JP4125781B2 - vaccine - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、新規ワクチン処方、それらの製造方法および医薬におけるそれらの使用に関する。詳細には、本発明は、水中油エマルジョンに関する。かかるエマルジョンはトコフェロール、スクアレン、ツイン80(Tween80)、スパン85(Span85)およびレシチンからなり、有用なアジュバント特性を有する。かかる水中油エマルジョンと一緒になったQS21、キラジャ・サポナリア・モリナ(Quillaja Saponaria Molina)の樹皮由来のHplc精製された無毒のフラクション、および/または3デ−O−アシル化モノホスホリルリピドA(3De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A)(3D−MPL)を含有するワクチンも本発明の一部である。
3デ−O−アシル化モノホスホリルリピドAはGB2220211(リビ(Ribi))により知られている。化学的には、それは、4、5、または6位がアシル化された鎖を有する3デ−O−アシル化モノホスホリルリピドAの混合物であり、リビ・イミュノケム・モンタナ(Ribi Immunochem Montana)により製造されている。3デ−O−アシル化モノホスホリルリピドAの好ましい形態は国際特許出願第92/116556号に開示されている。
QS21は、南アメリカの樹木キラジャ・サポナリア・モリナの樹皮由来のサポニンのHplc精製された無毒のフラクションであり、その製造方法は米国特許第5,057,540号に開示(QA21として)されている。
水中油エマルジョンそれ自体は当該分野において公知であり、アジュバント組成物として有用であることが示唆されている(EPO399843)。
本発明は、先行技術のエマルジョンとは異なりトコフェロールを含有する本発明水中油エマルジョンが、それ自体、またはQS21および/または3D−MPLと組み合わされて、一定の抗原に対する免疫応答を増強するという驚くべき知見に基づく。かかる有効な増強は、以前のものよりも良好な免疫学的応答を提供する。
さらに、本発明水中油エマルジョンは、3D−MPLおよびQS21と一緒に処方された場合、IgG2a産生およびTH1細胞応答の選択的な刺激剤である。細胞により伝達される応答におけるTH1応答の知られた関係のため、このことは有利である。実際に、マウスにおいて、IgG2aの誘導はかかる免疫応答と相関関係がある。
例えば、かかる組み合わせのHIV抗原gp120のワクチン処方は、gp120蛋白特異的免疫応答の強力な相乗的誘導を引き起こす。ある動物モデルにおいて、これらの応答は疾病に対する防御を誘導することが知られているので、強力な細胞溶解性Tリンパ球応答を誘導することが可能であるという知見は重要である。
本発明者らは、抗原と、水中油エマルジョンと一緒になったアジュバントQS21および3D−MPLとの組み合わせは、脾臓において、CS蛋白特異的CTLの強力な誘導を引き起こすことを示した。またQS21はそれ自体でCTLの誘導を増強するが、3D−MPLは増強しない。
標的抗原が細胞内で合成される場合(例えば、ウイルス感染、細胞内細菌、または腫瘍において)、CTLの誘導は容易に見られる。なぜなら、抗原の蛋白分解的分解により生じたペプチドは適当なプロセッシング経路に入ることができ、細胞膜上のクラスIの分子と関連した提示を導くからである。しかしながら、一般的には、前以て生じた可溶性抗原はこのプロセッシングおよび表示経路に到達せず、クラスIの制限されたCTLを誘導しない。それゆえ、慣用的な生きていないワクチンは、抗体およびTヘルパー応答を誘導するが、一般的には、CTLにより伝達される免疫性を誘導しない。水中油エマルジョンと一緒になった2種のアジュバントQS21および3D−MPLの組み合わせは、組み換え蛋白をベースとしたワクチンのこの重大な限界を克服し、広スペクトル免疫応答を誘導する。
CS蛋白に特異的なCTLは、マウスのモデル系において、マラリアから防御することが示されている(ロメロ(Romero)ら、ネイチャー(Nature)第341巻:323頁(1989年))。放射線照射されたピー・ファルシパルム(P.falciparum)のスポロゾイト(sporozoites)を用いて志願者を免疫し、引き続いてのマラリア攻撃に対して志願者が防御されることが示されたヒトにおける試験において、CSエピトープに特異的なCTLの誘導が示された(マリク(Malik)ら、プロシーディングス・オブ・ナショナル・アカデミー・オブ・サイエンシズ・ユーエスエイ(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA)第88巻:3300頁(1991年))。
免疫応答の発生および性質によれば、放射線照射されたスポロゾイトの使用は実際的でないので、組み換え分子として投与された抗原に特異的なCTLを誘導する能力はマラリアワクチンの開発と相関関係がある。
RTSは、B型肝炎表面抗原のプレS2部分の4個のアミノ酸を介してB型肝炎ウイルスの表面(S)抗原に結合しているピー・ファルシパルムのサーカムスポロゾイト(circumsporozoite)(CS)蛋白のすべてのC末端部分から実質的になるハイブリッド蛋白である。その全構造は、UK特許出願第9124390.7について優先権を主張している同時係属の国際特許出願PCT/EP92/02591(WO93/10152として公開された)に開示されている。酵母において発現された場合にはRTSはリポ蛋白粒子として産生され、HBV由来のS抗原とともに同時発現される場合にはRTS,Sとして知られる混合粒子を生じる。
ヒト・免疫不全ウイルスおよびマラリアワクチンのほかに、CTL応答を誘導する能力は、単純ヘルペスウイルス、サイトメガロウイルス、および一般的には病原体が細胞内生活段階を有するすべてのケースに対するワクチンに恩恵を与える。
同様に、既知腫瘍抗原に特異的なCTLは、組み換え腫瘍抗原と該2種のアジュバントとの組み合わせにより誘導される。このことは、抗癌ワクチンの開発を可能にするであろう。
ある系において、水中油エマルジョンと一緒になった3D−MPLとQS21との組み合わせは、相乗的にインターフェロンγ産生を促進することも示されている。本発明者らは、gD2tとして知られる単純ヘルペス抗原を用いることにより、水中油エマルジョンと一緒になった3D−MPLとQS21との組み合わせの潜在的可能性を示した。gD2tは、HSV−2由来の可溶性切形糖蛋白Dであり、バーマン(Berman)ら、サイエンス(Science)第222巻:524〜527頁の方法論によりCHO細胞において生産される。
IFN−γ分泌は、寄生虫、細菌およびウイルスを包含する細胞内病原体に対する防御的応答に関連している。IFN−γによるマクロファージの活性化は、微生物の細胞内での殺傷を促進し、Fc受容体の発現を増加させる。特に、リンフォトキシン(TH1細胞のもう1つの生産物)との相乗作用において、直接的な細胞毒性も生じうる。さらにIFN−γは、NK細胞のインデューサーであり同時に生産物であり、それは防御の本質的なエフェクターである。INF−γまたは他の機構のいずれかによるTH1タイプの応答は、IgG2a免疫グロブリンイソタイプに選択的な援助を提供する。
糖蛋白Dはウイルスエンベロープ上に存在しており、感染細胞の細胞質中にも見いだされる(アイゼンベルク,アール・ジェイ(Eisenberg,R.J.)ら、ジャーナル・オブ・ウイロロジー(J.of Virol.)1980年、第35巻:428〜435頁)。それは、シグナルペプチドを含めて393個のアミノ酸からなり、約60kDの分子量を有する。すべてのHSVエンベロープ糖蛋白のうち、おそらくこれが最も特徴づけられている(コーエン(Cohen)ら、ジャーナル・オブ・ウイロロジー)。インビボにおいて、それは、細胞膜へのウイルスの付着において中心的な役割を果たしていることが知られている。そのうえ、糖蛋白Dは、インビボにおいて中和抗体を誘導しうることが示されている(エイング(Eing)ら、ジャーナル・オブ・メディカル・ウイロロジー(J.Med.Virology)第127巻:59〜65頁)。しかしながら、潜伏しているHSV2はやはり活性化され、患者の血清中の高い中和抗体の力価の存在にもかかわらず、疾病の再発を誘導しうる。それゆえ、中和抗体のみを誘導する能力では疾病の十分なコントロールには不足であることが明らかである。
疾病の再発を防止するためには、いかなるワクチンであっても、中和抗体のみならずT細胞、特別には細胞毒性T細胞により伝達される細胞免疫をも刺激することが必要である。
この場合、gD2tは、アスパラギンおよびグルタミンが切形蛋白のC末端に付加されている、天然に存在する糖蛋白の1から306までのアミノ酸からなる308個のアミノ酸のHSV2糖蛋白である。この形態の蛋白は、開裂されて238個のアミノ酸の成熟蛋白を生じるシグナルペプチドを含んでいる。チャイニーズハムスターの卵巣細胞におけるかかる蛋白の生産は、ジェネンテック(Genentech)の欧州特許EP−B−139417に記載されている。
好ましくは、哺乳動物細胞から分泌される成熟切形糖蛋白D(rgD2t)または等価な蛋白を本発明ワクチン処方に使用する。
本発明処方は、モルモットの性器ヘルペスモデルにおける防御的免疫の誘導において非常に効果的である。低用量の抗原を用いても(例えば、5μg程度のrgD2t)、該処方はモルモットを1次感染から防御し、さらに特異的な中和抗体応答を刺激する。また本発明者らは、本発明処方を用いて、マウスにおいてエフェクター細胞により伝達されるTH1タイプの応答を示した。
したがって、本発明の1の好ましい具体例において、3デ−O−アシル化モノホスホリルリピドA、QS21および水中油エマルジョンと組み合わされた抗原よりなるワクチンまたは医薬処方であって、水中油エマルジョンがスクアレンのごとき代謝可能な油、アルファトコフェロールおよびツイン80からなるものであるワクチンまたは医薬処方が提供される。かかる処方は広範囲の1価または多価ワクチンに適する。さらに、水中油エマルジョンはスパン85を含有していてもよい。3デ−O−アシル化モノホスホリルリピドAの好ましい形態は、第92116556号として公開された国際特許出願(スミスクライン・ビーチャム・バイオロジカルズ・s.a.(SmithKline Beecham Biologicals s.a.))に開示されている。
水中油エマルジョンを、それのみ、または他のアジュバントもしくは免疫刺激剤とともに用いてもよく、それゆえ、本発明の重要な具体例は、スクアレンまたは別の代謝可能な油、アルファトコフェロール、およびツイン80からなる水中油処方である。該水中油エマルジョンはスパン85および/またはレシチンを含有していてもよい。
好ましくは、該ワクチン処方は、ヒトもしくは動物の病原体に対するる免疫応答を誘導しうる抗原または抗原組成物であって、HIV−1由来(gp120またはgp160のごとき)、ネコ・免疫不全ウイルスのいずれか由来、ヒトもしくは動物のヘルペスウイルス由来(gDもしくはその誘導体またはHSV−1もしくはHSV−2由来のICP27のごとき即時型初期蛋白)、サイトメガロウイルス由来((特にヒト)(gBまたはその誘導体のごとき))、帯状庖疹ウイルス由来(gpI、IIまたはIIIのごとき)、またはB型肝炎のごとき肝炎ウイルス由来(例えば、b型肝炎表面抗原またはその誘導体)、A型肝炎ウイルス、C型肝炎ウイルスならびにE型肝炎ウイルス由来、または呼吸器合胞体ウイルス、ヒト乳頭腫ウイルスもしくはインフルエンザウイルスのごとき他の病原体由来、またはサルモネラ(Salmonalla)、ネイセリア(Neisseria)、ボレリア(Borrelia)のごとき細菌病原体由来(例えば、OspA、OspBまたはそれらの誘導体)、またはクラミジア(Chlamydia)由来、またはボルデテラ(Bordetella)由来(例えば、P.69、PTおよびFHA)、またはプラスモジウム(plasmodium)もしくはトキソプラズマ(Toxoplasma)のごとき寄生虫由来の抗原または抗原組成物を含有する。
該処方は抗腫瘍抗原を含有していてもよく、免疫療法的な癌治療に使用してもよい。
0日目においてBCL−1マウスのリンパ腫細胞がBalb/cマウスに腹腔内投与され、3、10および20日目にマウスがBCL−1イディオタイプでワクチン接種される、B細胞リンパ腫に関する免疫療法的動物モデルにおいて、処方SB62/MPL/QS21は、抗体力価および生存率(100%生存はただ1つの群)の両方に関して最も有効である。同様に、包含された抗原に対する細胞毒性Tリンパ球を刺激するこの処方の能力は、それらを癌抗原(例えば、能動免疫による腫瘍の免疫療法に関するメラノーマ抗原MAGE−1およびMAGE−3)に対する処方についての良好な候補とする。
該処方は、国際特許出願PCT/GB92/00824および国際特許出願PCT/GB92/00179に記載されたようなヘルペス軽粒子とともに使用することに関しても有用でありうる。
B型肝炎表面抗原の誘導体は当該分野においてよく知られており、とりわけ、欧州特許出願EP−A−414374;EP−A−0304578およびEP198−474に記載されたプレS1、プレS2 S抗原を包含する。1の好ましい態様において、本発明ワクチン処方は、HIV−1抗原、特にCHO細胞において発現された場合のgp120からなる。さらなる具体例において、本発明ワクチン処方は、上記定義のgD2tからなる。
本発明のさらなる態様において、医薬に使用される本明細書記載のワクチンを提供する。
QS21:3D−MPLの比は、典型的には、1:10ないし10:1;好ましくは1:5ないし5:1、そしてしばしば実質的には1:1のオーダーであろう。最適な相乗効果のための好ましい範囲は、3D MPL:QS21が2.5:1ないし1:1である。典型的には、ヒトへの投与については、QS21および3D MPLが、1回分につき1μg〜100μg、好ましくは10μg〜50μgの範囲で1のワクチン中に存在するであろう。典型的には、水中油は、2ないし10%スクアレン、2ないし10%アルファトコフェロール、および0.3ないし3%ツイン80からなるであろう。好ましくは、スクアレン:アルファトコフェロールの比は、より安定なエマルジョンを提供する場合には、1に等しいかまたはそれ未満である。スパン85が1%のレベルで存在してもよい。いくつかの場合には、本発明ワクチンがさらに安定化剤を含有していることが有利であるかもしれない。
一般的には、ワクチン組成物は、ボラー(Voller)ら編、ニュー・トレンズ・アンド・ディベロップメンツ・イン・ワクチンズ(New Trends and Developments in Vaccines)、米国ボルチモア(Baltimore)のユニバーシティー・パーク・プレス(University Park Press)(1978年)に記載されている。リポソーム中への封入は、例えば、フラートン(Fullerton)の米国特許第4,235,877号により記載されている。高分子への蛋白の結合は、例えば、ライクハイト(Likehite)の米国特許第4,372,945号およびアーマー(Armor)らの米国特許第4,474,757号により開示されている。
各ワクチン用量中の蛋白量を、典型的なワクチンにおける有意かつ不利な副作用を伴わずに免疫防御応答を誘導する量として選択する。どの特定の免疫原を使用し、それがどのように存在しているかにより、かかる量は変更されよう。一般的には、各用量は、1〜1000μg、好ましくは2〜100μg、最も好ましくは4〜40μgの蛋白からなるであろう。特別なワクチンのための最適量を、対象における適切な免疫応答の観察を包含する標準的研究により確認することができる。最初のワクチン投与後、十分な間隔を置いて、1回または数回の追加免疫を対象に与える。
本発明処方を、予防および治療両方の目的に使用することができる。
したがって、1の態様において、本発明は、有効量の本発明ワクチンを患者に投与することからなる治療方法を提供する。
以下の実施例は本発明を説明する。
実施例
実施例1 HIV−1のgp120抗原からなるワクチン処方
以下の水中油エマルジョン成分からなる2種のアジュバント処方を作成した。
SB26:5%スクアレン、5%トコフェロール、0.4%ツイン80;
粒子サイズは500nmであった。
SB62:5%スクアレン、5%トコフェロール、2.0%ツイン80;
粒子サイズは180nmであった。
1(a)エマルジョンSB62の調製(2倍濃度)
ツイン80をリン酸緩衝化セイライン(PBS)に溶解してPBS中2%溶液を得る。100mlの2倍濃度のエマルジョンを得るために、5gのDLアルファトコフェロールおよび5mlのスクアレンをボルテックス撹拌して完全に混合する。90mlのPBS/ツイン溶液を添加し、完全に混合する。次いで、得られたエマルジョンをシリンジに通し、M110Sマイクロフルイディクスマシーン(microfluidics machine)を用いることにより微小流体化する。得られた油滴は約180nmのサイズを有する。
1(b)エマルジョンSB26の調製
0.4%ツイン80を用いて同様の方法でこのエマルジョンを調製した。
1(c)表1に示す他のエマルジョンを同様の方法で作成した。以下の実施例に詳述する実験においてこれらを試験した。
1(d)gp120 QS21/3D MPL水中油処方の調製
1a)またはb)またはc)のエマルジョンに、同体積の2倍濃度のrgp120(20μgまたは100μgのいずれか)を添加し、混合した。これを50μg/mlの3D−MPLおよび20μg/mlのQS21と混合して最終処方を得た。塩含量およびpHによってはバッファーを添加した。
表3は、HIV由来のgp120および50μg/mlの3D MPL(MPL)および20μg/mlのQS21を用いるSB26の有効性を示す。結果は、2回目(P11)および3回目(P111)の接種後の幾何平均力価(GMT)、ならびにリンパ球増殖およびγインターフェロン産生に対する細胞により伝達される応答(CMI)を示す。
実施例2
導入:HIV gp120エマルジョン系の評価
この実験において、4種のエマルジョン[SB26、SB62、SB40、SB61]を比較する。各処方の成分(抗原、エマルジョン、3D−MPL、QS21)の影響を評価する。
2(b)使用動物の群
異なるワクチン処方を与えられた各群5匹の動物からなる22群がある。
−群1〜4:gp120(10μg)/エマルジョンなし±[3D−MPL,QS21]
−群5〜9:gp120(10μg)/SB26±[3D−MPL,QS21]
−群10:抗原なし/SB26+[3D−MPL,QS21]
−群11〜12:gp120(10μg)/SB62±[3D−MPL,QS21]
−群13〜16:gp120(10μg)/SB40±[3D−MPL,QS21]
−群17〜20:gp120(10μg)/SB61±[3D−MPL,QS21]
−群21〜22:gp120(5μg)/SB26±[3D−MPL,QS21]
−アッセイ:gp120W61Dに対する抗体力価およびイソタイプ分析(全群)
2(c)免疫および採血のスケジュール
−1回分につき5μgの3D−MPLおよび5μgのQS21存在下で異なるo/wエマルジョン中に処方されたgp120W61Dで動物を免疫した。陰性対照には抗原不含の等価な処方を与えた。
−0日目および14日目に動物を皮下免疫した。各注射用量を体積100μlとして投与した。
−免疫前(0日目)および免疫14日目(1回目の免疫後)、21日目および28日目(2回目の免疫から7日および14日後)に血液試料を得た。
2(d)血清学的応答の分析:
−1回目および2回目から14日後の血清学的応答を、gp120W61Dに対する直接ELISAアッセイにおいて評価した。
−また、2回目から14日後の応答を、免疫後にマウスにおいて誘導されたgp120W61D特異的抗体のイソタイプに関して特徴づけた。
3 結果および議論:
結果を表2に示す。
a)3D−MPL/QS21存在下または不存在下のエマルジョンの比較:
−抗原へのエマルジョンSB26、SB40またはSB62の添加により高い抗体力価が誘導される。免疫刺激剤不存在下において、gp120特異的抗体は本質的にはIgG1である。
−免疫刺激剤3D−MPLおよびQS21の添加により非常に大きな血清学的応答およびIgG1タイプからIgG2a/IgG2bへの抗体のシフトが誘導される。
好ましい組み合わせは[SB26+MPL+QS21]である。
c)gp120/SB26処方:
群8および群9の間において、血清学的応答の有意な相違は観察されない:処方の他の成分の前または後にgp120を添加
d)抗原用量:
SB26中に処方された5μgおよび10μgのgp120は高い血清学的応答を誘導する(群5〜8および21〜22)
実施例3 HSV rgD2t処方
実施例1a)に示すのと類似の方法で、単純ヘルペス抗原rgD2tからなる処方を作成し、モルモットに接種するために用いた。かかる処方はモルモットモデルにおいて再発および最初の疾病の両方に対する防御を誘導した。
実施例4
免疫原としてイディオタイプを用いる、防御的抗リンパ腫応答の誘導に関するアジュバントのスクリーニング
BCL1リンパ腫細胞由来のイディオタイプでのBalb/cマウスの治療的接種
BALB/CのB細胞リンパ腫モデルのレビューはイェフェノー(Yefenoh)ら、カレント・オピニオンズ・イミュノロジー(Current opinions Immunology)、1993年、第5巻:740〜744頁により議論されている。
10匹のマウスからなる群に、0日目に104個の腫瘍細胞を注射(腹腔内)し、次いで、3、10、20日目に異なるアジュバント処方中のエピトープ化BCL1に対して指向された100μgのKLH−結合免疫グロブリンを接種する(背中に皮下注射)。KLHおよびイディオタイプに対する血清抗体のレベル、ならびにマウスの死亡をモニターする。
試験された処方:
処方8、9、10は他の処方と比較すると一貫して良好に挙動した。
抗体力価および生存率の両方に関して処方10は最も有効である(生存率100%の唯一の群)。
実施例5 RTS,Sの種々の処方
a)サルにおける評価
RTS,Sは国際特許出願WO93/10152に記載されており、アカゲザル(Rhesus monkeys)の接種用に処方された。各群に5匹の動物を用いた。
群I RTS,S、3D−MPL(50μ)、AL(OH)3
群II RTS,S、QS21(20μ)、AL(OH)3
群III RTS,S、3D−MPL(50μ)、QS21(20μ)
群IV RTS,S、3D−MPL(50μ)、QS21、AL(OH)3
群V RTS,S、3D−MPL(10μ)、QS21、AL(OH)3
群VI RTS,S、3D−MPL(50μ)、QS21、SB60
動物に接種し、1回目の免疫から14日後および2回目の免疫から12日後に採血し、抗B型肝炎表面抗原免疫グロブリンに関して試験した。図1からわかるように、SB60中のRTS,Sを与えられた動物は、他のいずれも群よりも約6倍高い抗体力価を有していた。
b)RTS,Sの種々の処方−マウスでの評価
7群の動物に以下の処方を与えた。
群1 RTS,S、SB62
群2 RTS,S、QS21、3D−MPL
群3 RTS,S、QS21、3D−MPL、SB62
群4 RTS,S、3D−MPL、Al(OH)3
群5 RTS,S、Al(OH)3
群6 プレイン(Plain)
群7 陰性対照
(RTS,S−5μg/1回分、3D−MPL 5μg/1回分、QS21 5μg/1回分)
動物に接種し、1回目の免疫から15日後および2回目の免疫から7、15日後に採血し、次いで、抗HBSAg抗体サブタイプに関してアッセイした。図2からわかるように、エマルジョンSB62は、QS21および3D−MPLとともに処方された場合、IgG2a抗体応答を選択的かつ相乗的に増大させるが、SB62のみまたは3D−MPL/QS21はほとんどIgG2a応答を誘導しない。
実施例6:異なるBブルグドルフェリ(burgdorferi)OspA処方
6.1 BブルグドルフェリZS70spAリポ蛋白の異なる処方の評価
Bブルグドルフェリに関するOspAリポ蛋白は、欧州特許出願第0418827号(マックス・プランク(Max Plank)ら)に記載されている。
以下の処方をbalb/cマウスにおいて試験した。
1.OspA+Al(OH)3
2.OspA+Al(OH)3+3D−MPL(10μ)
3.OspA+Al(OH)3+3D−MPL(30μ)
4.OspA+Al(OH)3+3D−MPL(10μ)+QS21(5μ)
5.OspA+Al(OH)3+3D−MPL(30μ)+QS21(15μ)
6.OspA+SB60+3D−MPL(10μ)+QS21(5μ)
7.OspA+SB60+3D−MPL(30μ)+QS21(15μ)
次いで、最初の接種から7日後および2回目の接種から7日後に抗体力価およびサブタイプを調べた(接種は0日目および14日目に行った)。
図3および4にグラフで示した結果は、本発明処方は高レベルの抗体を誘導し、これらは選択的にIgG2aサブタイプであることを示す。
実施例7:
a)HSV−2 ICP27
メスのBalb/cマウスを、0日目および14日目にNSI−ICP27の種々の処方を後ろ足の甲に免疫した。各注射は5μgのNSI−ICP27およびSB26水中油エマルジョン、QS21(10μg)およびMPL(25μg)の組み合わせを含有していた。
ヒザ後部のリンパ節細胞を28日目に得て、ICP27遺伝子でトランスフェクションした相乗的なP815細胞を用いてインビトロにおいて刺激した。次いで、ICP27でトランスフェクションしたP815標的細胞およびP815 ICP27陰性対照に対する特異的細胞溶解活性について培養物を試験した。
異なる免疫群についての異なるエフェクター:標的(E:T)比における特異的溶解の結果は以下のようであった。
以下の免疫群において、低いICP27特異的溶解%が得られた。
ICP27(5μg)+QS21(10μg)
ICP27(5μg)+SB26
ICP27(5μg)+MPL(25μg)+QS21(10μg)
ICP27(5μg)+MPL(25μg)+QS21(10μg)+SB26
一方、
ICP27(5μg)
ICP27(5μg)+MPL(25μg)
は陰性であった。
よって、これらのデータは、水中油エマルジョンのみの中、またはQS21ならびにMPLを伴った水中油エマルジョン中の組み換えNS1−ICP27;あるいはQS21と一緒になった組み換えNS1−ICP27によるCTLの誘導を示す。
b)5匹のBalb/cマウスからなる群に、異なるワクチン(NS1−ICP27/NSI−ICP27 MPL+QS21/NS1−ICP27 SB26−MPLおよびQS21/アジュバントのみ)を足の甲に接種した。1回分は10μgのNS1−ICP27、10μgのMPLおよび10μgのQS21を含有していた。
2種のワクチン接種を0日目および7日目に行った。14日目にマウスを5.2x103TCID50のHSV2 MS株で攻撃した。攻撃後14日目まで帯状庖疹様傷害の出現および死亡を記録した。
HSV2のICP27をインフルエンザウイルスのNS1フラグメントとの融合蛋白としてイー・コリ(E.coli)中で発現させた。ネズミ・帯状庖疹様モデルにおいて、MPL QS21処方と混合して精製組み換え蛋白の防御効率を評価した。MPL+QS21または水中油エマルジョン(SB26)+MPLおよびQS21のいずれかと混合したNS1−ICP27による2種のワクチン接種をされたBalb/cマウスは、疾病および野生型HSV2攻撃後の死亡から完全に防御された(帯状庖疹様傷害なし)。対照的に、NS1−ICP27のみ、またはMPL不含SB26およびQS21と混合されたNS1−ICP27のいずれかでワクチン接種されたマウスにおいては防御は観察されなかった。
The present invention relates to novel vaccine formulations, methods for their production and their use in medicine. In particular, the present invention relates to an oil-in-water emulsion. Such an emulsion consists of tocopherol, squalene, Tween 80, Span 85 and lecithin and has useful adjuvant properties. QS21 combined with such an oil-in-water emulsion, Hplc purified non-toxic fraction from the bark of Quillaja Saponaria Molina, and / or 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3De- Vaccines containing O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A) (3D-MPL) are also part of this invention.
3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is known from GB 2220211 (Ribi). Chemically, it is a mixture of 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A with a chain acylated at the 4, 5, or 6 position, manufactured by Ribi Immunochem Montana Has been. A preferred form of 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is disclosed in International Patent Application No. 92/116556.
QS21 is a non-toxic Hplc-purified non-toxic fraction of saponin from the bark of the South American tree Kiraja Saponaria Molina, and its production method is disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,057,540 (as QA21). .
Oil-in-water emulsions per se are known in the art and have been suggested to be useful as adjuvant compositions (EPO399843).
The present invention is surprising that the oil-in-water emulsion of the present invention containing tocopherol, unlike prior art emulsions, enhances the immune response against certain antigens, either by itself or in combination with QS21 and / or 3D-MPL. Based on knowledge. Such effective enhancement provides a better immunological response than the previous one.
Furthermore, the oil-in-water emulsions of the present invention are selective stimulators of IgG2a production and TH1 cell response when formulated with 3D-MPL and QS21. TH in response transmitted by cells1This is advantageous because of the known relationship of responses. Indeed, in mice, induction of IgG2a correlates with such an immune response.
For example, a vaccine formulation of such a combination of HIV antigens gp120 causes a strong synergistic induction of a gp120 protein specific immune response. The knowledge that in some animal models these responses are known to induce protection against disease is important to be able to induce strong cytolytic T lymphocyte responses.
We have shown that the combination of antigen and adjuvants QS21 and 3D-MPL combined with an oil-in-water emulsion causes a strong induction of CS protein-specific CTL in the spleen. QS21 itself enhances CTL induction but 3D-MPL does not.
If the target antigen is synthesized intracellularly (eg, in a viral infection, intracellular bacteria, or tumor), induction of CTL is readily seen. This is because peptides generated by proteolytic degradation of the antigen can enter the proper processing pathway leading to presentation associated with class I molecules on the cell membrane. In general, however, pre-generated soluble antigens do not reach this processing and display pathway and do not induce class I restricted CTLs. Therefore, conventional non-living vaccines induce antibody and T helper responses, but generally do not induce immunity transmitted by CTL. The combination of two adjuvants QS21 and 3D-MPL combined with an oil-in-water emulsion overcomes this critical limitation of recombinant protein-based vaccines and induces a broad spectrum immune response.
CTLs specific for CS protein have been shown to protect against malaria in mouse model systems (Romero et al., Nature 341: 323 (1989)). In human studies where irradiated P. falciparum sporozoites are used to immunize volunteers and have been shown to protect them against subsequent malaria attacks Induction of CTL specific for CS epitopes has been shown (Malik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Volume 88: 3300 (1991)).
Due to the occurrence and nature of the immune response, the use of irradiated sporozoites is impractical, so the ability to induce CTL specific for antigens administered as recombinant molecules correlates with the development of malaria vaccines.
RTS is pre-S for hepatitis B surface antigen2A hybrid consisting essentially of all C-terminal portions of P. falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein linked to the surface (S) antigen of hepatitis B virus via a partial 4 amino acids It is protein. Its full structure is disclosed in co-pending international patent application PCT / EP92 / 02591 (published as WO93 / 10152) claiming priority for UK patent application 9124390.7. RTS is produced as lipoprotein particles when expressed in yeast, resulting in mixed particles known as RTS, S when coexpressed with HBV-derived S antigen.
In addition to human immunodeficiency virus and malaria vaccine, the ability to induce a CTL response benefits the vaccine against herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and all cases where pathogens generally have an intracellular life stage .
Similarly, CTL specific for a known tumor antigen is induced by a combination of a recombinant tumor antigen and the two adjuvants. This will enable the development of anti-cancer vaccines.
In some systems, the combination of 3D-MPL and QS21 combined with an oil-in-water emulsion has also been shown to synergistically promote interferon gamma production. We have gD2By using a herpes simplex antigen known as t, the potential of a combination of 3D-MPL and QS21 combined with an oil-in-water emulsion was shown. gD2t is a soluble truncated glycoprotein D derived from HSV-2 and is produced in CHO cells by the methodology of Berman et al., Science 222: 524-527.
IFN-γ secretion is associated with a protective response against intracellular pathogens including parasites, bacteria and viruses. Macrophage activation by IFN-γ promotes intracellular killing of microorganisms and increases Fc receptor expression. In particular, direct cytotoxicity may also occur in synergy with lymphotoxin (another product of TH1 cells). Furthermore, IFN-γ is an inducer and product of NK cells, which is an essential effector of defense. TH1 type responses by either INF-γ or other mechanisms provide selective assistance for the IgG2a immunoglobulin isotype.
Glycoprotein D is present on the viral envelope and is also found in the cytoplasm of infected cells (Eisenberg, RJ et al., J. of Virol.) 1980 35: 428-435). It consists of 393 amino acids including the signal peptide and has a molecular weight of about 60 kD. Of all HSV envelope glycoproteins, this is probably the most characterized (Cohen et al., Journal of Willology). In vivo, it is known to play a central role in virus attachment to cell membranes. Moreover, it has been shown that glycoprotein D can induce neutralizing antibodies in vivo (Eing et al., J. Med. Virology 127: 59-65). page). However, latent HSV2 is still activated and can induce disease recurrence despite the presence of high neutralizing antibody titers in the patient's serum. Therefore, it is clear that the ability to induce only neutralizing antibodies is insufficient for adequate control of the disease.
In order to prevent recurrence of the disease, it is necessary for any vaccine to stimulate not only neutralizing antibodies but also cell immunity transmitted by T cells, in particular cytotoxic T cells.
In this case, gD2t is a 308 amino acid HSV2 glycoprotein consisting of
Preferably, mature truncated glycoprotein D (rgD2t) or equivalent protein secreted from mammalian cells is used in the vaccine formulation of the invention.
The formulation of the present invention is very effective in inducing protective immunity in the guinea pig genital herpes model. Even with low doses of antigen (eg, rgD2t on the order of 5 μg), the formulation protects guinea pigs from primary infection and stimulates a more specific neutralizing antibody response. We have also shown TH1-type responses transmitted by effector cells in mice using the formulations of the present invention.
Thus, in one preferred embodiment of the invention, a vaccine or pharmaceutical formulation comprising an antigen combined with 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A, QS21 and an oil-in-water emulsion, wherein the oil-in-water emulsion is of squalene. A vaccine or pharmaceutical formulation is provided that consists of a metabolizable oil, alpha tocopherol and twin 80. Such formulations are suitable for a wide range of monovalent or multivalent vaccines. Further, the oil-in-water emulsion may contain span 85. A preferred form of 3 de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A is disclosed in an international patent application (SmithKline Beecham Biologicals s.a.) published as 92116556.
Oil-in-water emulsions may be used alone or in combination with other adjuvants or immunostimulants, so important embodiments of the invention are from squalene or another metabolizable oil, alpha tocopherol, and twin 80 It is an oil-in-water formulation. The oil-in-water emulsion may contain span 85 and / or lecithin.
Preferably, the vaccine formulation is an antigen or antigen composition capable of inducing an immune response against a human or animal pathogen, either HIV-1 derived (such as gp120 or gp160), any of a feline immunodeficiency virus Origin, human or animal herpesvirus origin (gD or derivative thereof or immediate early protein such as ICP27 derived from HSV-1 or HSV-2), cytomegalovirus origin (particularly human) (such as gB or derivative thereof) ), Herpes zoster virus (such as gpI, II or III), or hepatitis B such as hepatitis B (eg, hepatitis b surface antigen or derivatives thereof), hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus and E If derived from hepatitis B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human papilloma virus Is from other pathogens such as influenza virus, or from bacterial pathogens such as Salmonalla, Neisseria, Borrelia (eg OspA, OspB or their derivatives), or Chlamydia, or Contains antigens or antigen compositions derived from Bordetella (eg, P.69, PT and FHA), or parasites such as plasmodium or Toxoplasma.
The formulation may contain an anti-tumor antigen and may be used for immunotherapeutic cancer treatment.
BCL-1 mouse lymphoma cells were administered intraperitoneally to Balb / c mice on
The formulation may also be useful for use with herpes light particles as described in International Patent Application PCT / GB92 / 00824 and International Patent Application PCT / GB92 / 00179.
Derivatives of hepatitis B surface antigen are well known in the art and include, among others, pre-S1, pre-S2 S antigens described in European patent applications EP-A-414374; EP-A-0304578 and EP198-474. To do. In one preferred embodiment, the vaccine formulation of the invention consists of gp120 when expressed in HIV-1 antigen, particularly CHO cells. In a further embodiment, the vaccine formulation of the invention is a gD as defined above.2t.
In a further aspect of the invention there is provided a vaccine as described herein for use in medicine.
The ratio of QS21: 3D-MPL will typically be on the order of 1:10 to 10: 1; preferably 1: 5 to 5: 1 and often substantially 1: 1. The preferred range for optimal synergy is 3D MPL: QS21 from 2.5: 1 to 1: 1. Typically, for human administration, QS21 and 3D MPL will be present in one vaccine in the range of 1 μg to 100 μg, preferably 10 μg to 50 μg per serving. Typically, the oil-in-water will consist of 2-10% squalene, 2-10% alpha tocopherol, and 0.3-3% twin 80. Preferably, the ratio of squalene: alpha tocopherol is less than or equal to 1 when providing a more stable emulsion. Span 85 may be present at a level of 1%. In some cases it may be advantageous that the vaccines of the present invention further contain a stabilizer.
In general, vaccine compositions are prepared by Voller et al., New Trends and Developments in Vaccines, University Park Press, Baltimore, USA. (University Park Press) (1978). Encapsulation in liposomes is described, for example, by Fullerton US Pat. No. 4,235,877. Protein binding to macromolecules is disclosed, for example, by Likehite US Pat. No. 4,372,945 and Armor et al. US Pat. No. 4,474,757.
The amount of protein in each vaccine dose is selected as the amount that induces an immune protective response without significant and adverse side effects in typical vaccines. Depending on which particular immunogen is used and how it is present, such amounts will vary. In general, each dose will consist of 1-1000 μg, preferably 2-100 μg, most preferably 4-40 μg of protein. The optimal amount for a particular vaccine can be ascertained by standard studies involving observation of appropriate immune responses in subjects. Following the initial vaccination, the subject is given one or several boosters at sufficient intervals.
The formulations of the invention can be used for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a therapeutic method comprising administering to a patient an effective amount of the vaccine of the present invention.
The following examples illustrate the invention.
Example
Example 1 Vaccine formulation comprising HIV-1 gp120 antigen
Two adjuvant formulations consisting of the following oil-in-water emulsion components were made.
SB26: 5% squalene, 5% tocopherol, 0.4% twin 80;
The particle size was 500 nm.
SB62: 5% squalene, 5% tocopherol, 2.0% twin 80;
The particle size was 180 nm.
1 (a) Preparation of emulsion SB62 (double concentration)
Twin 80 is dissolved in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) to give a 2% solution in PBS. To obtain 100 ml of 2 × emulsion, 5 g DL alpha tocopherol and 5 ml squalene are vortexed and mixed thoroughly. Add 90 ml PBS / twin solution and mix thoroughly. The resulting emulsion is then passed through a syringe and microfluidized by using an M110S microfluidics machine. The resulting oil droplets have a size of about 180 nm.
1 (b) Preparation of emulsion SB26
This emulsion was prepared in a similar manner using 0.4% twin 80.
1 (c) Other emulsions shown in Table 1 were prepared in the same manner. These were tested in the experiments detailed in the examples below.
Preparation of 1 (d) gp120 QS21 / 3D MPL oil-in-water formulation
To the emulsion of 1a) or b) or c), the same volume of double concentration of rgp120 (either 20 μg or 100 μg) was added and mixed. This was mixed with 50 μg / ml 3D-MPL and 20 μg / ml QS21 to obtain the final formulation. Buffer was added depending on the salt content and pH.
Table 3 shows the effectiveness of SB26 with gp120 from HIV and 50 μg / ml 3D MPL (MPL) and 20 μg / ml QS21. The results show the geometric mean titer (GMT) after the second (P11) and third (P111) inoculations, and the cell-mediated response (CMI) to lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production.
Example 2
Introduction: Evaluation of HIV gp120 emulsion system
In this experiment, four emulsions [SB26, SB62, SB40, SB61] are compared. The influence of each formulation component (antigen, emulsion, 3D-MPL, QS21) is evaluated.
2 (b) Group of animals used
There are 22 groups consisting of 5 animals in each group given different vaccine formulations.
-Groups 1-4: gp120 (10 μg) / no emulsion ± [3D-MPL, QS21]
Groups 5-9: gp120 (10 μg) / SB26 ± [3D-MPL, QS21]
Group 10: No antigen / SB26 + [3D-MPL, QS21]
Groups 11-12: gp120 (10 μg) / SB62 ± [3D-MPL, QS21]
Group 13-16: gp120 (10 μg) / SB40 ± [3D-MPL, QS21]
Group 17-20: gp120 (10 μg) / SB61 ± [3D-MPL, QS21]
-Groups 21-22: gp120 (5 μg) / SB26 ± [3D-MPL, QS21]
-Assay: antibody titer and isotype analysis against gp120W61D (all groups)
2 (c) Immunization and blood collection schedule
Animals were immunized with gp120W61D formulated in different o / w emulsions in the presence of 5 μg 3D-MPL and 5 μg QS21 per serving. Negative controls received an equivalent formulation without antigen.
-Animals were immunized subcutaneously on
-Blood samples were obtained before immunization (day 0) and on immunization day 14 (after the first immunization), 21 and 28 days (7 and 14 days after the second immunization).
2 (d) Analysis of serological response:
Serological responses after the first and second to 14 days were evaluated in a direct ELISA assay against gp120W61D.
-The response 14 days after the second was also characterized with respect to the isotype of the gp120W61D specific antibody induced in mice after immunization.
3 Results and discussion:
The results are shown in Table 2.
a) Comparison of emulsions with or without 3D-MPL / QS21:
-High antibody titers are induced by the addition of emulsion SB26, SB40 or SB62 to the antigen. In the absence of an immunostimulant, the gp120 specific antibody is essentially IgG1.
-Addition of immunostimulants 3D-MPL and QS21 induces a very large serological response and antibody shift from IgG1 type to IgG2a / IgG2b.
A preferred combination is [SB26 + MPL + QS21].
c) gp120 / SB26 formulation:
No significant difference in serological response is observed between group 8 and group 9: gp120 added before or after other components of the formulation
d) Antigen dose:
5 μg and 10 μg gp120 formulated in SB26 induce a high serological response (groups 5-8 and 21-22)
Example 3 HSV rgD2t prescription
In a manner similar to that shown in Example 1a), herpes simplex antigen rgD2A formulation consisting of t was made and used to inoculate guinea pigs. Such a formulation induced protection against both relapse and first disease in the guinea pig model.
Example 4
Screening adjuvants for induction of protective anti-lymphoma responses using idiotypes as immunogens
Therapeutic inoculation of Balb / c mice with an idiotype derived from BCL1 lymphoma cells
A review of the BALB / C B cell lymphoma model is discussed by Yefenoh et al., Current opinions Immunology, 1993, 5: 740-744.
In groups of 10 mice, 10FourTumor cells were injected (intraperitoneally) and then inoculated on
Tested prescription:
Formulas 8, 9, and 10 behaved consistently and well when compared to the other formulations.
Formula 10 is most effective in terms of both antibody titer and survival (the only group with 100% survival).
Example 5 Various formulations of RTS, S
a) Evaluation in monkeys
RTS, S is described in international patent application WO 93/10152 and was formulated for inoculation of rhesus monkeys. Five animals were used in each group.
Group I RTS, S, 3D-MPL (50μ), AL (OH)Three
Group II RTS, S, QS21 (20μ), AL (OH)Three
Group III RTS, S, 3D-MPL (50μ), QS21 (20μ)
Group IV RTS, S, 3D-MPL (50μ), QS21, AL (OH)Three
Group V RTS, S, 3D-MPL (10μ), QS21, AL (OH)Three
Group VI RTS, S, 3D-MPL (50μ), QS21, SB60
Animals were inoculated and bled 14 days after the first immunization and 12 days after the second immunization and tested for anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin. As can be seen from FIG. 1, animals given RTS, S in SB60 all had antibody titers about 6 times higher than the group.
b) Various formulations of RTS, S-evaluation in mice
Seven groups of animals were given the following formulation:
(RTS, S-5 μg / dose, 3D-
Animals were inoculated and bled 15 days after the first immunization and 7, 15 days after the second immunization and then assayed for anti-HBSAg antibody subtype. As can be seen from FIG. 2, emulsion SB62 selectively and synergistically increases the IgG2a antibody response when formulated with QS21 and 3D-MPL, whereas SB62 alone or 3D-MPL / QS21 almost induces an IgG2a response. do not do.
Example 6: Different B burgdorferi OspA formulations
6.1 Evaluation of different formulations of B Burgdorferi ZS70spA lipoprotein
OspA lipoprotein for B burgdorferi is described in European Patent Application No. 0188827 (Max Plank et al.).
The following formulations were tested in balb / c mice.
1. OspA + Al (OH)Three
2. OspA + Al (OH)Three+ 3D-MPL (10μ)
3. OspA + Al (OH)Three+ 3D-MPL (30μ)
4). OspA + Al (OH)Three+ 3D-MPL (10 μ) + QS21 (5 μ)
5. OspA + Al (OH)Three+ 3D-MPL (30 μ) + QS21 (15 μ)
6). OspA + SB60 + 3D-MPL (10 μ) + QS21 (5 μ)
7. OspA + SB60 + 3D-MPL (30 μ) + QS21 (15 μ)
The antibody titers and subtypes were then examined 7 days after the first inoculation and 7 days after the second inoculation (inoculation was performed on
The results graphically depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4 indicate that the formulations of the present invention induce high levels of antibodies, which are selectively IgG2a subtypes.
Example 7:
a) HSV-2 ICP27
Female Balb / c mice were immunized on the back of the hind paw with various formulations of NSI-ICP27 on
Lymph node cells in the posterior knee were obtained on day 28 and stimulated in vitro using synergistic P815 cells transfected with the ICP27 gene. The cultures were then tested for specific cytolytic activity against P815 target cells transfected with ICP27 and P815 ICP27 negative control.
The results of specific lysis at different effector: target (E: T) ratios for the different immune groups were as follows.
Low ICP27 specific lysis% was obtained in the following immunization groups:
ICP27 (5 μg) + QS21 (10 μg)
ICP27 (5 μg) + SB26
ICP27 (5 μg) + MPL (25 μg) + QS21 (10 μg)
ICP27 (5 μg) + MPL (25 μg) + QS21 (10 μg) + SB26
on the other hand,
ICP27 (5μg)
ICP27 (5 μg) + MPL (25 μg)
Was negative.
Thus, these data show CTL induction by recombinant NS1-ICP27 in oil-in-water emulsion alone or in oil-in-water emulsion with QS21 and MPL; or recombinant NS1-ICP27 combined with QS21.
b) Groups of 5 Balb / c mice were inoculated with different vaccines (NS1-ICP27 / NSI-ICP27 MPL + QS21 / NS1-ICP27 SB26-MPL and QS21 / adjuvant only) on the instep. One serving contained 10 μg NS1-ICP27, 10 μg MPL and 10 μg QS21.
Two vaccinations were performed on
HSV2 ICP27 was expressed in E. coli as a fusion protein with the NS1 fragment of influenza virus. In a murine / zosteriform model, the protective efficiency of the purified recombinant protein was evaluated by mixing with the MPL QS21 formulation. Two vaccinated Balb / c mice with NS1-ICP27 mixed with either MPL + QS21 or oil-in-water emulsion (SB26) + MPL and QS21 were fully protected from disease and death after wild-type HSV2 challenge ( No zosteriform injury). In contrast, no protection was observed in mice vaccinated with either NS1-ICP27 alone or NS1-ICP27 mixed with MPL-free SB26 and QS21.
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WO1999011241A1 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1999-03-11 | Smithkline Beecham Biologicals S.A. | Oil in water emulsions containing saponins |
GB9718901D0 (en) | 1997-09-05 | 1997-11-12 | Smithkline Beecham Biolog | Vaccine |
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1993
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1994
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2003
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