル酸が好ましく、これらの単独またはそれら2種以上の混合物等を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0028】
前記酸無水物のフッ化物の含有量は、非水電解質の全質量に対して0.01質量%〜20質量%であり、好ましくは0.10質量%〜15質量%である。酸無水物のフッ化物の含有量が、非水電解質の全質量に対して0.01質量%以上であることによって、初充電時における非水電解質を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をほぼ完全に抑制し、充電をより確実に行うことができる。また、20質量%以下であることによって、電解液の粘度が高くなりすぎないので、高率充放電時や低温下においても、充分な電池性能を発揮することができる。
【0029】
非水電解質を構成する有機溶媒は、一般に非水電解質電池用非水電解質に使用される有機溶媒が使用できる。例えば、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、ビニルエチレンカーボネート等の環状カーボネート;γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、プロピオラクトン等の環状エステル;ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、ジフェニルカーボネート等の鎖状カーボネート;酢酸メチル、酪酸メチル等の鎖状エステル;テトラヒドロフランまたはその誘導体、1,3−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン、ジエトキシエタン、メトキシエトキシエタン、メチルジグライム等のエーテル類;アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル等のニトリル類;ジオキサランまたはその誘導体;スルホラン、スルトンまたはその誘導体等の単独またはそれら2種以上の混合物等を挙げることができるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0030】
なお、本発明においては、非水電解質中に高誘電率を有するπ結合を有さない環状カーボネートを含有することにより、本発明の効果が充分に発揮できるため好ましく、なかでも、プロピレンカーボネートを含有することを必須とする。
【0031】
電解質塩としては、例えば、LiClO4,LiBF4,LiAsF6,LiPF6,LiCF3SO3,LiN(CF3SO2)2,LiN(C2F5SO2)2,LiSCN,LiBr,LiI,Li2SO4,Li2B10Cl10,NaClO4,NaI,NaSCN,NaBr,KClO4,KSCN等のリチウム(Li)、ナトリウム(Na)またはカリウム(K)の1種を含む無機イオン塩、LiN(CF3SO2)2,LiN(C2F5SO2)2,(CH3)4NBF4,(CH3)4NBr,(C2H5)4NClO4,(C2H5)4NI,(C3H7)4NBr,(n−C4H9)4NClO4,(n−C4H9)4NI,(C2H5)4N−maleate,(C2H5)4N−benzoate,(C2H5)4N−phtalate等の四級アンモニウム塩、ステアリルスルホン酸リチウム、オクチルスルホン酸リチウム、ドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸リチウム等の有機イオン塩が挙げられ、これらのイオン性化合物を単独、あるいは2種類以上混合して用いることが可能である。
【0032】
非水電解質における電解質塩の濃度としては、高い電池特性を有する非水電解質電池を確実に得るために、0.1mol/l〜5mol/lが好ましく、さらに好ましくは、1mol/l〜2.5mol/lである。
【0033】
正極の主要構成成分である正極活物質としては、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物、リチウム含有リン酸塩、リチウム含有硫酸塩などを単独あるいは混合して用いることが望ましい。リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物としては、一般式LiyCo1-xMxO2、LiyMn2-xMXO4(Mは、IからVIII族の金属(例えは、Li,Ca,Cr,Ni,Mn,Fe,Coの1種類以上の元素)であり、異種元素置換量を示すx値については置換できる最大量まで有効であるが、好ましくは放電容量の点から0≦x≦1である。また、リチウム量を示すy値についてはリチウムを可逆的に利用しうる最大量が有効であり、好ましくは放電容量の点から0≦y≦2である。)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0034】
また、前記リチウム含有化合物に他の正極活物質を混合して用いてもよく、他の正極活物質としては、CuO,Cu2O,Ag2O,CuS,CuSO4等のI族金属化合物、TiS2,SiO2,SnO等のIV族金属化合物、V2O5,V6O12,VOx,Nb2O5,Bi2O3,Sb2O3等のV族金属化合物、CrO3,Cr2O3,MoO3,MoS2,WO3,SeO2等のVI族金属化合物、MnO2,Mn2O3等のVII族金属化合物、Fe2O3,FeO,Fe3O4,Ni2O3,NiO,CoO3,CoO等のVIII族金属化合物、または、一般式LixMX2,LixMNyX2(M、NはIからVIII族の金属、Xは酸素、硫黄などのカルコゲン化合物を示す。)等で表される、例えばリチウム−コバルト系複合酸化物やリチウム−マンガン系複合酸化物等の金属化合物、さらに、ジスルフィド,ポリピロール,ポリアニリン,ポリパラフェニレン,ポリアセチレン,ポリアセン系材料等の導電性高分子化合物、擬グラファイト構造炭素質材料等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0035】
負極の主要構成成分である負極活物質としては、炭素質材料、スズ酸化物,珪素酸化物等の金属酸化物、さらにこれらの物質に負極特性を向上させる目的でリンやホウ素を添加し改質を行った材料等が挙げられる。炭素質材料の中でもグラファイトは、金属リチウムに極めて近い作動電位を有するので電解質塩としてリチウム塩を採用した場合に自己放電を少なくでき、かつ充放電における不可逆容量を少なくできるので、負極活物質として好ましい。さらに本発明においては、環状カーボネートまたは鎖状カーボネートのフッ化物を含有する非水電解質が使用されるので、充電時にグラファイトを主成分とする負極上で非水電解液を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解を確実に抑制でき、グラファイトの上記有利な特性を確実に発現させることができる。
【0036】
以下に、好適に用いることのできるグラファイトのエックス線回折等による分析結果を示す;
格子面間隔(d002) 0.333から0.350ナノメートル
a軸方向の結晶子の大きさLa 20ナノメートル以上
c軸方向の結晶子の大きさLc 20ナノメートル以上
真密度 2.00から2.25g/cm3
【0037】
また、グラファイトに、スズ酸化物,ケイ素酸化物等の金属酸化物、リン、ホウ素、アモルファスカーボン等を添加して改質を行ってもよい。特に、グラファイトの表面を上記の方法によって改質することで、電解液の分解を抑制し電池特性を高めることができる点で好ましい。さらに、グラファイトに対して、リチウム金属、リチウム−アルミニウム,リチウム−鉛,リチウム−スズ,リチウム−アルミニウム−スズ,リチウム−ガリウム,およびウッド合金等のリチウム金属含有合金等を併用することや、あらかじめ電気化学的に還元することによってリチウムが挿入されたグラファイト等も負極活物質として使用可能である。
【0038】
また、正極活物質の粉体及び/又は負極活物質の粉体の少なくとも表面層部分を電子伝導性やイオン伝導性の良いもの、あるいは疎水基を有する化合物で修飾してもよい。例えば、金,銀,カーボン,ニッケル,銅等の電子伝導性のよい物質や、炭酸リチウム,ホウ素ガラス,固体電解質等のイオン伝導性のよい物質、あるいはシリコーンオイル等の疎水基を有する物質をメッキ,焼結,メカノフュージョン,蒸着,焼き付け等の技術を応用して被覆すること等が挙げられる。
【0039】
正極活物質の粉体及び負極活物質の粉体は、平均粒子サイズ100μm以下であることが好ましい。特に、正極活物質の粉体は、非水電解質電池の高出力特性を向上する目的で10μm以下であることが好ましい。粉体を所定の形状で得るためには粉砕機や分級機が用いられる。例えば乳鉢、ボールミル、サンドミル、振動ボールミル、遊星ボールミル、ジェットミル、カウンタージェトミル、旋回気流型ジェットミルや篩等が用いられる。粉砕時には水、あるいはヘキサン等の有機溶剤を共存させた湿式粉砕を用いることもできる。分級方法としては、特に限定はなく、篩や風力分級機などが、乾式、湿式ともに必要に応じて用いられる。
【0040】
以上、正極活物質および負極活物質について詳述したが、正極および負極には、主要構成成分である前記活物質の他に、導電剤、結着剤およびフィラーが、他の構成成分として含有されてもよい。
【0041】
導電剤としては、電池性能に悪影響を及ぼさない電子伝導性材料であれば限定されないが、通常、天然黒鉛(鱗状黒鉛,鱗片状黒鉛,土状黒鉛等)、人造黒鉛、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、カーボンウイスカー、炭素繊維、金属(銅,ニッケル,アルミニウム,銀,金等)粉、金属繊維、導電性セラミックス材料等の導電性材料を1種またはそれらの混合物として含ませることができる。
【0042】
これらの中で、導電剤としては、導電性及び塗工性の観点よりアセチレンブラックが望ましい。導電剤の添加量は、正極または負極の総質量に対して1質量%〜50質量%が好ましく、特に2質量%〜30質量%が好ましい。これらの混合方法は、物理的な混合であり、その理想とするところは均一混合である。そのため、V型混合機、S型混合機、擂かい機、ボールミル、遊星ボールミルといったような粉体混合機を乾式、あるいは湿式で混合することが可能である。
【0043】
結着剤としては、通常、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン,ポリフッ化ビニリデン,ポリエチレン,ポリプロピレン等の熱可塑性樹脂、エチレン−プロピレンジエンターポリマー(EPDM),スルホン化EPDM,スチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)、フッ素ゴム等のゴム弾性を有するポリマー、カルボキシメチルセルロース等の多糖類等を1種または2種以上の混合物として用いることができる。また、多糖類の様にリチウムと反応する官能基を有する結着剤は、例えばメチル化するなどしてその官能基を失活させておくことが望ましい。結着剤の添加量は、正極または負極の総質量に対して1〜50質量%が好ましく、特に2〜30質量%が好ましい。
【0044】
フィラーとしては、電池性能に悪影響を及ぼさない材料であれば何でも良い。通常、ポリプロピレン,ポリエチレン等のオレフィン系ポリマー、酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄などの金属酸化物、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウムなどの金属炭酸塩、ガラス、炭素等が用いられる。フィラーの添加量は、正極または負極の総質量に対して添加量は30質量%以下が好ましい。
【0045】
正極および負極は、前記活物質、導電剤および結着剤をN−メチルピロリドン,トルエン等の有機溶媒に混合させた後、得られた混合液を下記に詳述する集電体の上に塗布し、乾燥することによって、好適に作製される。前記塗布方法については、例えば、アプリケーターロールなどのローラーコーティング、スクリーンコーティング、ドクターブレード方式、スピンコーティング、バーコーダー等の手段を用いて任意の厚みおよび任意の形状に塗布することが望ましいが、これらに限定されるものではない。
【0046】
集電体としては、構成された電池において悪影響を及ぼさない電子伝導体であれば何でもよい。例えば、正極用集電体としては、アルミニウム、チタン、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル、焼成炭素、導電性高分子、導電性ガラス等の他に、接着性、導電性および耐酸化性向上の目的で、アルミニウムや銅等の表面をカーボン、ニッケル、チタンや銀等で処理した物を用いることができる。負極用集電体としては、銅、ニッケル、鉄、ステンレス鋼、チタン、アルミニウム、焼成炭素、導電性高分子、導電性ガラス、Al−Cd合金等の他に、接着性、導電性、耐酸化性向上の目的で、銅等の表面をカーボン、ニッケル、チタンや銀等で処理した物を用いることができる。これらの材料については表面を酸化処理することも可能である。
【0047】
集電体の形状については、フォイル状の他、フィルム状、シート状、ネット状、パンチ又はエキスパンドされた物、ラス体、多孔質体、発泡体、繊維群の形成体等が用いられる。厚みの限定は特にないが、1〜500μmのものが用いられる。これらの集電体の中で、正極としては、耐酸化性に優れているアルミニウム箔が、負極としては、還元場において安定であり、且つ電導性に優れ、安価な銅箔、ニッケル箔、鉄箔、およびそれらの一部を含む合金箔を使用することが好ましい。さらに、粗面表面粗さが0.2μmRa以上の箔であることが好ましく、これにより正極活物質または負極活物質と集電体との密着性は優れたものとなる。よって、このような粗面を有することから、電解箔を使用するのが好ましい。特に、ハナ付き処理を施した電解箔は最も好ましい。
【0048】
非水電解質電池用セパレータとしては、優れたレート特性を示す微多孔膜や不織布等を、単独あるいは併用することが好ましい。非水電解質電池用セパレータを構成する材料としては、例えばポリエチレン,ポリプロピレン等に代表されるポリオレフィン系樹脂、ポリエチレンテレフタレート,ポリブチレンテレフタレート等に代表されるポリエステル系樹脂、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−パーフルオロビニルエーテル共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−トリフルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−フルオロエチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−ヘキサフルオロアセトン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−エチレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−プロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−トリフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−テトラフルオロエチレン−ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、フッ化ビニリデン−エチレン−テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体等を挙げることができる。
【0049】
非水電解質電池用セパレータの空孔率は強度の観点から98体積%以下が好ましい。また、充放電特性の観点から空孔率は20体積%以上が好ましい。
【0050】
また、非水電解質電池用セパレータは、例えばアクリロニトリル、エチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド、メチルメタアクリレート、ビニルアセテート、ビニルピロリドン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン等のポリマーと電解液とで構成されるポリマーゲルを用いてもよい。
【0051】
さらに、非水電解質電池用セパレータは、上述したような多孔膜や不織布等とポリマーゲルを併用して用いると、電解液の保液性が向上するため望ましい。即ち、ポリエチレン微孔膜の表面及び微孔壁面に厚さ数μm以下の親溶媒性ポリマーを被覆したフィルムを形成し、該フィルムの微孔内に電解液を保持させることで、前記親溶媒性ポリマーがゲル化する。
【0052】
該親溶媒性ポリマーとしては、ポリフッ化ビニリデンの他、エチレンオキシド基やエステル基等を有するアクリレートモノマー、エポキシモノマー、イソシアネート基を有するモノマー等が架橋したポリマー等が挙げられる。架橋にあたっては、熱、紫外線(UV)や電子線(EB)等の活性光線等を用いることができる。
【0053】
該親溶媒性ポリマーには、強度や物性制御の目的で、架橋体の形成を妨害しない範囲の物性調整剤を配合して使用することができる。該物性調整剤の例としては、無機フィラー類{酸化ケイ素、酸化チタン、酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化鉄などの金属酸化物、炭酸カルシウム、炭酸マグネシウムなどの金属炭酸塩}、ポリマー類{ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン/ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリメチルメタクリレート等}等が挙げられる。該物性調整剤の添加量は、架橋性モノマーに対して通常50質量%以下、好ましくは20質量%以下である。
【0054】
前記アクリレートモノマーについて例示すると、二官能以上の不飽和モノマーが好適に挙げられ、より具体例には、2官能(メタ)アクリレート{エチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、プロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、アジピン酸・ジネオペンチルグリコールエステルジ(メタ)アクリレート、重合度2以上のポリエチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、重合度2以上のポリプロピレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ポリオキシエチレン/ポリオキシプロピレン共重合体のジ(メタ)アクリレート、ブタンジオールジ(メタ)アクリレート、ヘキサメチレングリコールジ(メタ)アクリレート等}、3官能(メタ)アクリレート{トリメチロールプロパントリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリントリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンのエチレンオキシド付加物のトリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンのプロピレンオキシド付加物のトリ(メタ)アクリレート、グリセリンのエチレンオキシド、プロピレンオキシド付加物のトリ(メタ)アクリレート等}、4官能以上の多官能(メタ)アクリレート{ペンタエリスリトールテトラ(メタ)アクリレート、ジグリセリンヘキサ(メタ)アクリレート等}が挙げられる。これらのモノマーを単独もしくは、併用して用いることができる。
【0055】
前記アクリレートモノマーには、物性調整等の目的で1官能モノマーを添加することもできる。該一官能モノマーの例としては、不飽和カルボン酸{アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸、けい皮酸、ビニル安息香酸、マレイン酸、フマール酸、イタコン酸、シトラコン酸、メサコン酸、メチレンマロン酸、アコニット酸等}、不飽和スルホン酸{スチレンスルホン酸、アクリルアミド−2−メチルプロパンスルホン酸等}またはそれらの塩(Li塩、Na塩、K塩、アンモニウム塩、テトラアルキルアンモニウム塩等)、またこれらの不飽和カルボン酸をC1〜C18の脂肪族または脂環式アルコール、アルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール、ポリアルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール等で部分的にエステル化したもの(メチルマレート、モノヒドロキシエチルマレート、など)、およびアンモニア、1級または2級アミンで部分的にアミド化したもの(マレイン酸モノアミド、N−メチルマレイン酸モノアミド、N,N−ジエチルマレイン酸モノアミドなど)、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル[C1〜C18の脂肪族(メチル、エチル、プロピル、ブチル、2−エチルヘキシル、ステアリル等)アルコールと(メタ)アクリル酸とのエステル、またはアルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール(エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、1,4−ブタンジオール等)およびポリアルキレン(C2〜C4)グリコール(ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール)と(メタ)アクリル酸とのエステル];(メタ)アクリルアミドまたはN−置換(メタ)アクリルアミド[(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−メチル(メタ)アクリルアミド、N−メチロール(メタ)アクリルアミド等];ビニルエステルまたはアリルエステル[酢酸ビニル、酢酸アリル等];ビニルエーテルまたはアリルエーテル[ブチルビニルエーテル、ドデシルアリルエーテル等];不飽和ニトリル化合物[(メタ)アクリロニトリル、クロトンニトリル等];不飽和アルコール[(メタ)アリルアルコール等];不飽和アミン[(メタ)アリルアミン、ジメチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリルレート、ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート等];複素環含有モノマー[N−ビニルピロリドン、ビニルピリジン等];オレフィン系脂肪族炭化水素[エチレン、プロピレン、ブチレン、イソブチレン、ペンテン、(C6〜C50)α−オレフィン等];オレフィン系脂環式炭化水素[シクロペンテン、シクロヘキセン、シクロヘプテン、ノルボルネン等];オレフィン系芳香族炭化水素[スチレン、α−メチルスチレン、スチルベン等];不飽和イミド[マレイミド等];ハロゲン含有モノマー[塩化ビニル、塩化ビニリデン、フッ化ビニリデン、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン等]等が挙げられる。
【0056】
前記エポキシモノマーについて例示すると、グリシジルエーテル類{ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル、ビスフェノールFジグリシジルエーテル、臭素化ビスフェノールAジグリシジルエーテル、フェノールノボラックグリシジルエーテル、クレゾールノボラックグリシジルエーテル等}、グリシジルエステル類{ヘキサヒドロフタル酸グリシジルエステル、ダイマー酸グリシジルエステル等}、グリシジルアミン類{トリグリシジルイソシアヌレート、テトラグリシジルジアミノフェニルメタン等}、線状脂肪族エポキサイド類{エポキシ化ポリブタジエン、エポキシ化大豆油等}、脂環族エポキサイド類{3,4エポキシ−6メチルシクロヘキシルメチルカルボキシレート、3,4エポキシシクロヘキシルメチルカルボキシレート等}等が挙げられる。これらのエポキシ樹脂は、単独もしくは硬化剤を添加して硬化させて使用することができる。
【0057】
該硬化剤の例としては、脂肪族ポリアミン類{ジエチレントリアミン、トリエチレンテトラミン、3,9−(3−アミノプロピル)−2,4,8,10−テトロオキサスピロ[5,5]ウンデカン等}、芳香族ポリアミン類{メタキシレンジアミン、ジアミノフェニルメタン等}、ポリアミド類{ダイマー酸ポリアミド等}、酸無水物類{無水フタル酸、テトラヒドロメチル無水フタル酸、ヘキサヒドロ無水フタル酸、無水トリメリット酸、無水メチルナジック酸}、フェノール類{フェノールノボラック等}、ポリメルカプタン{ポリサルファイド等}、第三アミン類{トリス(ジメチルアミノメチル)フェノール、2−エチル−4−メチルイミダゾール等}、ルイス酸錯体{三フッ化ホウ素・エチルアミン錯体等}等が挙げられる。
【0058】
前記イソシアネート基を有するモノマーについて例示すると、トルエンジイソシアネート、ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート、1,6−ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、2,2,4(2,2,4)−トリメチル−ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート、p−フェニレンジイソシアネート、4,4’−ジシクロヘキシルメタンジイソシアネート、3,3'−ジメチルジフェニル4,4’−ジイソシアネート、ジアニシジンジイソシアネート、m−キシレンジイソシアネート、トリメチルキシレンジイソシアネート、イソフォロンジイソシアネート、1,5−ナフタレンジイソシアネート、trans−1,4−シクロヘキシルジイソシアネート、リジンジイソシアネート等が挙げられる。
【0059】
前記イソシアネート基を有するモノマーを架橋するにあたって、ポリオール類およびポリアミン類[2官能化合物{水、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール等}、3官能化合物{グリセリン、トリメチロールプロパン、1,2,6−ヘキサントリオール、トリエタノールアミン等}、4官能化合物{ペンタエリスリトール、エチレンジアミン、トリレンジアミン、ジフェニルメタンジアミン、テトラメチロールシクロヘキサン、メチルグルコシド等}、5官能化合物{2,2,6,6−テトラキス(ヒドロキシメチル)シクロヘキサノール、ジエチレントリアミンなど}、6官能化合物{ソルビトール、マンニトール、ズルシトール等}、8官能化合物{スークロース等}]、およびポリエーテルポリオール類{前記ポリオールまたはポリアミンのプロピレンオキサイドおよび/またはエチレンオキサイド付加物}、ポリエステルポリオール[前記ポリオールと多塩基酸{アジピン酸、o,m,p−フタル酸、コハク酸、アゼライン酸、セバシン酸、リシノール酸}との縮合物、ポリカプロラクトンポリオール{ポリε−カプロラクトン等}、ヒドロキシカルボン酸の重縮合物等]等、活性水素を有する化合物を併用することができる。
【0060】
該架橋反応にあたって、触媒を併用することができる。該触媒について例示すると、有機スズ化合物類、トリアルキルホスフィン類、アミン類[モノアミン類{N,N−ジメチルシクロヘキシルアミン、トリエチルアミン等}、環状モノアミン類{ピリジン、N−メチルモルホリン等}、ジアミン類{N,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルエチレンジアミン、N,N,N’,N’−テトラメチル1,3−ブタンジアミン等}、トリアミン類{N,N,N’,N’−ペンタメチルジエチレントリアミン等}、ヘキサミン類{N,N,N’N’−テトラ(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)−メタンジアミン等}、環状ポリアミン類{ジアザビシクロオクタン(DABCO)、N,N’−ジメチルピペラジン、1,2−ジメチルイミダゾール、1,8−ジアザビシクロ(5,4,0)ウンデセン−7(DBU)等}等、およびそれらの塩類等が挙げられる。
【0061】
本発明に係る非水電解質電池は、電解液を、例えば、非水電解質電池用セパレータと正極と負極とを積層する前または積層した後に注液し、最終的に、外装材で封止することによって好適に作製される。また、正極と負極とが非水電解質電池用セパレータを介して積層された発電要素を巻回してなる非水電解質電池においては、電解液は、前記巻回の前後に発電要素に注液されるのが好ましい。注液法としては、常圧で注液することも可能であるが、真空含浸方法や加圧含浸方法も使用可能である。
【0062】
外装体としては、非水電解質電池の軽量化の観点から、薄い材料が好ましく、例えば、金属箔を樹脂フィルムで挟み込んだ構成の金属樹脂複合材料が好ましい。金属箔の具体例としては、アルミニウム、鉄、ニッケル、銅、ステンレス鋼、チタン、金、銀等、ピンホールのない箔であれば限定されないが、好ましくは軽量且つ安価なアルミニウム箔が好ましい。また、電池外部側の樹脂フィルムとしては、ポリエチレンテレフタレートフィルム,ナイロンフィルム等の突き刺し強度に優れた樹脂フィルムを、電池内部側の樹脂フィルムとしては、ポリエチレンフィルム,ナイロンフィルム等の、熱融着可能であり、かつ耐溶剤性を有するフィルムが好ましい。
【0063】
【実施例】
以下、本発明のさらなる詳細を実施例により説明するが、本発明はこれらの記述に限定されるものではない。
【0064】
(参考例1)本発明電池における非水電解質電池の断面図を図1に示す。
【0065】
本発明におけるリチウム電池は、正極1、負極2、およびセパレータ3からなる極群4と、非水電解質と、金属樹脂複合フィルム5から構成されている。正極1は、正極合剤11が正極集電体12上に塗布されてなる。また、負極2は、負極合剤21が負極集電体22上に塗布されてなる。非水電解質は極群4に含浸されている。金属樹脂複合フィルム5は、極群4を覆い、その四方を熱溶着により封止されている。
【0066】
次に、上記構成の電池の製造方法を説明する。
【0067】
正極1は次のようにして得た。まず、正極活物質であるLiCoO2と、導電剤であるアセチレンブラックとを混合し、さらに結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデンのN−メチル−2−ピロリドン溶液を混合し、この混合物をアルミ箔からなる正極集電体12の片面に塗布した後、乾燥し、正極合剤11の厚さが0.1mmとなるようにプレスした。以上の工程により正極1を得た。
【0068】
また、負極2は、次のようにして得た。まず、負極活物質であるグラファイトと、結着剤であるポリフッ化ビニリデンのN−メチル−2−ピロリドン溶液とを混合し、この混合物を銅箔からなる負極集電体22の片面に塗布した後、乾燥し、負極合剤21厚さが0.1mmとなるようにプレスした。以上の工程により負極2を得た。
【0069】
一方、セパレータ5にはポリエチレン製微多孔膜(厚さ25μm、開孔率50%)を用いた。
【0070】
極群4は、正極合剤11と負極合剤21とを対向させ、その間にセパレータ3を配し、正極1、セパレータ3、負極2の順に積層することにより、構成した。
【0071】
非水電解質は、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートを体積比6:2:2の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF 6 を溶解させ、さらに(化2)に示される無水ヘキサフルオロ酢酸を2質量%混合することにより得た。
【0072】
【化2】
【0073】
次に、非水電解質中に極群4を浸漬させることにより、極群4に非水電解質を含浸させ、た。さらに、金属樹脂複合フィルム5で極群4を覆い、その四方を熱溶着により封止した。
【0074】
以上の製法により得られた非水電解質電池を参考電池Aとする。なお、参考電池Aの設計容量は、10mAhである。
【0075】
(実施例2)非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート及びジエチルカーボネートを体積比6:2:2の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF 6 を溶解させ、さらに(化3)に示される無水テトラフルオロコハク酸を2質量%混合したものを用いた以外は、参考例1と同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、本発明電池Bとした。
【0076】
【化3】
【0077】
(比較例1)非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートを体積比6:2:2の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF 6 を溶解させ、さらに無水コハク酸を2質量%混合したものを用いた以外は、参考例1と同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Cとした。
【0078】
(比較例2)非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートを体積比6:2:2の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF 6 を溶解させ、さらにビニレンカーボネートを2質量%混合したものを用いた以外は、参考例1と同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Dとした。
【0079】
(比較例3)非水電解質として、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネートを体積比6:2:2の割合で混合した混合溶媒1リットルに、1モルのLiPF 6 を溶解させたものを用いた以外は、参考例1と同一の原料および製法により、容量10mAhの非水電解質電池を作製し、比較電池Eとした。
【0080】
(電池性能試験)次に、これらの参考電池A、本発明電池Bおよび比較電池C、D、Eについて、初充電容量および初放電容量を測定した。初充電容量は、20℃において、電流2mA、終止電圧4.2Vの定電流定電圧充電として充電容量を求めた。初放電容量は、初充電後、20℃において、電流2mA、終止電圧2.7Vの定電流放電として放電容量を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
【0081】
【表1】
【0082】
表1に示すように、比較電池Eは、初充電容量が設計容量の約2倍と非常に大きくなり、かつ、初放電容量は非常に小さいものであった。これは、初充電中に非水電解質中のプロピレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解し、可逆容量が低下したためと考えられる。
【0083】
一方、比較電池Dは、初充電容量は設計容量の約1.2倍であり、初放電容量は設計容量の約0.85倍であった。これは、初充電中に非水電解質中のビニレンカーボネートがグラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制されるが、ビニレンカーボネートの分解に消費される電気量が大きく、かつ、余剰のビニレンカーボネートが正極上で分解するため、初放電容量が低くなったものと考えられる。
【0084】
また、比較電池Cは、初充電容量は設計容量の約1.1倍であり、初放電容量は設計容量の約0.95倍であった。これは、初充電中に非水電解質中の無水コハク酸がグラファイト負極上で分解することにより、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解が抑制されることによるものであり、ビニレンカーボネートを添加した比較電池Dに対して、無水コハク酸の分解に消費される電気量が小さく、かつ、より緻密な保護被膜が充電初期に生成されるため、初放電容量が高くなったものと考えられるが、必ずしも充分改善されたとは言えない。
【0085】
これに対し、参考電池A、本発明電池Bは、比較電池C、D、Eと比較して、初充電容量および初放電容量がともに優れており、高い低温特性と高いエネルギー密度とを兼ね備える非水電解質電池であることが確認された。これは、初充電時にカルボン酸無水物のフッ化物である無水ヘキサフルオロ酢酸または無水テトラフルオロコハク酸がグラファイト負極上で分解し、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するが、ビニレンカーボネートや、フッ素化されていない無水コハク酸に比較し、負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜が、緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、プロピレンカーボネートの分解を確実に抑制できるためと考えられる。よって、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【0086】
【発明の効果】
以上、説明したように、本発明によれば、請求項1に記載したように、非水電解質中に少なくともプロピレンカーボネートを含有しており、且つ、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物を非水電解質の全質量に対して0.01質量%〜20質量%含有することにより、初充電時に環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物がグラファイト負極上で分解し、グラファイト負極表面にリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜を形成するため、非水電解液を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解を確実に抑制できるので、2サイクル目以降の充放電を充分に行うことができる。このとき、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物により負極表面に形成されるリチウムイオン透過性の保護被膜は、緻密で、且つ、リチウムイオン透過性に優れたものとなるため、ごく少量添加するだけで非水電解液を構成するその他の有機溶媒の分解をより効果的に抑制できる。一方、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、フッ素化されているため耐酸化性が高く、正極上での酸化分解がほとんど起こらず、過剰に添加しても電池性能を劣化させることはない。よって、充放電効率が高く、高いエネルギー密度を有する非水電解質電池を提供できる。さらに、一方、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物は、フッ素化されているため引火点が高く、非水電解質の安全性を高める効果も期待できる。よって、安全性に優れた非水電解質電池とすることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】本発明の非水電解質電池の断面図である。
【符号の説明】
1 正極
11 正極合剤
12 正極集電体
2 負極合剤
21 負極合剤
22 負極集電体
3 セパレータ
4 極群
5 金属樹脂複合フィルム[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a non-aqueous electrolyte battery, and more particularly to an improvement of a non-aqueous electrolyte of a non-aqueous electrolyte battery.
[0002]
[Prior art]
In recent years, nonaqueous electrolyte batteries, particularly lithium secondary batteries, have attracted attention as power supplies for portable devices such as mobile phones, PHS (simple mobile phones), and small computers, power storage power supplies, and power supplies for electric vehicles.
[0003]
A lithium secondary battery is generally composed of a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material as a main constituent, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material as a main constituent, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
[0004]
The positive electrode active material constituting the lithium secondary battery is a lithium-containing transition metal oxide, the negative electrode active material is a carbonaceous material typified by graphite, and the nonaqueous electrolyte is lithium hexafluorophosphate ( LiPF6A solution in which an electrolyte such as) is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent containing ethylene carbonate as a main constituent is widely known.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, ethylene carbonate has a high melting point, and the electrolyte is easily solidified at a low temperature. Therefore, in place of ethylene carbonate, a method of using propylene carbonate having a lower melting point as a non-aqueous solvent for the electrolytic solution is known, but since propylene carbonate decomposes on the graphite negative electrode at the time of charge, particularly at the first charge, There was a problem that battery performance could not be obtained sufficiently.
[0006]
As means for solving this problem, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-67266 discloses a technique for applying a nonaqueous solvent containing vinylene carbonate as an essential component for suppressing the decomposition of propylene carbonate to a nonaqueous electrolyte battery. Has been. That is, when vinylene carbonate decomposes on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, a lithium ion permeable protective coating is formed on the surface of the graphite negative electrode. It is supposed that the nonaqueous electrolyte battery which has is obtained. However, since vinylene carbonate is inferior in oxidation resistance and decomposes on the positive electrode, there is a problem that battery performance deteriorates when added in a large amount.
[0007]
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object thereof is to easily provide a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having excellent safety, high charge / discharge efficiency, and high energy density. .
[0008]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have intensively studied to make the non-aqueous solvent constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte specific, and surprisingly, it is excellent in safety and charge / discharge. It has been found that a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high efficiency and high energy density can be obtained, and the present invention has been achieved. That is, the technical configuration and operational effects of the present invention are as follows. However, the action mechanism includes estimation, and the correctness does not limit the present invention.
[0009]
The invention according to claim 1 is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising at least a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material as a main constituent, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material as a main constituent, and a nonaqueous electrolyte. Water electrolyteContains at least propylene carbonate, andFluorination of cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride0.01% by mass to 20% by mass with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyteIt is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery characterized by containing.
[0010]
According to the first aspect of the invention, the fluorination of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride in the non-aqueous electrolyte is performed.ThingsBy containing, the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride fluoride decomposes on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, and forms a lithium ion permeable protective coating on the graphite negative electrode surface. Since decomposition | disassembly of an organic solvent can be suppressed reliably, charging / discharging after 2nd cycle can fully be performed, and charging / discharging efficiency can be improved. At this time, the lithium ion-permeable protective coating formed on the negative electrode surface by the fluoride of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride is dense and excellent in lithium ion permeability. The decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte can be more effectively suppressed. On the other hand, the fluoride of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride has high oxidation resistance because it is fluorinated, hardly undergoes oxidative decomposition on the positive electrode, and does not deteriorate battery performance even if added excessively. Therefore, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency and high energy density can be obtained. Furthermore, since the fluoride of cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride is fluorinated, its flash point is high, and the effect of improving the safety of the nonaqueous electrolyte can also be expected. Therefore, it can be set as the nonaqueous electrolyte battery excellent in safety.
[0011]
In the invention according to claim 2, the fluoride of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride is fluorosuccinic anhydride, 2,2-difluorosuccinic anhydride, tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethyl succinic anhydride, 2,2 -Di (trifluoromethyl) succinic acid, fluoromaleic anhydride, 2,3-difluoromaleic anhydride, 2,3-di (trifluoromethyl) maleic anhydride, 2-fluoroglutaric anhydride, 3-fluoroglutaric anhydride Acid, 2,2-difluoroglutaric anhydride, 3,3-difluoroglutaric anhydride,Hexafluoroglutaric anhydride,It is at least one selected from the group consisting of 3-fluorophthalic anhydride, 4-fluorophthalic anhydride, 3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophthalic anhydride, and hexafluorophthalic anhydride. It is a water electrolyte battery.
[0014]
BookAccording to the invention, the inclusion of a cyclic carbonate having no π bond in the non-aqueous electrolyte keeps the boiling point and flash point of the non-aqueous electrolyte high, and also has a high dielectric constant, so that the lithium ion conductivity The above effect can be effectively obtained because the oxidation resistance and the oxidation resistance are excellent. Therefore, it can be set as the nonaqueous electrolyte battery which is more excellent in safety, has high charging / discharging efficiency, and has a high energy density.
[0016]
BookAccording to the invention, by making the cyclic carbonate having no π bond contained in the nonaqueous electrolyte into propylene carbonate, the characteristics of the organic solvent having a high dielectric constant and excellent oxidation resistance can be utilized. Therefore, the above effect can be obtained more effectively.
[0017]
Claim3The described invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery characterized in that the negative electrode active material is graphite.
[0018]
Claim3According to the described invention, graphite has an operating potential very close to the metallic lithium potential (in the case of an aqueous solution -3.045 V vs. NHE), and can reduce the irreversible capacity in charge and discharge, and thus has a high operating voltage. In addition, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a high energy density can be obtained.
[0019]
Claim4The described invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery characterized in that the outer package is made of a metal resin composite material.
[0020]
Claim4According to the described invention, the metal-resin composite material is lighter than metal and can be easily formed into a thin shape, so that the non-aqueous electrolyte battery can be reduced in size and weight.
[0021]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention are illustrated below, but the present invention is not limited to these descriptions.
[0022]
A nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention comprises a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material as a main constituent, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material as a main constituent, and an acid anhydride fluoride in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent. In general, a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
[0023]
AboveCarvoneAn acid anhydride fluoride has a structure represented by (Chemical Formula 1).
[0024]
[Chemical 1]
[0027]
In the carboxylic acid anhydride fluoride according to the present invention, A and B are organic functional groups, and A and B are bonded to each other to form a cyclic structure. However, hexafluoroglutaric anhydride, fluoromalonic anhydride, fluorodiglycolic anhydride, and (trifluoromethyl) diglycolic anhydride are excluded). For example, fluorosuccinic anhydride, 2,2-difluorosuccinic anhydride, tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride, trifluoromethyl succinic anhydride, 2,2-di (trifluoromethyl) succinic anhydride, fluoromaleic anhydride, anhydrous 2 , 3-Difluoromaleic acid, 2,3-di (trifluoromethyl) maleic anhydride, 2-fluoroglutaric anhydride, 3-fluoroglutaric anhydride, 2,2-difluoroglutaric anhydride, 3,3-difluoro anhydride Glutaric acid,Hexafluoroglutaric anhydride,Preferred are 3-fluorophthalic anhydride, 4-fluorophthalic anhydride, 3,4,5,6-tetrafluorophthalic anhydride, hexafluorophthalic anhydride, and examples thereof include one or a mixture of two or more thereof. However, it is not limited to these.
[0028]
The content of fluoride of the acid anhydride is the total content of the non-aqueous electrolyte.quality0.01 to quantityquality% To 20%quality%GoodPreferably 0.10quality% To 15%quality%. The content of acid anhydride fluoride is the total amount of non-aqueous electrolyte.quality0.01 to quantityqualityWhen the amount is at least%, the decomposition of the other organic solvent constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte at the time of initial charge can be suppressed almost completely, and charging can be performed more reliably. 20qualityWhen the amount is less than or equal to%, the viscosity of the electrolytic solution does not become excessively high, so that sufficient battery performance can be exhibited even during high rate charge / discharge and at low temperatures.
[0029]
As the organic solvent constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte, an organic solvent generally used for a nonaqueous electrolyte for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery can be used. For example, cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate; cyclic esters such as γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, propiolactone; dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl Chain carbonates such as methyl carbonate and diphenyl carbonate; chain esters such as methyl acetate and methyl butyrate; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or derivatives thereof, 1,3-dioxane, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, methoxyethoxyethane, and methyldiglyme Nitriles such as acetonitrile and benzonitrile; dioxalane or derivatives thereof; simple compounds such as sulfolane, sultone or derivatives thereof Examples thereof include, but are not limited to, one or a mixture of two or more thereof.
[0030]
In the present invention, the inclusion of a cyclic carbonate having a high dielectric constant and no π bond in the non-aqueous electrolyte is preferable because the effects of the present invention can be sufficiently exerted, and in particular, propylene carbonate is contained. To doIs required.
[0031]
Examples of the electrolyte salt include LiClO.Four, LiBFFour, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiCFThreeSOThree, LiN (CFThreeSO2)2, LiN (C2FFiveSO2)2, LiSCN, LiBr, LiI, Li2SOFour, Li2BTenClTen, NaClOFour, NaI, NaSCN, NaBr, KClOFour, KSCN, and other inorganic ion salts containing one of lithium (Li), sodium (Na) or potassium (K), LiN (CFThreeSO2)2, LiN (C2FFiveSO2)2, (CHThree)FourNBFFour, (CHThree)FourNBr, (C2HFive)FourNClOFour, (C2HFive)FourNI, (CThreeH7)FourNBr, (n-CFourH9)FourNClOFour, (N-CFourH9)FourNI, (C2HFive)FourN-maleate, (C2HFive)FourN-benzoate, (C2HFive)FourExamples include organic ionic salts such as quaternary ammonium salts such as N-phtalate, lithium stearyl sulfonate, lithium octyl sulfonate, lithium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, etc., and these ionic compounds are used alone or in admixture of two or more. It is possible.
[0032]
The concentration of the electrolyte salt in the nonaqueous electrolyte is preferably 0.1 mol / l to 5 mol / l, more preferably 1 mol / l to 2.5 mol in order to reliably obtain a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high battery characteristics. / L.
[0033]
As the positive electrode active material which is a main component of the positive electrode, it is desirable to use lithium-containing transition metal oxides, lithium-containing phosphates, lithium-containing sulfates or the like alone or in combination. Examples of the lithium-containing transition metal oxide include a general formula LiyCo1-xMxO2, LiyMn2-xMXOFour(M is a group I to VIII metal (for example, one or more elements of Li, Ca, Cr, Ni, Mn, Fe, and Co). Although it is effective up to a large amount, it is preferably 0 ≦ x ≦ 1 from the viewpoint of discharge capacity, and the maximum value that can reversibly use lithium is effective for the y value indicating the amount of lithium, preferably discharge. From the viewpoint of capacity, 0 ≦ y ≦ 2.), But is not limited thereto.
[0034]
In addition, other positive electrode active materials may be mixed with the lithium-containing compound, and examples of other positive electrode active materials include CuO and Cu.2O, Ag2O, CuS, CuSOFourGroup I metal compounds such as TiS2, SiO2Group IV metal compounds such as SnO, V2OFive, V6O12, VOx, Nb2OFive, Bi2OThree, Sb2OThreeGroup V metal compounds such as CrOThree, Cr2OThree, MoOThree, MoS2, WOThree, SeO2Group VI metal compounds such as MnO2, Mn2OThreeGroup VII metal compounds such as Fe2OThree, FeO, FeThreeOFour, Ni2OThree, NiO, CoOThreeGroup VIII metal compounds such as CoO, or the general formula LixMX2, LixMNyX2(M and N represent metals of groups I to VIII, X represents a chalcogen compound such as oxygen and sulfur), and the like, for example, a metal such as a lithium-cobalt composite oxide or a lithium-manganese composite oxide Examples of such compounds include, but are not limited to, conductive polymer compounds such as disulfide, polypyrrole, polyaniline, polyparaphenylene, polyacetylene, and polyacene materials, pseudographite-structured carbonaceous materials, and the like.
[0035]
The negative electrode active material, which is the main component of the negative electrode, is modified by adding carbonaceous materials, metal oxides such as tin oxide and silicon oxide, and adding phosphorus and boron to these materials for the purpose of improving negative electrode characteristics. The material etc. which performed were mentioned. Among carbonaceous materials, graphite has a working potential very close to that of metallic lithium, so that when lithium salt is used as an electrolyte salt, self-discharge can be reduced, and irreversible capacity in charge / discharge can be reduced, which is preferable as a negative electrode active material. . Furthermore, in the present invention, since a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a cyclic carbonate or a chain carbonate fluoride is used, other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte on the negative electrode mainly composed of graphite at the time of charging are used. The decomposition can be reliably suppressed, and the advantageous characteristics of graphite can be surely exhibited.
[0036]
Below, the analysis result by X-ray diffraction etc. of the graphite which can be used suitably is shown;
Lattice spacing (d002) 0.333 to 0.350 nanometers
a-axis direction crystallite size La 20 nanometers or more
c-axis direction crystallite size Lc 20 nanometers or more
True density 2.00 to 2.25g / cmThree
[0037]
Further, graphite may be modified by adding a metal oxide such as tin oxide or silicon oxide, phosphorus, boron, amorphous carbon, or the like. In particular, it is preferable to modify the surface of graphite by the above-described method from the viewpoint of suppressing the decomposition of the electrolytic solution and improving the battery characteristics. In addition to graphite, lithium metal-containing alloys such as lithium metal, lithium-aluminum, lithium-lead, lithium-tin, lithium-aluminum-tin, lithium-gallium, and wood alloys can be used in combination. Graphite in which lithium is inserted by chemical reduction can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
[0038]
Further, at least the surface layer portion of the positive electrode active material powder and / or the negative electrode active material powder may be modified with a compound having good electron conductivity or ion conductivity, or a compound having a hydrophobic group. For example, plating materials with good electron conductivity such as gold, silver, carbon, nickel, copper, materials with good ion conductivity such as lithium carbonate, boron glass, solid electrolyte, or materials having hydrophobic groups such as silicone oil And coating by applying techniques such as sintering, mechanofusion, vapor deposition and baking.
[0039]
The positive electrode active material powder and the negative electrode active material powder preferably have an average particle size of 100 μm or less. In particular, the powder of the positive electrode active material is preferably 10 μm or less for the purpose of improving the high output characteristics of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery. In order to obtain the powder in a predetermined shape, a pulverizer or a classifier is used. For example, a mortar, a ball mill, a sand mill, a vibrating ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a jet mill, a counter jet mill, a swirling air flow type jet mill or a sieve is used. At the time of pulverization, wet pulverization in the presence of water or an organic solvent such as hexane may be used. There is no particular limitation on the classification method, and a sieve, an air classifier, or the like is used as needed for both dry and wet methods.
[0040]
As described above, the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material have been described in detail. The positive electrode and the negative electrode contain, in addition to the active material as the main component, a conductive agent, a binder, and a filler as other components. May be.
[0041]
The conductive agent is not limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not adversely affect the battery performance. Usually, natural graphite (such as scaly graphite, scaly graphite, earthy graphite), artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, Conductive materials such as ketjen black, carbon whisker, carbon fiber, metal (copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold, etc.) powder, metal fiber, and conductive ceramic material can be included as one kind or a mixture thereof. .
[0042]
Among these, as the conductive agent, acetylene black is desirable from the viewpoints of conductivity and coating properties. The amount of conductive agent added is the total amount of positive electrode or negative electrode.quality1 for quantityquality% To 50%quality% Is preferred, especially 2quality% To 30%quality% By weight is preferred. These mixing methods are physical mixing, and the ideal is uniform mixing. Therefore, powder mixers such as V-type mixers, S-type mixers, crackers, ball mills, and planetary ball mills can be mixed dry or wet.
[0043]
As the binder, usually, thermoplastic resins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, and polypropylene, ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluorine rubber, and the like These polymers having rubber elasticity, polysaccharides such as carboxymethylcellulose, and the like can be used as one or a mixture of two or more. In addition, it is desirable that a binder having a functional group that reacts with lithium, such as a polysaccharide, be deactivated by, for example, methylation. The addition amount of the binder is 1 to 50 with respect to the total mass of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.quality% By weight is preferred, especially 2-30quality% By weight is preferred.
[0044]
As the filler, any material that does not adversely affect the battery performance may be used. Usually, olefin polymers such as polypropylene and polyethylene, metal oxides such as silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide and iron oxide, metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, glass, Carbon or the like is used. The added amount of the filler is 30 with respect to the total mass of the positive electrode or the negative electrode.qualityThe amount% or less is preferable.
[0045]
The positive electrode and the negative electrode are prepared by mixing the active material, the conductive agent and the binder in an organic solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone and toluene, and then applying the obtained mixture onto the current collector described in detail below. Then, it is preferably produced by drying. About the application method, for example, it is desirable to apply to any thickness and any shape using means such as roller coating such as applicator roll, screen coating, doctor blade method, spin coating, bar coder, etc. It is not limited.
[0046]
The current collector may be anything as long as it is an electronic conductor that does not adversely affect the constructed battery. For example, as a current collector for positive electrode, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, nickel, calcined carbon, conductive polymer, conductive glass, etc. are used for the purpose of improving adhesion, conductivity and oxidation resistance. A material obtained by treating the surface of copper or copper with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver or the like can be used. In addition to copper, nickel, iron, stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, calcined carbon, conductive polymer, conductive glass, Al-Cd alloy, etc., the negative electrode current collector is adhesive, conductive, and oxidation resistant. For the purpose of improving the property, a material obtained by treating the surface of copper or the like with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver or the like can be used. The surface of these materials can be oxidized.
[0047]
Regarding the shape of the current collector, a film shape, a sheet shape, a net shape, a punched or expanded material, a lath body, a porous body, a foamed body, a formed body of fiber groups, and the like are used in addition to the foil shape. Although there is no particular limitation on the thickness, a thickness of 1 to 500 μm is used. Among these current collectors, an aluminum foil excellent in oxidation resistance is used as a positive electrode, and as a negative electrode, copper foil, nickel foil, iron, which is stable in a reduction field, has excellent conductivity, and is inexpensive. It is preferred to use foils and alloy foils containing parts thereof. Furthermore, a foil having a rough surface surface roughness of 0.2 μmRa or more is preferable, whereby the adhesion between the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material and the current collector is excellent. Therefore, it is preferable to use an electrolytic foil because it has such a rough surface. In particular, an electrolytic foil that has been subjected to a cracking treatment is most preferable.
[0048]
As a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, it is preferable to use a microporous film or a nonwoven fabric exhibiting excellent rate characteristics alone or in combination. Examples of the material constituting the separator for nonaqueous electrolyte batteries include polyolefin resins typified by polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., polyester resins typified by polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, etc., polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexa. Fluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-perfluorovinyl ether copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-fluoroethylene copolymer, fluorine Vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoroacetone copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-ethylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-propylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-trifluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride - tetrafluoroethylene - hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride - ethylene - can be mentioned tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.
[0049]
The porosity of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery separator is preferably 98% by volume or less from the viewpoint of strength. Further, the porosity is preferably 20% by volume or more from the viewpoint of charge / discharge characteristics.
[0050]
The separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery may be a polymer gel composed of a polymer such as acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinylidene fluoride, and an electrolytic solution.
[0051]
Further, when the separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is used in combination with a porous film, a nonwoven fabric, or the like as described above and a polymer gel, it is desirable because the liquid retention of the electrolytic solution is improved. That is, by forming a film in which the surface of the polyethylene microporous membrane and the microporous wall are coated with a solvophilic polymer having a thickness of several μm or less, and holding the electrolyte in the micropores of the film, The polymer gels.
[0052]
Examples of the solvophilic polymer include polyvinylidene fluoride, an acrylate monomer having an ethylene oxide group, an ester group, and the like, an epoxy monomer, and a polymer in which a monomer having an isocyanate group is crosslinked. For crosslinking, active light such as heat, ultraviolet rays (UV) or electron beams (EB) can be used.
[0053]
For the purpose of controlling strength and physical properties, the solvophilic polymer can be used by blending with a physical property modifier in a range that does not interfere with the formation of a crosslinked product. Examples of the physical property modifier include inorganic fillers {metal oxides such as silicon oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, and iron oxide; metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate}. , Polymers {polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, etc.} and the like. The addition amount of the physical property modifier is usually 50 with respect to the crosslinkable monomer.quality% Or less, preferably 20quality% Or less.
[0054]
When it illustrates about the said acrylate monomer, a bifunctional or more unsaturated monomer is mentioned suitably, More specifically, bifunctional (meth) acrylate {ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, propylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, adipine Acid / dineopentyl glycol ester di (meth) acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate having a polymerization degree of 2 or more, polypropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate having a polymerization degree of 2 or more, polyoxyethylene / polyoxypropylene copolymer Di (meth) acrylate, butanediol di (meth) acrylate, hexamethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, etc.}, trifunctional (meth) acrylate {trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, glycerin tri (meth) ) Acrylate, tri (meth) acrylate of ethylene oxide adduct of glycerin, tri (meth) acrylate of propylene oxide adduct of glycerin, ethylene oxide of glycerin, tri (meth) acrylate of propylene oxide adduct}, etc. Functional (meth) acrylate {pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, diglycerin hexa (meth) acrylate, etc.} can be mentioned. These monomers can be used alone or in combination.
[0055]
A monofunctional monomer may be added to the acrylate monomer for the purpose of adjusting physical properties. Examples of the monofunctional monomer include unsaturated carboxylic acid {acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, vinyl benzoic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, methylenemalonic acid, Aconitic acid, etc.}, unsaturated sulfonic acid {styrene sulfonic acid, acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid, etc.} or salts thereof (Li salt, Na salt, K salt, ammonium salt, tetraalkylammonium salt, etc.), and these Of the unsaturated carboxylic acid partially esterified with a C1 to C18 aliphatic or alicyclic alcohol, alkylene (C2 to C4) glycol, polyalkylene (C2 to C4) glycol, etc. (methylmalate, monohydroxyethylmer) Rate, etc.), and partially with ammonia, primary or secondary amines Amidated (maleic acid monoamide, N-methylmaleic acid monoamide, N, N-diethylmaleic acid monoamide, etc.), (meth) acrylic acid ester [C1-C18 aliphatic (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, 2 -Ethylhexyl, stearyl, etc.) Esters of alcohol and (meth) acrylic acid, or alkylene (C2-C4) glycol (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, etc.) and polyalkylene (C2-C4) glycol ( Polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol) and (meth) acrylic acid ester]; (meth) acrylamide or N-substituted (meth) acrylamide [(meth) acrylamide, N-methyl (meth) acrylamide, N-methylol (meth) acrylic Vinyl ester or allyl ester [vinyl acetate, allyl acetate, etc.]; vinyl ether or allyl ether [butyl vinyl ether, dodecyl allyl ether, etc.]; unsaturated nitrile compound [(meth) acrylonitrile, crotonnitrile, etc.]; unsaturated alcohol [(Meth) allyl alcohol, etc.]; Unsaturated amine [(Meth) allylamine, dimethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, diethylaminoethyl (meth) acrylate, etc.]; Heterocycle-containing monomer [N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylpyridine, etc.] Olefinic aliphatic hydrocarbon [ethylene, propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, (C6-C50) α-olefin, etc.]; olefinic alicyclic hydrocarbon [cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, no Boronene etc.]; Olefin aromatic hydrocarbons [styrene, α-methylstyrene, stilbene, etc.]; Unsaturated imides [maleimide, etc.]; Halogen-containing monomers [vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, etc.], etc. Is mentioned.
[0056]
Examples of the epoxy monomer include glycidyl ethers {bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, bisphenol F diglycidyl ether, brominated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, phenol novolac glycidyl ether, cresol novolac glycidyl ether, etc.}, glycidyl esters {hexahydrophthal Acid glycidyl ester, dimer acid glycidyl ester, etc.}, glycidyl amines {triglycidyl isocyanurate, tetraglycidyl diaminophenylmethane, etc.}, linear aliphatic epoxides {epoxidized polybutadiene, epoxidized soybean oil, etc.}, alicyclic epoxides Class {3,4 epoxy-6 methyl cyclohexyl methyl carboxylate, 3,4 epoxy cyclohexyl methyl carboxylate }, And the like. These epoxy resins can be used alone or after being cured by adding a curing agent.
[0057]
Examples of the curing agent include aliphatic polyamines {diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, 3,9- (3-aminopropyl) -2,4,8,10-tetrooxaspiro [5,5] undecane, etc.} Aromatic polyamines {metaxylenediamine, diaminophenylmethane, etc.}, polyamides {dimer acid polyamides, etc.}, acid anhydrides {phthalic anhydride, tetrahydromethylphthalic anhydride, hexahydrophthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride, anhydrous Methyl nadic acid}, phenols {phenol novolak etc.}, polymercaptan {polysulfide etc.}, tertiary amines {tris (dimethylaminomethyl) phenol, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole etc.}, Lewis acid complex {three fluoride Boron bromide / ethylamine complex, etc.}.
[0058]
Examples of the monomer having an isocyanate group include toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate, 2,2,4 (2,2,4) -trimethyl-hexamethylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, 4, 4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethyldiphenyl 4,4'-diisocyanate, dianisidine diisocyanate, m-xylene diisocyanate, trimethylxylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate, trans-1,4 -Cyclohexyl diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate and the like.
[0059]
In crosslinking the monomer having an isocyanate group, polyols and polyamines [bifunctional compounds {water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, etc.], trifunctional compounds {glycerin, trimethylolpropane, 1, 2 , 6-hexanetriol, triethanolamine, etc.}, tetrafunctional compound {pentaerythritol, ethylenediamine, tolylenediamine, diphenylmethanediamine, tetramethylolcyclohexane, methylglucoside, etc.}, pentafunctional compound {2,2,6,6-tetrakis (Hydroxymethyl) cyclohexanol, diethylenetriamine, etc.}, hexafunctional compounds {sorbitol, mannitol, dulcitol, etc.}, octafunctional compounds {sucrose, etc.}], and Polyether polyols {Propylene oxide and / or ethylene oxide adduct of the above-mentioned polyol or polyamine}, polyester polyol [the above-mentioned polyol and polybasic acid {adipic acid, o, m, p-phthalic acid, succinic acid, azelaic acid, sebacine Acid, ricinoleic acid} condensate, polycaprolactone polyol {poly ε-caprolactone, etc.}, hydroxycarboxylic acid polycondensate, etc.] and the like can be used in combination.
[0060]
In the crosslinking reaction, a catalyst can be used in combination. Examples of the catalyst include organotin compounds, trialkylphosphines, amines [monoamines {N, N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, triethylamine, etc.}, cyclic monoamines {pyridine, N-methylmorpholine, etc.}, diamines { N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethylethylenediamine, N, N, N ′, N′-tetramethyl1,3-butanediamine, etc.}, triamines {N, N, N ′, N′-pentamethyl Diethylenetriamine etc.}, hexamines {N, N, N′N′-tetra (3-dimethylaminopropyl) -methanediamine etc.}, cyclic polyamines {diazabicyclooctane (DABCO), N, N′-dimethylpiperazine, 1,2-dimethylimidazole, 1,8-diazabicyclo (5,4,0) undecene-7 (DBU) Etc.}, and salts thereof.
[0061]
In the nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention, the electrolyte solution is injected before or after laminating the separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, the positive electrode, and the negative electrode, and finally sealed with an exterior material. Is preferably produced. In a nonaqueous electrolyte battery in which a power generation element in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are laminated via a separator for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is wound, the electrolyte is injected into the power generation element before and after the winding. Is preferred. As the injection method, it is possible to inject at normal pressure, but a vacuum impregnation method and a pressure impregnation method can also be used.
[0062]
As the exterior body, a thin material is preferable from the viewpoint of reducing the weight of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery. For example, a metal resin composite material in which a metal foil is sandwiched between resin films is preferable. Specific examples of the metal foil include aluminum, iron, nickel, copper, stainless steel, titanium, gold, silver, and the like, as long as the foil does not have a pinhole. However, a lightweight and inexpensive aluminum foil is preferable. In addition, as the resin film on the battery outer side, a resin film having excellent piercing strength such as polyethylene terephthalate film and nylon film can be heat-sealed as the resin film on the battery inner side such as polyethylene film and nylon film. Preferred is a film having solvent resistance.
[0063]
【Example】
Hereinafter, although the further detail of this invention is demonstrated by an Example, this invention is not limited to these description.
[0064]
(referenceExample 1) FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte battery in the battery of the present invention.
[0065]
The lithium battery according to the present invention includes a pole group 4 including a positive electrode 1, a negative electrode 2, and a separator 3, a nonaqueous electrolyte, and a metal resin composite film 5. The positive electrode 1 is formed by applying a positive electrode mixture 11 on a positive electrode current collector 12. The negative electrode 2 is formed by applying a negative electrode mixture 21 on a negative electrode current collector 22. The nonaqueous electrolyte is impregnated in the pole group 4. The metal resin composite film 5 covers the pole group 4 and is sealed on all four sides by heat welding.
[0066]
Next, a method for manufacturing the battery having the above configuration will be described.
[0067]
The positive electrode 1 was obtained as follows. First, LiCoO2 as a positive electrode active material and acetylene black as a conductive agent are mixed, and further an N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride is mixed as a binder, and this mixture is a positive electrode made of an aluminum foil. After apply | coating to the single side | surface of the electrical power collector 12, it dried and pressed so that the thickness of the positive mix 11 might be set to 0.1 mm. The positive electrode 1 was obtained by the above process.
[0068]
Moreover, the negative electrode 2 was obtained as follows. First, after mixing graphite as a negative electrode active material and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution of polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder, this mixture was applied to one side of a negative electrode current collector 22 made of copper foil. , Dried, and pressed so that the thickness of the negative electrode mixture 21 was 0.1 mm. The negative electrode 2 was obtained by the above process.
[0069]
On the other hand, a polyethylene microporous film (thickness: 25 μm, porosity: 50%) was used for the separator 5.
[0070]
The pole group 4 was configured by facing the positive electrode mixture 11 and the negative electrode mixture 21, placing the separator 3 therebetween, and laminating the positive electrode 1, the separator 3, and the negative electrode 2 in this order.
[0071]
The non-aqueous electrolyte is composed of 1 mol of LiPF in 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate are mixed at a volume ratio of 6: 2: 2. 6 Then, hexafluoroacetic anhydride shown in (Chemical Formula 2)qualityIt was obtained by mixing in an amount of%.
[0072]
[Chemical 2]
[0073]
Next, the electrode group 4 was impregnated with the non-aqueous electrolyte by immersing the electrode group 4 in the non-aqueous electrolyte. Furthermore, the pole group 4 was covered with the metal resin composite film 5, and the four sides were sealed by heat welding.
[0074]
Non-aqueous electrolyte battery obtained by the above manufacturing methodreferenceAssume battery A. In addition,referenceThe design capacity of the battery A is 10 mAh.
[0075]
(Example 2) As a nonaqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 6: 2: 2. 6 And tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride shown in (Chemical Formula 3)qualityA non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw materials and production method as in Reference Example 1 except that a mixture in an amount of% was used.
[0076]
[Chemical Formula 3]
[0077]
Comparative Example 1 As a nonaqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 6: 2: 2. 6 And succinic anhydride 2qualityA non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw materials and manufacturing method as in Reference Example 1 except that a mixed amount of% was used.
[0078]
(Comparative Example 2) As a nonaqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 6: 2: 2. 6 And further vinylene carbonate 2qualityA non-aqueous electrolyte battery having a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw materials and production method as in Reference Example 1 except that a mixed amount of% was used.
[0079]
Comparative Example 3 As a nonaqueous electrolyte, 1 mol of LiPF was added to 1 liter of a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 6: 2: 2. 6 A non-aqueous electrolyte battery with a capacity of 10 mAh was produced by using the same raw materials and production method as in Reference Example 1 except that a battery in which a solution was dissolved was used as comparative battery E.
[0080]
(Battery performance test)referenceBattery A,Invention batteryFor B and comparative batteries C, D, and E, the initial charge capacity and initial discharge capacity were measured. The initial charge capacity was determined as a constant current and constant voltage charge with a current of 2 mA and a final voltage of 4.2 V at 20 ° C. The initial discharge capacity was determined as a constant current discharge with a current of 2 mA and a final voltage of 2.7 V at 20 ° C. after the initial charge. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0081]
[Table 1]
[0082]
As shown in Table 1, the comparative battery E had a very large initial charge capacity of about twice the design capacity, and a very small initial discharge capacity. This is presumably because propylene carbonate in the nonaqueous electrolyte was decomposed on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, and the reversible capacity was reduced.
[0083]
On the other hand, the comparative battery D had an initial charge capacity of about 1.2 times the design capacity, and an initial discharge capacity of about 0.85 times the design capacity. This is because the vinylene carbonate in the non-aqueous electrolyte is decomposed on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, thereby forming a lithium ion permeable protective coating on the graphite negative electrode surface. The amount of electricity consumed for the decomposition of vinylene carbonate is large, and surplus vinylene carbonate is decomposed on the positive electrode, which is considered to have reduced the initial discharge capacity.
[0084]
Comparative battery C had an initial charge capacity of about 1.1 times the design capacity, and an initial discharge capacity of about 0.95 times the design capacity. This is because succinic anhydride in the non-aqueous electrolyte decomposes on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, thereby forming a lithium ion permeable protective film on the surface of the graphite negative electrode, so that the decomposition of propylene carbonate is suppressed. The amount of electricity consumed for the decomposition of succinic anhydride is smaller than that of Comparative Battery D to which vinylene carbonate has been added, and a denser protective film is generated at the initial stage of charging. However, it is not necessarily improved enough.
[0085]
In contrast,referenceBattery A,Invention batteryCompared with comparative batteries C, D, and E, B was excellent in both initial charge capacity and initial discharge capacity, and was confirmed to be a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having both high low temperature characteristics and high energy density. This is the first chargeCarvoneAcid anhydride fluoride hexafluoroacetic anhydride or tetrafluorosuccinic anhydride decomposes on the graphite negative electrode, forming a lithium ion permeable protective coating on the graphite negative electrode surface. Compared to succinic anhydride, the lithium ion permeable protective coating formed on the negative electrode surface is dense and excellent in lithium ion permeability, so that the decomposition of propylene carbonate can be reliably suppressed. it is conceivable that. Therefore, a non-aqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency and high energy density can be obtained.
[0086]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, as described in claim 1, in the nonaqueous electrolyte,Contains at least propylene carbonate, andFluorination of cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride0.01% by mass to 20% by mass with respect to the total mass of the nonaqueous electrolyteBy containing it, the fluoride of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride decomposes on the graphite negative electrode during the initial charge, and forms a lithium ion-permeable protective film on the surface of the graphite negative electrode. Since decomposition | disassembly of a solvent can be suppressed reliably, charging / discharging after the 2nd cycle can fully be performed. At this time, the lithium ion-permeable protective coating formed on the negative electrode surface by the fluoride of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride is dense and excellent in lithium ion permeability. The decomposition of other organic solvents constituting the non-aqueous electrolyte can be more effectively suppressed. On the other hand, the fluoride of the cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride has high oxidation resistance because it is fluorinated, hardly undergoes oxidative decomposition on the positive electrode, and does not deteriorate battery performance even if added excessively. Therefore, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having high charge / discharge efficiency and high energy density can be provided. Furthermore, since the fluoride of cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride is fluorinated, it has a high flash point, and the effect of improving the safety of the nonaqueous electrolyte can also be expected. Therefore, it can be set as the nonaqueous electrolyte battery excellent in safety.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
1 Positive electrode
11 cathode mix
12 Positive current collector
2 Negative electrode mixture
21 Negative electrode mix
22 Negative electrode current collector
3 Separator
4 pole group
5 Metal resin composite film
Claims (4)
前記非水電解質は、少なくともプロピレンカーボネートを含有しており、且つ、環状カルボン酸無水物のフッ化物を非水電解質の全質量に対して0.01質量%〜20質量%含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質電池。In a nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising at least a positive electrode having a positive electrode active material as a main component, a negative electrode having a negative electrode active material as a main component, and a nonaqueous electrolyte,
The nonaqueous electrolyte contains at least propylene carbonate, and, to contain 0.01% to 20% by weight of fluoride of cyclic carboxylic acid anhydride relative to the total weight of the non-aqueous electrolyte Non-aqueous electrolyte battery characterized by.
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| JP2001275842A JP4415521B2 (en) | 2001-09-12 | 2001-09-12 | Non-aqueous electrolyte battery |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US9755277B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2017-09-05 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Electrolyte, electrochemical device, secondary cell, and module |
| US10256506B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2019-04-09 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Electrolyte, electrochemical device, secondary cell, and module |
| US11817546B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2023-11-14 | Nec Corporation | Lithium ion secondary battery |
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| JP2004296103A (en) * | 2003-03-25 | 2004-10-21 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Non-aqueous electrolyte for secondary battery and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
| JP4596763B2 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2010-12-15 | 三洋電機株式会社 | Non-aqueous solvent type secondary battery |
| JP4660104B2 (en) * | 2004-03-23 | 2011-03-30 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | Non-aqueous mixed solvent and non-aqueous electrolyte containing the same |
| JP2006066320A (en) * | 2004-08-30 | 2006-03-09 | Shin Kobe Electric Mach Co Ltd | Carboxylic anhydride organic compound, non-aqueous electrolyte containing the same, and lithium secondary battery using the same |
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| US7923148B2 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2011-04-12 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode containing silicon and an additive which retards oxidation of silicon during battery operation |
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| JP4763407B2 (en) * | 2005-09-28 | 2011-08-31 | 日立ビークルエナジー株式会社 | Non-aqueous electrolyte and lithium secondary battery using the non-aqueous electrolyte |
| KR101297257B1 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2013-08-16 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Organic electrolytic solution and lithium battery employing the same |
| JP6220396B2 (en) * | 2013-05-23 | 2017-10-25 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | Method for manufacturing electrode assembly |
| WO2015037451A1 (en) * | 2013-09-12 | 2015-03-19 | 日本電気株式会社 | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| US10978737B2 (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2021-04-13 | Nec Corporation | Nonaqueous electrolyte solution and secondary battery |
| JPWO2017122720A1 (en) * | 2016-01-15 | 2018-11-01 | 日本電気株式会社 | Secondary battery electrolyte and secondary battery |
| WO2018199072A1 (en) | 2017-04-25 | 2018-11-01 | 日本電気株式会社 | Lithium ion secondary battery |
| KR102431845B1 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2022-08-10 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | Electrolyte of rechargeable lithium battery and rechargeable lithium battery including same |
| JPWO2023017685A1 (en) * | 2021-08-12 | 2023-02-16 | ||
| CN113991179B (en) * | 2021-10-29 | 2024-06-14 | 湖南大学 | Electrolyte and battery |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9755277B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2017-09-05 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Electrolyte, electrochemical device, secondary cell, and module |
| US10256506B2 (en) | 2014-03-28 | 2019-04-09 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Electrolyte, electrochemical device, secondary cell, and module |
| US11817546B2 (en) | 2016-09-15 | 2023-11-14 | Nec Corporation | Lithium ion secondary battery |
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