JP4040646B2 - トナーの製造方法及びトナー - Google Patents
トナーの製造方法及びトナー Download PDFInfo
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- JP4040646B2 JP4040646B2 JP2005229455A JP2005229455A JP4040646B2 JP 4040646 B2 JP4040646 B2 JP 4040646B2 JP 2005229455 A JP2005229455 A JP 2005229455A JP 2005229455 A JP2005229455 A JP 2005229455A JP 4040646 B2 JP4040646 B2 JP 4040646B2
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- VBWIZSYFQSOUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanecarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1CCCCC1 VBWIZSYFQSOUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009025 developmental regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000664 diazo group Chemical group [N-]=[N+]=[*] 0.000 description 1
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 229910021485 fumed silica Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000006249 magnetic particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001434 methanylylidene group Chemical group [H]C#[*] 0.000 description 1
- YDKNBNOOCSNPNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 1,3-benzoxazole-2-carboxylate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(C(=O)OC)=NC2=C1 YDKNBNOOCSNPNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- FSDNTQSJGHSJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperidine-4-carbonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1CCNCC1 FSDNTQSJGHSJBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000015 polydiacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005650 polypropylene glycol diacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- ANBFRLKBEIFNQU-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;octadecanoate Chemical compound [K+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O ANBFRLKBEIFNQU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
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- RGBXDEHYFWDBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl propan-2-yloxy carbonate Chemical compound CC(C)OOC(=O)OC(C)C RGBXDEHYFWDBKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical group CCCOC(=O)C=C PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-5,6-dione Chemical class C1=CN=C2C(=O)C(=O)N=C21 FYNROBRQIVCIQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011669 selenium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- BTURAGWYSMTVOW-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium dodecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O BTURAGWYSMTVOW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000776 sodium tetradecyl sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- SMECTXYFLVLAJE-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;pentadecyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O SMECTXYFLVLAJE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UPUIQOIQVMNQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;tetradecyl sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS([O-])(=O)=O UPUIQOIQVMNQAP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Images
Landscapes
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
Description
前記造粒工程から重合工程に至る重合性ビニル系単量体の重合反応をpH4.5〜8.5の水系分散媒体中で行った後、水系分散媒体のpHを9〜13に調整してからトナーの結着樹脂のガラス転移温度以上の温度で蒸留工程を行うことを特徴とするトナーの製造方法に関する。
まず、トナーの構成上の特徴や素材などについて説明する。
1.05≦A/B≦3.00
0.10≦B≦3.50
を満足することによって、摩擦帯電量や帯電速度を制御し、トナーに望ましい帯電特性を与えることが可能である。
円相当径=(粒子投影面積/π)1/2×2
と定義される値であり、円相当個数平均径(D1)とは、個数基準によるトナーの円相当径の平均値を表し、粒度分布の分割点iでの粒径(中心値)をdi、頻度をfiとすると下式の如く表される。
装置:GPC−150C(ウォーターズ社製)
カラム:GMH−HT(東ソ−社製)の2連
温度:135℃
溶媒:o−ジクロロベンゼン(0.1%アイオノール添加)
流速:1.0ml/min
試料:濃度0.15質量%の試料を0.4ml注入
以上の条件で測定し、試料の分子量算出にあたっては単分散ポリスチレン標準試料により作成した分子量校正曲線を使用し、Mark−Houwink粘度式から導き出される換算式でポリエチレン換算することによって求めた。
本発明に係るトナーを製造する方法としては、結着樹脂、着色剤、ワックス成分等を加圧ニーダー等により溶融混練した後、冷却した混練物を所望のトナー粒径に微粉砕し、更に微粉砕物を分級して粒度分布を調整してトナーにする粉砕法;特公昭36−10231号公報、特開昭59−53856号公報及び特開昭59−61842号公報に記載されている懸濁重合法を用いて直接トナーを製造する方法;特公昭56−13945号公報等に記載のディスク又は多流体ノズルを用いて溶融混練物を空気中に霧化して球状トナーを製造する方法;及びソープフリー重合法に代表される乳化重合法等、公知の方法を用いることが可能であるが、重合性ビニル系単量体の重合反応時の水系分散媒体中のpHを制御しながら懸濁重合法によりオキシカルボン酸の含有状態を特定したトナーを製造することが好ましい。
1.05≦A/B≦3.00
0.10≦B≦3.50
の関係が満足するように、第1反応工程と第2反応工程の切り替え時の重合転化率及び水系分散媒体のpHは調整される。
装置:DSC−7(パーキンエルマー社製)
試料:トナー5〜20mg(好ましくは10mg)をアルミニウム製サンプルパンに精秤して用いる。尚、対照サンプルとして空のアルミニウム製サンプルパンを用いる。
測定温度範囲:30℃〜200℃
昇温パターン:昇温I(30℃→200℃、昇温速度=10℃/分)
降温I(200℃→30℃、降温速度=10℃/分)
昇温II(30℃→200℃、昇温速度=10℃/分)
本発明の第1及び第2トナー製造方法では、微小粒径の粒子の副生を招くことなく、所望の粒度分布と形状分布のトナー粒子が得られるだけではなく、重合体粒子製造後の反応容器の内壁や撹拌羽根に付着する汚れの洗浄性に対しても効果が現れ、トナーの生産性に貢献することが出来る。この理由については必ずしも明確ではないが、トナー粒子表面に存在するオキシカルボン酸の界面活性剤的な効果により、反応容器の内壁や撹拌羽根に対する汚れが軽減しているのではないのかと考えている。
装置:GC−14A(島津製作所社製)
カラム:溶融シリカキャピラリカラム(J&W SCIENTIFC社製;サイズ…30m×0.249mm、液相…DBWAX、膜厚…0.25μm)
試料:2.55mgのDMFを内部標準とし、100mlのアセトンを加えて内部標準品入り溶媒をつくる。次にトナー400mgを上記溶媒で10mlの溶液とする。30分間超音波振とう機にかけた後、1時間放置する。次に0.5μmのフィルターで濾過する。打ち込み試料量は4μlとする。
検出器:FID(スプリット比…1:20)
キャリアガス:N2ガス
オーブン温度:70℃→220℃(70℃で2分待機後、5℃/分の割合で昇温
注入口温度:200℃
検出器温度:200℃
検量線の作成:サンプル溶液と同様のDMF、アセトン溶液に対象となる重合性ビニル系単量体を加えた標準サンプルについて同様にガスクロマトグラフ測定し、重合性ビニル系単量体と内部標準品DMFの重量比/面積比を求める。
本発明の画像形成方法は、少なくとも、帯電工程、露光工程、現像工程及び転写工程を有しており、画像形成装置とのマッチングに優れた上記のトナーを用いるものである。
(1)表面層を構成する樹脂自体に表面エネルギーの低いものを用いる
(2)撥水、親油性を付与するような添加剤を表面層に分散する
(3)高い離型性を有する材料を粉体状にして表面層に分散する
方法が挙げられる。(1)の例としては、樹脂の構造中にフッ素含有基或いは、シリコーン含有基を導入する方法がある。(2)としては、界面活性剤等を添加剤とすればよい。(3)の材料としては、フッ素原子を含む化合物、すなわちポリ4フッ化エチレン、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、フッ化カーボンが挙げられる。
以下、具体的実施例によって本発明を説明するが、本発明はなんらこれらに限定されるものではない。
高速撹拌装置クレアミックス(エムテクニック社製)を具備した2リットル用4つ口フラスコ中に、イオン交換水1000質量部と0.1mol/リットル−Na3PO4水溶液450質量部を投入し、高速撹拌装置の回転数を15000rpmに設定し、65℃に加温せしめた。ここに1mol/リットル−塩酸を20質量部添加した後、1.0mol/リットル−CaCl2水溶液65質量部を徐々に添加し、微細な難水溶性分散安定剤Ca3(PO4)2を含む水系分散体を調製した。この時の水系媒体中のpHは5.3であった。
・スチレン 83質量部
・n−ブチルアクリレート 17質量部
・シアン顔料(銅フタロシアニン顔料) 7質量部
・ポリエステル樹脂(酸価=12mgKOH/g) 5質量部
・荷電制御剤(ジアルキルサリチル酸のアルミニウム化合物)1質量部
・前記オキシカルボン酸(1−A) 0.5質量部
・エステルワックス(融点=60℃) 15質量部
からなる混合物をアトライター(三井金属社製)を用い3時間分散させた後、2,2′−アゾビス(2,4−ジメチルバレロニトリル)3質量部を添加し、重合性単量体組成物を調製した。
A:水流により大部分の汚れを洗い落とすことができた。
B:軽微な固着が生じていた。
C:強固な汚れが生じ、有機溶剤による洗浄が必要であった。
以下(1)〜(4)の項目を変更する以外は、前記実施例6と同様にして本発明のトナーG〜Oを調製した。
(1)オキシカルボン酸の種類と添加量の変更
(2)極性樹脂の添加量の変更
(3)造粒工程から蒸留工程に至る重合性単量体の重合反応中の水系分散媒体中のpHの変更
(4)水溶性開始剤の使用の有無
それぞれの実施例における(1)〜(4)の変更点を表4に、得られたトナーG〜Oの諸症状を第5表に示した。
上記(1)〜(4)の項目を変更する以外は、前記実施例6と同様にして比較用トナーcとdを得た。
常温常湿環境下においては、
A:−40mC/kg以上
B:−30mC/kg以上、−40mC/kg未満
C:−20mC/kg以上、−30mC/kg未満
D:−20mC/kg未満
高温高湿環境下においては、
A:−30mC/kg以上
B:−20mC/kg以上、−30mC/kg未満
C:−10mC/kg以上、−20mC/kg未満
D:−10mC/kg未満
また帯電速度の低下率は、常温常湿及び高温高湿環境下において、トナーとキャリアとを混合したサンプルをターブラーミキサーで振とうし、その際の振とう時間に対する摩擦帯電量の変化量より帯電速度を求め、両環境における帯電速度の差をもとに評価した。
A:優れる、B:良好、C:やや劣る、D:劣る
トナー0.5gとキャリア(EFV−200/300、パウダーテック社製)9.5gを秤量し、これを50mlのポリエチレン容器に入れ、高温高湿下に2日間放置する。その後、各環境下で容器に密栓をして、ターブラーミキサー(WAB社製)で5分間振とうして、トナーとキャリアの混合サンプルを調整する。得られた混合サンプルを走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察し、トナー中に存在する微小粒子のキャリア表面への付着状況を判断した。
A:殆ど付着なし。
B:軽微な付着が見られる。
C:顕著な付着が見られる。
D:キャリア表面への固着が見られる。
(1)画像濃度
通常の複写機用普通紙(75g/m 2 )を用いて1万枚のプリントアウトを終了した時の画像濃度により評価した。尚、画像濃度の測定は「マクベス反射濃度計 RD918」(マクベス社製)を用いて、原稿濃度が0.00の白地部分のプリントアウト画像に対する相対濃度を測定した。
A:1.40以上
B:1.35以上、1.40未満
C:1.00以上、1.35未満
D:1.00未満
(2)画像カブリ
「REFLECTOMETER MODEL TC−6DS」(東京電色社製)にamberフィルターをセットし、プリントアウト画像の非画像部の反射率(%)を測定する。得られた反射率を、同様にして測定した未使用のプリントアウト用紙(標準紙)の反射率(%)から差し引いた数値(%)を用いて評価した。数値が小さい程、画像カブリが抑制されていることになる。画像カブリの評価は、1万枚のプリントアウト終了後に行った。
A:0.5未満
B:0.5%以上、1.0%未満
C:1.0%以上、2.0%未満
D:2.0%以上
1万枚のプリントアウト試験終了後、図5(a)に示した「驚」文字パターンを厚紙(128g/m 2 )にプリントアウトした際の文字の中抜け(図5(b)の状態)を目視で評価した。
A:中抜けはほとんど発生せず。
B:軽微な中抜けが見られる。
C:若干の中抜けが見られる。
D:顕著な中抜けが見られる。
Claims (7)
- 少なくとも重合性ビニル系単量体、着色剤、ワックス成分、重合開始剤及びオキシカルボン酸を含有する重合性単量体組成物を水系分散媒体中に分散して該重合性単量体組成物の粒子を生成する造粒工程と;該重合性単量体組成物の粒子中の重合性ビニル系単量体を重合してトナー粒子を生成する重合工程と;該トナー粒子中に残存する重合性ビニル系単量体を除去する蒸留工程と;該トナー粒子を水系分散媒体中から固液分離する濾過工程;及び該トナー粒子を洗浄する洗浄工程を有するトナーの製造方法において、
前記造粒工程から重合工程に至る重合性ビニル系単量体の重合反応をpH4.5〜8.5の水系分散媒体中で行った後、水系分散媒体のpHを9〜13に調整してからトナーの結着樹脂のガラス転移温度以上の温度で蒸留工程を行うことを特徴とするトナーの製造方法。 - 前記造粒工程から重合工程に至る重合性ビニル系単量体の重合反応をpH4.5〜6.0の水系分散媒体中で行うことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のトナーの製造方法。
- 前記蒸留工程において、水系分散媒体中の水溶性開始剤を添加することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載のトナーの製造方法。
- 製造されるトナーが、少なくとも結着樹脂、着色剤、ワックス成分及びオキシカルボン酸を含有するトナー粒子を有し、且つ該トナー1g中からメタノールにより抽出されるオキシカルボン酸の質量をA(mg)、0.1mol/リットルの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液により抽出されるオキシカルボン酸の質量をB(mg)とした時、
1.05≦A/B≦3.00
0.10≦B≦3.50
を満足することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれかに記載のトナーの製造方法。 - 請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載のトナーの製造方法によって製造されたトナー。
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