JP4005330B2 - Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element - Google Patents
Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element Download PDFInfo
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- JP4005330B2 JP4005330B2 JP2001308382A JP2001308382A JP4005330B2 JP 4005330 B2 JP4005330 B2 JP 4005330B2 JP 2001308382 A JP2001308382 A JP 2001308382A JP 2001308382 A JP2001308382 A JP 2001308382A JP 4005330 B2 JP4005330 B2 JP 4005330B2
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- Prior art keywords
- group
- substituent
- photoelectric conversion
- dye
- conversion element
- Prior art date
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- 125000001731 2-cyanoethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C#N 0.000 description 1
- GRWPYGBKJYICOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropan-2-olate;titanium(4+) Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-].CC(C)(C)[O-] GRWPYGBKJYICOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=CC=N1 UUIMDJFBHNDZOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FASUFOTUSHAIHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methoxyprop-1-ene Chemical group COCC=C FASUFOTUSHAIHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butylpyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 YSHMQTRICHYLGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-xanthene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 GJCOSYZMQJWQCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical class NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KYNSBQPICQTCGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzopyrane Chemical group C1=CC=C2C=CCOC2=C1 KYNSBQPICQTCGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bipyridyl Chemical group N1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 ROFVEXUMMXZLPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000858 Cyclodextrin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004985 Discotic Liquid Crystal Substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=N1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021627 Tin(IV) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004414 alkyl thio group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021417 amorphous silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005577 anthracene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001000 anthraquinone dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008430 aromatic amides Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005129 aryl carbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000987 azo dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003828 azulenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000440 benzylamino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C([H])([H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calixarene Chemical compound COC(=O)COC1=C(CC=2C(=C(CC=3C(=C(C4)C=C(C=3)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)OCC(=O)OC)C=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1CC1=C(OCC(=O)OC)C4=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C1 VTJUKNSKBAOEHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000609 carbazolyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SKOLWUPSYHWYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonodithioic O,S-acid Chemical compound SC(S)=O SKOLWUPSYHWYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004181 carboxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003983 crown ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021419 crystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003997 cyclic ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexa-1,3-diene Chemical group C1CC=CC=C1 MGNZXYYWBUKAII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PESYEWKSBIWTAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;titanium(2+) Chemical compound [Ti+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 PESYEWKSBIWTAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IDASTKMEQGPVRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;zirconium(2+) Chemical compound [Zr+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 IDASTKMEQGPVRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical group C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001664 diethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004914 dipropylamino group Chemical group C(CC)N(CCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=C[CH]C=CC3=CC2=C1 RMBPEFMHABBEKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003983 fluorenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3CC12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N indole Natural products CC1=CC=CC2=C1C=CN2 PZOUSPYUWWUPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolenine Natural products C1=CC=C2CC=NC2=C1 RKJUIXBNRJVNHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M iodide Chemical compound [I-] XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002462 isocyano group Chemical group *[N+]#[C-] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001810 isothiocyanato group Chemical group *N=C=S 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lichenxanthone Natural products COC1=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C3=C(C)C=C(OC)C=C3OC2=C1 QDLAGTHXVHQKRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M merocyanine Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1N(CCCC)C(=O)N(CCCC)C(=O)C1=C\C=C\C=C/1N(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=CC=C2O\1 DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-biphenylenemethane Natural products C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 1
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002165 photosensitisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003386 piperidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000193 polymethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005581 pyrene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BJDYCCHRZIFCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-1-ium;iodide Chemical compound I.C1=CC=NC=C1 BJDYCCHRZIFCGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UBQKCCHYAOITMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridin-2-ol Chemical class OC1=CC=CC=N1 UBQKCCHYAOITMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002943 quinolinyl group Chemical group N1=C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003303 ruthenium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FZHCFNGSGGGXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenocene Chemical compound [Ru+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 FZHCFNGSGGGXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N schardinger α-dextrin Chemical compound O1C(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(O)C2O)C(CO)OC2OC(C(C2O)O)C(CO)OC2OC2C(O)C(O)C1OC2CO HFHDHCJBZVLPGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium ethoxide Chemical compound [Na+].CC[O-] QDRKDTQENPPHOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003637 steroidlike Effects 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrabutylammonium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DZLFLBLQUQXARW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002813 thiocarbonyl group Chemical group *C(*)=S 0.000 description 1
- 125000000858 thiocyanato group Chemical group *SC#N 0.000 description 1
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J tin(iv) chloride Chemical compound Cl[Sn](Cl)(Cl)Cl HPGGPRDJHPYFRM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium ethoxide Chemical compound [Ti+4].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-].CC[O-] JMXKSZRRTHPKDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CURCMGVZNYCRNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylazanium;iodide Chemical compound I.CN(C)C CURCMGVZNYCRNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 AAAQKTZKLRYKHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001018 xanthene dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/654—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only nitrogen as heteroatom
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【本発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は有機色素で増感された半導体微粒子、光電変換素子および太陽電池に関し、詳しくは一般式(1)で表されるメチン系の色素によって増感された酸化物半導体微粒子、およびそれを用いることを特徴とする光電変換素子及びそれを利用した太陽電池に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
石油、石炭等の化石燃料に代わるエネルギー資源として太陽光を利用する太陽電池が注目されている。現在、結晶またはアモルファスのシリコンを用いたシリコン太陽電池、あるいはガリウム、ヒ素等を用いた化合物半導体太陽電池等について盛んに高効率化など、開発検討がなされている。しかしそれらは製造に要するエネルギー及びコストが高いため、汎用的に使用するのが困難であるという問題点がある。また色素で増感した半導体微粒子を用いた光電変換素子、あるいはこれを用いた太陽電池も知られ、これを作成する材料、製造技術が開示されている。(B.O'Regan and M.Gratzel Nature, 353, 737 (1991), M.K.Nazeeruddin, A.Kay, I.Rodicio, R.Humphry-Baker, E.Muller, P.Liska, N.Vlachopoulos, M.Gratzel, J.Am.Chem.Soc., 115, 6382 (1993) e.t.c.) この光電変換素子は酸化チタン等の比較的安価な酸化物半導体を用いて製造され、従来のシリコン等を用いた太陽電池に比べコストの安い光電変換素子が得られる可能性があり注目を集めている。しかし変換効率の高い素子を得るために増感色素としてルテニウム系の錯体を使用されており、色素自体のコストが高く、またその供給にも問題が残っている。また増感色素として有機色素を用いる試みも既に行われているが、変換効率が低いなどまだ実用化には至らない現状にある。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
有機色素増感半導体を用いた光電変換素子において、安価な有機色素を用い、変換効率の高い実用性の高い光電変換素子の開発が求められている。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明者等は上記の課題を解決するために鋭意努力した結果、一般式(1)で表されるメチン系の色素を用いて半導体微粒子を増感し、光電変換素子を作成する事により変換効率の高い光電変換素子が得られることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。
すなわち本発明は、
(1)一般式(1)で表されるメチン系の色素によって増感された酸化物半導体微粒子を用いることを特徴とする光電変換素子、
【化3】
(式中、A1、A2およびA3はそれぞれ独立に、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよいアミノ基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基、ヒドロキシル基、シアノ基、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基をあらわす。X1およびX2はそれぞれ独立にイミノ基、アルキルイミノ基、アリールイミノ基、酸素原子、イオウ原子またはセレン原子あらわす。Yはサリチル酸およびポリ置換ヒドロキシベンゼンで表される構造を除く置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基又は置換基を有してもよい有機金属錯体残基をあらわす。R1は水素原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基を表す。R2及びR3はそれぞれ独立に水素原子、シアノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、リン酸基、リン酸エステル基、アルコキシル基又はカルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基及びアシル基から選ばれたカルボニル基を有する基を表す。nは0〜4の整数を示す。また、nが2以上でA1およびA2が複数存在する場合、それぞれのA1およびそれぞれのA2は互いに独立に同じ又は異なってもよい前記の基を示す。またA1、若しくはA1が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA1、A2若しくはA2が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA2およびA3の中の複数を用いて置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。)
(2)一般式(1)の置換基Yが下記一般式(2)で示されることを特徴とする光電変換素子、
【化4】
(式中、Zは置換基をあらわし、複数個あっても良く、複数個存在するときは同じでも異なってもよく、互いに連結してまたはR4、R5と置換基を有してもよい環を形成しても良い。R4、R5はそれぞれ水素原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基または置換基を有してもよい複素環残基を表す。)
(3)一般式(1)のR1がカルボキシル置換のアルキル基、カルボキシル置換の芳香族炭化水素残基で表されることを特徴とする(1)乃至(2)記載の光電変換素子、
(4)一般式(1)のR3がシアノ基、またはカルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アシル基などの置換カルボニル基で表されることを特徴とする(1)乃至(3)記載の光電変換素子、
(5)一般式(1)のnが0〜3で表されることを特徴とする(1)乃至(4)記載の光電変換素子、
(6)(1)〜(5)記載の色素を少なくとも1つ含み、かつ他の金属錯体色素および他の構造を有する有機色素によりなる群から選ばれた色素のうち、2種以上の色素の併用により増感された酸化物半導体微粒子を用いることを特徴とする光電変換素子、
(7)酸化物半導体微粒子が二酸化チタンを必須成分として含有する(1)乃至(6)のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子、
(8)酸化物半導体微粒子に包摂化合物の存在下、色素を担持させた(1)乃至(7)のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子、
(9)(1)乃至(8)のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子を用いる事を特徴とする太陽電池、
(10)(1)乃至(5)記載の一般式(1)で表されるメチン系の色素により増感された酸化物半導体微粒子、
に関する。
【0005】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下に本発明を詳細に説明する。本発明の光電変換素子は、一般式(1)で表されるメチン系の色素によって増感された酸化物半導体を用いることを特徴とする。
【0006】
【化5】
【0007】
一般式(1)においてA1、A2およびA3はそれぞれ独立に、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよいアミノ基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基、ヒドロキシル基、シアノ基、水素原子、ハロゲン原子又は置換基を有してもよいアルキル基をあらわす。A1、A2およびA3の好ましいものとしてはそれぞれ、芳香族炭化水素残基、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、アルキル基等が挙げられ、さらに好ましくは水素原子、ハロゲン原子、アルキル基が挙げられる。ハロゲン原子は塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子であることが好ましい。またA1およびA2が複数存在する場合、それぞれのA1およびそれぞれのA2は互いに独立に同じ又は異なってもよい下記の基を示す。nは0〜4の整数を示す。
【0008】
置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基における置換基としては、特に制限はないが、アルキル基、アリール基、シアノ基、イソシアノ基、チオシアナト基、イソチオシアナト基、ニトロ基、ニトロシル基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、リン酸基、リン酸エステル基、置換もしくは非置換メルカプト基、置換もしくは非置換アミノ基、置換もしくは非置換アミド基、アルコキシル基、アルコキシアルキル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、スルホ基、カルボキシル基、アミド基、アシル基等のカルボニル基等が挙げられる。アルキル基としては置換基を有してもよい飽和及び不飽和の直鎖、分岐及び環状のアルキル基が挙げられ、炭素数は1から36が好ましく、さらに好ましくは置換基を有しても良い飽和の直鎖アルキル基で、炭素数は1から20であるものが挙げられる。環状のものとして例えば炭素数3乃至8のシクロアルキルなどが挙げられる。これらのアルキル基は上記の置換基(アルキル基を除く)で更に置換されていてもよい。
アリール基としては、後記芳香族炭化水素残基の項で挙げられる芳香環から水素原子をとった基等が挙げられる。アリール基は更に上記の基などで置換されていてもよい。
アシル基としては例えば炭素数1乃至10のアルキルカルボニル基、アリールカルボニル基、アミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基等が挙げられ、好ましくは炭素数1乃至4のアルキルカルボニル基、具体的にはアセチル基、プロピオニル基等が挙げられる。ハロゲン原子としてはフッ素、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素等の原子が挙げられ、塩素、臭素、ヨウ素が好ましい。リン酸エステルとしてはリン酸(炭素数1ないし4の)アルキルエステル基等が挙げられる。置換もしくは非置換メルカプト基としてはメルカプト基、アルキルメルカプト基等が挙げられる。置換もしくは非置換アミノ基としては、アミノ基、モノまたはジメチルアミノ基、モノまたはジエチルアミノ基、モノまたはジプロピルアミノ基等のアルキル置換アミノ基、モノまたはジフェニルアミノ基、モノまたはジナフチルアミノ基等の芳香族置換アミノ基、またはベンジルアミノ基等が挙げられる。置換もしくは非置換アミド基としては、アミド基、アルキルアミド基、芳香族アミド基等が挙げられる。アルコキシル基としては、例えば炭素数1ないし10のアルコキシル基等が挙げられる。アルコキシアルキル基としては、例えば(炭素数1ないし10の)アルコキシ(炭素数1ないし10の)アルキル基等が挙げられる。アルコキシカルボニル基としては例えば炭素数1ないし10のアルコキシカルボニル基等が挙げられる。また、カルボキシル基、スルホ基及びリン酸基等の酸性基およびヒドロキシル基は、塩を形成してもよく、塩としては例えばリチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、マグネシウム、カルシウムなどのアルカリ金属またはアルカリ土類金属などとの塩、又は有機塩基、例えばテトラメチルアンモニウム、テトラブチルアンモニウム、ピリジニウム、イミダゾリウムなどの4級アンモニウム塩のような塩を挙げることができる。
【0009】
芳香族炭化水素残基とは、芳香族炭化水素から水素原子を1つ除いた基を意味する。芳香族炭化水素としては例えばベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、ペリレン等が挙げられる。また、複素環残基とは、複素環化合物から水素原子を1つ除いた基を意味し、後記の複素環残基の項で挙げるもの等が例示されるが、A1又はA2における複素環残基として好ましいものとしては例えばピリジン、ピラジン、ピペリジン、モルホリン、インドリン、チオフェン、フラン、オキサゾール、チアゾール、インドール、ベンゾチアゾール、ベンゾオキサゾール、キノリン等が挙げられ、これらは前記するように置換基を有しても良い。
【0010】
また、nが2以上でA1およびA2が複数存在する場合、それぞれのA1およびそれぞれのA2は互いに独立に同じ又は異なってもよい前記の基を示す。またA1、若しくはA1が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA1、A2若しくはA2が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA2およびA3の中の複数を用いて置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。置換基を有する場合の置換基としては、前記の置換基を有してもよい環式炭化水素基の項で述べた置換基等を挙げることができる。形成する環としては不飽和炭化水素環または複素環が挙げられる。不飽和炭化水素環としてはベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環、フェナンスレン環、ピレン環、インデン環、アズレン環、フルオレン環、シクロブテン環、シクロヘキセン環、シクロペンテン環、シクロヘキサジエン環、シクロペンタジエン環等が挙げられ、複素環基としては、ピリジン環、ピラジン環、ピペリジン環、インドリン環、チオフェン環、フラン環、ピラン環、オキサゾール環、チアゾール環、インドール環、ベンゾチアゾール環、ベンゾオキサゾール環、キノリン環、カルバゾール環、ベンゾピラン環等が挙げられる。またこれらのうちの好ましいものはシクロブテン環、シクロペンテン環、シクロヘキセン環、ピラン環などが挙げられる。また、カルボニル基、チオカルボニル基等を有する場合には環状ケトンまたは環状チオケトンなどを形成しても良い。
【0011】
X1及びX2はそれぞれ独立にイミノ基、アルキルイミノ基、アリールイミノ基、酸素原子、硫黄原子またはセレン原子あらわす。好ましくはイミノ基、アルキルイミノ基、アリールイミノ基、酸素原子、硫黄原子で、さらに好ましくはイミノ基、酸素原子である。
【0012】
Yはサリチル酸およびポリ置換ヒドロキシベンゼンで表される構造を除く置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい有機錯体残基を表す。ここで挙げる芳香族炭化水素残基とは芳香族炭化水素から水素原子を1つ除いた基を意味し、例えばベンゼン、ナフタレン、アントラセン、フェナンスレン、ピレン、インデン、アズレン、フルオレン等の芳香族炭化水素から水素原子1つを除いた基が挙げられ、これらは前記したようにいずれも置換基を有してもよい。これらは通常炭素数6〜16の芳香環(芳香環及び芳香環を含む縮合環等)を有する芳香族炭化水素残基である。
また、有機金属錯体残基とは有機金属錯体から水素原子1つを除いた基を意味し、例えばフェロセン、ルテノセン、チタノセン、ジルコノセン、ポルフィリン、フタロシアニン、ビピリジル錯体などが挙げられ、これらは前記したようにいずれも置換基を有してもよい。
Yとして好ましくはベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、インデン環、フタロシアニン環、ポルフィリン環、フェロセンなどが挙げられる。さらに好ましくはベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、最も好ましくはベンゼン環が挙げられる。
またこの時のYが有してもよい置換基としては、前述の置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基の項で述べた置換基と同様で良く、好ましくは置換基を有してもよいアミノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、アルコキシル基、アシル基、ヒドロキシル基、ハロゲン原子等が挙げられ、さらに好ましくは置換基を有してもよいアミノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、アルコキシル基等が挙げられる。ここで置換基を有してもよいアミノ基として好ましくはモノまたはジアルキル置換アミノ基、モノアルキルモノアリール置換アミノ基、モノまたジアリール置換アミノ基、モノまたはジアルキレン置換アミノ基等が挙げられるが、ジアルキル置換アミノ基、ジアリール置換アミノ基が特に好ましい。置換基を有してもよいアルキル基の置換基として好ましいものはアリール基、ハロゲン原子、アルコキシル基、シアノ基、ヒドロキシル基、カルボキシル基等が挙げられる。置換基を有してもよいアルコキシル基としてはアルコキシ置換、ハロゲン置換、アリール置換などが挙げられる。またその他、置換基を有してもよい芳香族アゾ基が置換していてもよい。
【0013】
一般式(1)で示される化合物はシス体、トランス体などの構造異性体をとり得るが、特に限定されず、いずれも光増感用色素として良好に使用しうるものである。
【0014】
R1は水素原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基等を表し、好ましくは水素原子、カルボキシメチル基、カルボキシエチル基等のカルボキシアルキル基、カルボキシエチレン基、メチル基、エチル基、n-ブチル基、イソプロピル基等の直鎖及び分鎖のアルキル基、シアノエチル基、ヒドロキシエチル基等が挙げられ、カルボキシメチル基、カルボキシエチレン基、メチル基、エチル基、n-ブチル基等が特に好ましい。またこの時の置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基が有しても良い置換基としては前述の置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基の項で述べた置換基と同様で良い。
【0015】
R2及びR3は、水素原子、シアノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、リン酸基、リン酸エステル基、アルコキシル基、カルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アシル基などのカルボニル基等を表し、好ましくは、シアノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、カルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基等が挙げられ、シアノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、カルボキシル基等が特に好ましい。R2及びR3のアルキル基、芳香族炭化水素基、複素環残基
が有しても良い置換基としては、前述の置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基の項で述べた置換基と同様で良く、好ましくはシアノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、カルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アシル基等のカルボニル基等が挙げられ、カルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基、アシル基などのカルボニル基等が特に好ましい。また、R2とR3は互いに独立に同じ又は異なってもよい。
【0016】
いずれにせよ、R1およびR2またはR3のうち、少なくとも一つのカルボン酸基、カルボンアミド基、エステル基、アシル基などのカルボニル基を有することが酸化物半導体との吸着結合にとって好ましい。
【0017】
一般式(2)においてZは置換基をあらわす。ここで述べる置換基は、前述の置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基の項で述べたものと同様で良く、好ましくはアルキル基、アリール基、シアノ基、ニトロ基、アシル基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、置換もしくは非置換アミノ基、置換もしくは非置換アミド基、アルコキシル基、アルコキシアルキル基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、スルホ基等が挙げられる。またZは複数個あっても良く、複数個存在する場合は同じでも異なってもよく、互いに連結してまたはR4、R5と置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。R4、R5はそれぞれ水素原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基または置換基を有してもよい複素環残基を表す。ここで述べる置換基とは、前述の置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基の項で示したものと同様でよく、芳香族炭化水素残基、複素環残基としては前述したものでよく、好ましくは、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基または置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素環残基で、置換基としては無置換またはヒドロキシル基、ハロゲン原子、シアノ基、アシル基、アルコキシル基、アルコキシアルキル基、アルコキシアルキル基、カルボキシル基、アルコキシカルボニル基、スルホ基等が挙げられる。また、R4、R5は結合して置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。
【0018】
一般式(1)の化合物は、一般式(3)で示される活性メチレンを有するピリドン誘導体と、式(4)で示されるカルボニル誘導体を必要であればナトリウムエトキシド、ピペリジン、ピペラジンなどの塩基性触媒の存在下、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノールなどのアルコールやジメチルホルムアミドなどの非プロトン性極性溶媒や無水酢酸などの溶媒中、20℃〜120℃好ましくは50℃〜80℃程度で縮合することにより得られる。
【0019】
【化6】
【0020】
【化7】
【0021】
以下に化合物例を列挙する。化合物(1)のA1、A2およびA3が水素でYが4−アミノベンゼンの誘導体である一般式(5)の化合物例を表1にあらわす。エチル基をEt、フェニル基をPhと略する。
【0022】
【化8】
【0023】
【表1】
【0024】
【0025】
その他の例を以下にあらわす。
【化9】
【0026】
【化10】
【0027】
【化11】
【0028】
【化12】
【0029】
本発明の色素増感光電変換素子は例えば酸化物半導体微粒子を用いて基板上に酸化物半導体の薄膜を製造し、次いでこの薄膜に色素を担持させたものである。
本発明で酸化物物半導体の薄膜を設ける基板としては、その表面が導電性であるものが好ましいが、そのような基板は市場で容易に入手可能である。具体的には、例えばガラスの表面又はポリエチレンテレフタレート若しくはポリエーテルスルフォン等の透明性のある高分子材料の表面にインジウム、フッ素、アンチモン、をドープした酸化スズなどの導電性金属酸化物や金、銀、銅等の金属の薄膜を設けたものを用いることができる。その導電性としては、通常1000Ω以下であればよく、100Ω以下のものが好ましい。
酸化物半導体の微粒子としては金属酸化物が好ましく、その具体例としてはチタン、スズ、亜鉛、タングステン、ジルコニウム、ガリウム、インジウム、イットリウム、ニオブ、タンタル、バナジウムなどの酸化物が挙げられる。これらのうちチタン、スズ、亜鉛、ニオブ、タングステン等の酸化物が好ましく、これらのうち酸化チタンが最も好ましい。これらの酸化物半導体は単一で使用することも出来るが、混合して使用することも出来る。また酸化物半導体の微粒子の粒径は平均粒径として、通常1〜500nmで、好ましくは5〜100nmである。またこの酸化物半導体の微粒子は大きな粒径のものと小さな粒径のものを混合して使用することも可能である。
酸化物半導体薄膜は酸化物半導体微粒子を蒸着させ直接基板上に薄膜として形成する方法、基板を電極として電気的に半導体微粒子薄膜を析出させる方法、半導体微粒子のスラリーを基板上に塗布した後、乾燥、硬化もしくは焼成することによって製造することが出来る。酸化物半導体電極の性能上、スラリーを用いる方法等が好ましい。この方法の場合、スラリーは2次凝集している酸化物半導体微粒子を常法により分散媒中に平均1次粒子径が1〜200nmになるように分散させることにより得られる。
【0030】
スラリーを分散させる分散媒としては半導体微粒子を分散させ得るものであれば何でも良く、水あるいはエタノール等のアルコール、アセトン、アセチルアセトン等のケトンもしくはヘキサン等の炭化水素等の有機溶媒が用いられ、これらは混合して用いてもよく、また水を用いることはスラリーの粘度変化を少なくするという点で好ましい。
スラリーを塗布した基板の焼成温度は通常300℃以上、好ましくは400℃以上で、かつ上限はおおむね基材の融点(軟化点)以下であり、通常上限は900℃であり、好ましくは600℃以下である。また焼成時間には特に限定はないがおおむね4時間以内が好ましい。基板上の薄膜の厚みは通常1〜200μmで好ましくは5〜50μmである。
【0031】
酸化物半導体薄膜に2次処理を施してもよい。すなわち例えば半導体と同一の金属のアルコキサイド、塩化物、硝化物、硫化物等の溶液に直接、基板ごと薄膜を浸積させて乾燥もしくは再焼成することにより半導体薄膜の性能を向上させることもできる。金属アルコキサイドとしてはチタンエトキサイド、チタンイソプロポキサイド、チタンtーブトキサイド、n−ジブチルージアセチルスズ等が挙げられ、そのアルコール溶液が用いられる。塩化物としては例えば四塩化チタン、四塩化スズ、塩化亜鉛等が挙げられ、その水溶液が用いられる。
【0032】
次に酸化物半導体薄膜に色素を担持させる方法について説明する。前記の色素を担持させる方法としては、色素を溶解しうる溶媒にて色素を溶解して得た溶液、又は溶解性の低い色素にあっては色素を分散せしめて得た分散液に上記酸化物半導体薄膜の設けられた基板を浸漬する方法が挙げられる。溶液又は分散液中の濃度は色素によって適宜決める。その溶液中に基板上に作成した半導体薄膜を浸す。浸積時間はおおむね常温から溶媒の沸点までであり、また浸積時間は1時間から48時間程度である。色素を溶解させるのに使用しうる溶媒の具体例として、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、アセトニトリル、ジメチルスルホキサイド、ジメチルホルムアミド等が挙げられる。溶液の色素濃度は通常1×10-6M〜1Mが良く、好ましくは1×10-4M〜1×10-1Mである。この様にして色素で増感した酸化物半導体微粒子薄膜の光電変換素子が得られる。
【0033】
担持する色素は1種類でも良いし、2種類以上混合しても良い。混合する場合は本発明のアクリル酸部位を有する色素同士でも良いし、他の色素や金属錯体色素を混合しても良い。特に吸収波長の異なる色素同士を混合することにより、幅広い吸収波長を用いることが出来、変換効率の高い太陽電池が得られる。3種類以上の色素を混合利用することで更に最適な太陽電池の作成も可能になる。混合利用する金属錯体色素の例としては特に制限は無いが J.Am.Chem.Soc., 115, 6382 (1993)や特開2000−26487に示されているルテニウムビピリジル錯体やフタロシアニン、ポルフィリンなどが好ましく、混合利用する有機色素としては無金属のフタロシアニン、ポルフィリンやシアニン、メロシアニン、オキソノール、トリフェニルメタン系などのメチン系色素や、キサンテン系、アゾ系、アンスラキノン系等の色素が挙げられる。好ましくはルテニウム錯体やメロシアニン等のメチン系色素が挙げられる。混合する色素の比率は特に限定は無く、それぞれの色素により最適化されるが、一般的に等モルずつの混合から、1つの色素につき10%モル程度以上使用するのが好ましい。混合色素を混合溶解若しくは分散した溶液を用いて、酸化物半導体微粒子薄膜に色素を吸着させる場合、溶液中の色素合計の濃度は1種類のみ担持する場合と同様でよい。
【0034】
酸化物半導体微粒子の薄膜に色素を担持する際、色素同士の会合を防ぐために包摂化合物の共存下、色素を担持することが効果的である。ここで包摂化合物としてはコール酸等のステロイド系化合物、クラウンエーテル、シクロデキストリン、カリックスアレン、ポリエチレンオキサイドなどが挙げられるが、好ましいものはコール酸、ポリエチレンオキサイド等である。また色素を担持させた後、4ーt−ブチルピリジン等のアミン化合物で半導体電極表面を処理してもよい。処理の方法は例えばアミンのエタノール溶液に色素を担持した半導体微粒子薄膜の設けられた基板を浸す方法等が採られる。
【0035】
本発明の太陽電池は上記酸化物半導体薄膜に色素を担持させた光電変換素子電極と対極とレドックス電解質または正孔輸送材料から構成される。レドックス電解質は酸化還元対を溶媒中に溶解させた溶液や、ポリマーマトリックスに含浸させたゲル電解質、また溶融塩のような固体電解質であってもよい。正孔輸送材料としてはアミン誘導体やポリアセチレン、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェンなどの導電性高分子、ポリフェニレンなどのディスコティック液晶相を用いる物などが挙げられる。用いる対極としては導電性を持っており、レドックス電解質の還元反応を触媒的に作用するものが好ましい。例えばガラス、もしくは高分子フィルムに白金、カーボン、ロジウム、ルテニウム等を蒸着したり、導電性微粒子を塗り付けたものが用いうる。
【0036】
本発明の太陽電池に用いるレドックス電解質としてはハロゲンイオンを対イオンとするハロゲン化合物及びハロゲン分子からなるハロゲン酸化還元系電解質、フェロシアン酸塩−フェリシアン酸塩やフェロセン−フェリシニウムイオンなどの金属錯体等の金属酸化還元系電解質、アルキルチオール−アルキルジスルフィド、ビオロゲン色素、ヒドロキノン−キノン等の芳香族酸化還元系電解質などをあげることができるが、ハロゲン酸化還元系電解質が好ましい。ハロゲン化合物−ハロゲン分子からなるハロゲン酸化還元系電解質におけるハロゲン分子としては、例えばヨウ素分子や臭素分子等が挙げられ、ヨウ素分子が好ましい。また、ハロゲンイオンを対イオンとするハロゲン化合物としては、例えばLiI、NaI、KI、CsI、CaI2等のハロゲン化金属塩あるいはテトラアルキルアンモニウムヨーダイド、イミダゾリウムヨーダイド、ピリジニウムヨーダイドなどのハロゲンの有機4級アンモニウム塩等が挙げられるが、ヨウ素イオンを対イオンとする塩類化合物が好ましい。ヨウ素イオンを対イオンとする塩類化合物としては、例えばヨウ化リチウム、ヨウ化ナトリウム、ヨウ化トリメチルアンモニウム塩等が挙げられる。
【0037】
また、レドックス電解質はそれを含む溶液の形で構成されている場合、その溶媒には電気化学的に不活性なものが用いられる。例えばアセトニトリル、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、3−メトキシプロピオニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、γ−ブチロラクトン、ジメトキシエタン、ジエチルカーボネート、ジエチルエーテル、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、1、2−ジメトキシエタン、ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキサイド、1、3−ジオキソラン、メチルフォルメート、2ーメチルテトラヒドロフラン、3−メトキシーオキサジリジン−2−オン、スルホラン、テトラヒドロフラン、水等が挙げられ、これらの中でも、特に、アセトニトリル、プロピレンカーボネート、エチレンカーボネート、3−メトキシプロピオニトリル、メトキシアセトニトリル、エチレングリコール、3−メトキシオキサジリジン−2−オン等が好ましい。これらは単独もしくは2種以上組み合わせて用いてもよい。ゲル電解質の場合はマトリックスとして、ポリアクリレートやポリメタクリレート樹脂などを使用したものが挙げられる。レドックス電解質の濃度は通常0.01〜99重量%で好ましくは0.1〜90重量%程度である。
【0038】
本発明の太陽電池は、基板上の酸化物半導体薄膜に色素を担持した光電変換素子の電極に、それを挟むように対極を配置する。その間にレドックス電解質を含んだ溶液を充填することにより本発明の太陽電池が得られる。
【0039】
【実施例】
以下に実施例に基づき、本発明を更に具体的に説明するが、本発明がこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。実施例中、部は特に指定しない限り質量部を、また%は重量%をそれぞれ表す。
【0040】
合成例1
N-カルボキシメチル-3-シアノ-6-ヒドロキシ-4-メチルピリドン2.4部とN,N−ジエチルアミノベンズアルデヒド1.1部をエタノール20部に混ぜ、ここにピペラジン無水物0.2部を添加する。還流で2時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し化合物(3)を2.9部得た。
吸収極大(エタノール):538nm
【0041】
合成例2
N-カルボキシメチル-3-シアノ-6-ヒドロキシ-4-メチルピリドン2.4部とN,N−ジメチルアミノシンナムアルデヒド1.4部をエタノール20部に混ぜ、ここにピペラジン無水物0.2部を添加する。還流で2時間反応させた後、冷却し得られた固体を濾過、洗浄、乾燥し、次いでエタノールで再結晶後、濾過、洗浄、乾燥し化合物(6)を2.8部得た。
吸収極大(エタノール):556nm
【0042】
実施例
色素を3×10-4MになるようにEtOHに溶解した。この溶液中に多孔質基板(透明導電性ガラス電極上に多孔質酸化チタンを450℃にて30分焼結した半導体薄膜電極)を室温で3時間から一晩浸漬し色素を担持せしめ、溶剤で洗浄し、乾燥させ、色素増感した半導体薄膜の光電変換素子を得た。実施例7,8については2種類の色素をそれぞれ1.5×10-4MになるようにEtOH溶液を調整し、2種類の色素を担持することで同様に光電変換素子を得た。また実施例4、6及び7においては半導体薄膜電極の酸化チタン薄膜部分に0.2M四塩化チタン水溶液を滴下し、室温にて24時間静置後、水洗して、再度450度にて30分焼成して得た、四塩化チタン処理半導体薄膜電極を用いて色素を同様に担持した。さらに実施例3、5については色素の担持時に包摂化合物としてコール酸を3×10-2Mとなるように加えて先の色素溶液を調製し、半導体薄膜に担持して、コール酸処理色素増感半導体薄膜を得た。これと挟むように表面を白金でスパッタされた導電性ガラスを固定してその空隙に電解質を含む溶液を注入した。実施例1については、3ーメトキシプロピオニトリルにヨウ素/ヨウ化リチウム/1、2ージメチルー3ーn−プロピルイミダゾリウムアイオダイド/t−ブチルピリジンをそれぞれ0.1M/0.1M/0.6M/1Mになるように溶解した電解液Aを、実施例2〜7については、エチレンカーボネートとアセトニトリルの6対4の溶液にヨウ素/テトラ−n−プロピルアンモニウムアイオーダイドを0.02M/0.5Mになるように溶解した電解液Bをそれぞれ使用した。測定する電池の大きさは実行部分を0.25cm2とした。光源は500Wキセノンランプを用いて、AM1.5フィルターを通して100mW/cmとした。短絡電流、解放電圧、変換効率はポテンシオ・ガルバノスタットを用いて測定した。
【0043】
【化13】
【0044】
【表2】
【0045】
【発明の効果】
本発明の色素増感光電変換素子において、一般式(1)で表されるメチン系の色素を用いることにより、変換効率の高い太陽電池を提供する事が出来た。さらに2種以上の色素の併用により増感された酸化物半導体微粒子を用いることで、変換効率の向上が見られた。[0001]
[Technical field to which the present invention pertains]
The present invention relates to a semiconductor fine particle sensitized with an organic dye, a photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell, and more specifically, an oxide semiconductor fine particle sensitized with a methine dye represented by the general formula (1), and the same. The present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element and a solar cell using the photoelectric conversion element.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Solar cells that use sunlight as an energy resource to replace fossil fuels such as oil and coal are drawing attention. Currently, development studies such as high efficiency of silicon solar cells using crystalline or amorphous silicon, or compound semiconductor solar cells using gallium, arsenic, and the like are being actively conducted. However, there is a problem that they are difficult to use for general purposes because of the high energy and cost required for production. A photoelectric conversion element using semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a dye or a solar cell using the same is also known, and a material and a manufacturing technique for producing the photoelectric conversion element are disclosed. (B.O'Regan and M.Gratzel Nature, 353, 737 (1991), MKNazeeruddin, A.Kay, I.Rodicio, R.Humphry-Baker, E.Muller, P.Liska, N.Vlachopoulos, M.Gratzel , J.Am.Chem.Soc., 115, 6382 (1993) etc) This photoelectric conversion element is manufactured using a relatively inexpensive oxide semiconductor such as titanium oxide, and is used for a conventional solar cell using silicon or the like. There is a possibility that a photoelectric conversion element with a lower cost can be obtained, which is attracting attention. However, in order to obtain an element with high conversion efficiency, a ruthenium-based complex is used as a sensitizing dye, and the cost of the dye itself is high, and a problem still remains in its supply. Attempts have also been made to use organic dyes as sensitizing dyes, but they have not yet been put into practical use because of their low conversion efficiency.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In photoelectric conversion elements using organic dye-sensitized semiconductors, development of highly practical photoelectric conversion elements with high conversion efficiency using inexpensive organic dyes is required.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of diligent efforts to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have sensitized semiconductor fine particles using a methine dye represented by the general formula (1) and converted it by creating a photoelectric conversion element. The inventors have found that a photoelectric conversion element with high efficiency can be obtained, and have completed the present invention.
That is, the present invention
(1) A photoelectric conversion element using oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a methine dye represented by the general formula (1),
[Chemical 3]
(In the formula, A1, A2 and A3 are each independently an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, an amino group which may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent. X1 and X2 each independently represent an imino group, an alkylimino group, an arylimino group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a residue, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group that may have a substituent. Y represents an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent other than the structure represented by salicylic acid and polysubstituted hydroxybenzene, or an organometallic complex residue which may have a substituent. R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent. R3 is each Independently a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent, a halogen atom, A group having a carbonyl group selected from a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a phosphate ester group, an alkoxyl group or a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group and an acyl group, and n represents an integer of 0 to 4. Further, when n is 2 or more and a plurality of A1 and A2 are present, each A1 and each A2 each independently represents the same or different group, and when A1 or a plurality of A1 are present In the case where there are a plurality of each of A1, A2 or A2, a plurality of each of A2 and A3 may be used to form a ring which may have a substituent.)
(2) The photoelectric conversion element, wherein the substituent Y of the general formula (1) is represented by the following general formula (2),
[Formula 4]
(In the formula, Z represents a substituent, and there may be a plurality of them, and when there are a plurality of them, they may be the same or different, and they may be linked to each other or have a ring which may have a substituent with R4, R5. R4 and R5 may each be a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue that may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic ring that may have a substituent. Represents a residue.)
(3) R1 in the general formula (1) is represented by a carboxyl-substituted alkyl group or a carboxyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon residue, (1) to the photoelectric conversion device according to (2),
(4) The description of (1) to (3), wherein R3 in the general formula (1) is represented by a cyano group or a substituted carbonyl group such as a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an acyl group, etc. Photoelectric conversion element,
(5) The photoelectric conversion element according to (1) to (4), wherein n in the general formula (1) is represented by 0 to 3,
(6) Of at least one dye selected from the group consisting of other metal complex dyes and organic dyes having other structures, including at least one dye described in (1) to (5), A photoelectric conversion element characterized by using oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized by combined use;
(7) The photoelectric conversion element according to any one of (1) to (6), wherein the oxide semiconductor fine particles contain titanium dioxide as an essential component,
(8) The photoelectric conversion element according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein a dye is supported on an oxide semiconductor fine particle in the presence of an inclusion compound,
(9) A solar cell characterized by using the photoelectric conversion element according to any one of (1) to (8),
(10) Oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a methine dye represented by the general formula (1) described in (1) to (5),
About.
[0005]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is described in detail below. The photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is characterized by using an oxide semiconductor sensitized by a methine dye represented by the general formula (1).
[0006]
[Chemical formula 5]
[0007]
In the general formula (1), A1, A2 and A3 each independently have an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, an amino group which may have a substituent, or a substituent. This represents a heterocyclic residue, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or an alkyl group which may have a substituent. Preferable examples of A1, A2 and A3 each include an aromatic hydrocarbon residue, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom and an alkyl group, and more preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom and an alkyl group. The halogen atom is preferably a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or an iodine atom. When a plurality of A1 and A2 are present, each A1 and each A2 each independently represent the following groups which may be the same or different. n shows the integer of 0-4.
[0008]
The substituent in the aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent or the heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent is not particularly limited, but is an alkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, an isocyano group. , Thiocyanato group, isothiocyanato group, nitro group, nitrosyl group, halogen atom, hydroxyl group, phosphate group, phosphate ester group, substituted or unsubstituted mercapto group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, substituted or unsubstituted amide group, alkoxyl Groups, alkoxyalkyl groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, sulfo groups, carboxyl groups, amide groups, acyl groups, and other carbonyl groups. Examples of the alkyl group include saturated and unsaturated linear, branched and cyclic alkyl groups which may have a substituent. The number of carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 36, more preferably a substituent. A saturated linear alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms can be mentioned. Examples of cyclic compounds include cycloalkyl having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. These alkyl groups may be further substituted with the above substituents (excluding alkyl groups).
As an aryl group, the group etc. which took the hydrogen atom from the aromatic ring mentioned by the term of an aromatic-hydrocarbon residue mentioned later are mentioned. The aryl group may be further substituted with the above groups.
Examples of the acyl group include an alkylcarbonyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an arylcarbonyl group, an amide group, and an alkoxycarbonyl group, preferably an alkylcarbonyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, specifically an acetyl group and propionyl. Groups and the like. The halogen atom includes atoms such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and chlorine, bromine and iodine are preferable. Examples of phosphoric acid esters include phosphoric acid (having 1 to 4 carbon atoms) alkyl ester groups. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted mercapto group include a mercapto group and an alkyl mercapto group. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted amino group include an amino group, a mono- or dimethylamino group, a mono- or diethylamino group, an alkyl-substituted amino group such as a mono- or dipropylamino group, a mono- or diphenylamino group, a mono- or dinaphthylamino group, etc. An aromatic substituted amino group, a benzylamino group, etc. are mentioned. Examples of the substituted or unsubstituted amide group include an amide group, an alkylamide group, and an aromatic amide group. Examples of the alkoxyl group include an alkoxyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples of the alkoxyalkyl group include an alkoxy (having 1 to 10 carbons) alkoxy (having 1 to 10 carbons) alkyl group and the like. Examples of the alkoxycarbonyl group include an alkoxycarbonyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. In addition, an acidic group such as a carboxyl group, a sulfo group, and a phosphoric acid group and a hydroxyl group may form a salt. Examples of the salt include alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, or alkaline earth metals. Or organic bases such as quaternary ammonium salts such as tetramethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, pyridinium, imidazolium and the like.
[0009]
The aromatic hydrocarbon residue means a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic hydrocarbon. Examples of aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and perylene. Further, the heterocyclic residue means a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from a heterocyclic compound, and examples thereof include those mentioned in the section of the heterocyclic residue described later, but the heterocyclic residue in A1 or A2 Preferred examples of the group include pyridine, pyrazine, piperidine, morpholine, indoline, thiophene, furan, oxazole, thiazole, indole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, quinoline, etc., and these have a substituent as described above. May be.
[0010]
Further, when n is 2 or more and a plurality of A1 and A2 are present, each A1 and each A2 each independently represent the above-mentioned group which may be the same or different. Further, when there are a plurality of A1, or A1, when there are a plurality of each of A1, A2 or A2, a plurality of A2 and A3 are used to form a ring which may have a substituent. May be. Examples of the substituent in the case of having a substituent include the substituents described in the section of the cyclic hydrocarbon group which may have the above-described substituent. Examples of the ring to be formed include an unsaturated hydrocarbon ring or a heterocyclic ring. Examples of the unsaturated hydrocarbon ring include a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, anthracene ring, phenanthrene ring, pyrene ring, indene ring, azulene ring, fluorene ring, cyclobutene ring, cyclohexene ring, cyclopentene ring, cyclohexadiene ring, and cyclopentadiene ring. And heterocyclic groups include pyridine ring, pyrazine ring, piperidine ring, indoline ring, thiophene ring, furan ring, pyran ring, oxazole ring, thiazole ring, indole ring, benzothiazole ring, benzoxazole ring, quinoline ring, carbazole Ring, benzopyran ring and the like. Of these, preferred are a cyclobutene ring, a cyclopentene ring, a cyclohexene ring, and a pyran ring. Moreover, when it has a carbonyl group, a thiocarbonyl group, etc., you may form cyclic ketone or cyclic thioketone.
[0011]
X1 and X2 each independently represent an imino group, an alkylimino group, an arylimino group, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a selenium atom. Preferred are an imino group, an alkylimino group, an arylimino group, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom, and more preferred are an imino group and an oxygen atom.
[0012]
Y represents an aromatic hydrocarbon residue that may have a substituent other than the structure represented by salicylic acid and polysubstituted hydroxybenzene, and an organic complex residue that may have a substituent. The aromatic hydrocarbon residue mentioned here means a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic hydrocarbon. For example, aromatic hydrocarbon such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyrene, indene, azulene, fluorene, etc. And a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from the above, and as described above, any of these may have a substituent. These are usually aromatic hydrocarbon residues having an aromatic ring having 6 to 16 carbon atoms (such as an aromatic ring and a condensed ring containing an aromatic ring).
The organometallic complex residue means a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an organometallic complex, and examples thereof include ferrocene, ruthenocene, titanocene, zirconocene, porphyrin, phthalocyanine, bipyridyl complex, and the like. Any of these may have a substituent.
Y is preferably a benzene ring, naphthalene ring, indene ring, phthalocyanine ring, porphyrin ring, ferrocene and the like. More preferred are a benzene ring and a naphthalene ring, and most preferred is a benzene ring.
Further, the substituent that Y may have at this time may be the same as the substituent described in the section of the aromatic hydrocarbon residue that may have the above-mentioned substituent, and preferably has a substituent. And an amino group which may have a substituent, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkoxyl group, an acyl group, a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom and the like, and more preferably an amino group and a substituent which may have a substituent And an alkyl group and an alkoxyl group which may have Preferred examples of the amino group which may have a substituent include a mono- or dialkyl-substituted amino group, a monoalkylmonoaryl-substituted amino group, a mono- or diaryl-substituted amino group, and a mono- or dialkylene-substituted amino group. Particularly preferred are a dialkyl-substituted amino group and a diaryl-substituted amino group. Preferred examples of the substituent for the alkyl group which may have a substituent include an aryl group, a halogen atom, an alkoxyl group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, and a carboxyl group. Examples of the alkoxyl group which may have a substituent include alkoxy substitution, halogen substitution, and aryl substitution. In addition, an aromatic azo group which may have a substituent may be substituted.
[0013]
The compound represented by the general formula (1) may take a structural isomer such as a cis isomer or a trans isomer, but is not particularly limited, and any of them can be favorably used as a photosensitizing dye.
[0014]
R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent, etc., preferably hydrogen Atom, carboxyalkyl group such as carboxymethyl group, carboxyethyl group, carboxyethylene group, straight chain and branched chain alkyl group such as methyl group, ethyl group, n-butyl group, isopropyl group, cyanoethyl group, hydroxyethyl group, etc. Carboxymethyl group, carboxyethylene group, methyl group, ethyl group, n-butyl group and the like are particularly preferable. Moreover, the alkyl group which may have a substituent at this time, the aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, the substituent which the heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent may have The same as the substituent described in the paragraph of the aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent described above.
[0015]
R2 and R3 are a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent, Represents a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a phosphate ester group, an alkoxyl group, a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an carbonyl group such as an acyl group, etc., preferably having a cyano group or a substituent And an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group and the like, and a cyano group and an alkyl which may have a substituent A group, a carboxyl group and the like are particularly preferable. R2 and R3 alkyl group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic residue
The substituent which may have may be the same as the substituent described in the section of the aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have the above-mentioned substituent, and preferably has a cyano group and a substituent. Examples thereof include carbonyl groups such as an alkyl group, a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group and an acyl group, and a carbonyl group such as a carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group and an acyl group is particularly preferred. R2 and R3 may be the same or different independently of each other.
[0016]
In any case, among R 1 and R 2 or R 3, at least one carbonyl group such as a carboxylic acid group, a carbonamido group, an ester group, or an acyl group is preferable for adsorptive bonding with an oxide semiconductor.
[0017]
In the general formula (2), Z represents a substituent. The substituent described here may be the same as that described in the section of the aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, and preferably an alkyl group, an aryl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an acyl group. , Halogen atom, hydroxyl group, substituted or unsubstituted amino group, substituted or unsubstituted amide group, alkoxyl group, alkoxyalkyl group, carboxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, sulfo group and the like. A plurality of Zs may be present, and when a plurality of Zs are present, they may be the same or different, and may be connected to each other or form a ring which may have a substituent with R4 and R5. R4 and R5 each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue that may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic residue that may have a substituent. The substituent described here may be the same as that described in the section of the aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have the above-mentioned substituent, and the aromatic hydrocarbon residue and the heterocyclic residue are described above. Preferably, it is an alkyl group which may have a substituent or an aromatic hydrocarbon ring residue which may have a substituent, and the substituent is unsubstituted or a hydroxyl group, a halogen atom, a cyano group , Acyl group, alkoxyl group, alkoxyalkyl group, alkoxyalkyl group, carboxyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, sulfo group and the like. R4 and R5 may combine to form a ring that may have a substituent.
[0018]
The compound of the general formula (1) is a basic compound such as sodium ethoxide, piperidine, piperazine and the like, if necessary, with a pyridone derivative having an active methylene represented by the general formula (3) and a carbonyl derivative represented by the formula (4). Obtained by condensation in the presence of a catalyst at 20 ° C. to 120 ° C., preferably about 50 ° C. to 80 ° C. in an aprotic polar solvent such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and the like, dimethylformamide and the like, and a solvent such as acetic anhydride. It is done.
[0019]
[Chemical 6]
[0020]
[Chemical 7]
[0021]
Examples of compounds are listed below. Table 1 shows compound examples of the general formula (5) in which A1, A2 and A3 of the compound (1) are hydrogen and Y is a derivative of 4-aminobenzene. The ethyl group is abbreviated as Et and the phenyl group is abbreviated as Ph.
[0022]
[Chemical 8]
[0023]
[Table 1]
[0024]
[0025]
Other examples are shown below.
[Chemical 9]
[0026]
Embedded image
[0027]
Embedded image
[0028]
Embedded image
[0029]
In the dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, for example, an oxide semiconductor thin film is produced on a substrate using oxide semiconductor fine particles, and then the dye is supported on the thin film.
In the present invention, the substrate on which the oxide semiconductor thin film is provided is preferably one having a conductive surface, but such a substrate is readily available in the market. Specifically, for example, conductive metal oxides such as tin oxide doped with indium, fluorine, antimony on the surface of glass or the surface of a transparent polymer material such as polyethylene terephthalate or polyether sulfone, gold, silver A film provided with a thin film of metal such as copper can be used. The conductivity is usually 1000Ω or less, preferably 100Ω or less.
The oxide semiconductor fine particles are preferably metal oxides, and specific examples thereof include oxides of titanium, tin, zinc, tungsten, zirconium, gallium, indium, yttrium, niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and the like. Of these, oxides such as titanium, tin, zinc, niobium, and tungsten are preferable, and among these, titanium oxide is most preferable. These oxide semiconductors can be used alone or in combination. The average particle diameter of the oxide semiconductor fine particles is usually 1 to 500 nm, preferably 5 to 100 nm. The oxide semiconductor fine particles having a large particle size and those having a small particle size can be mixed and used.
An oxide semiconductor thin film is a method in which oxide semiconductor fine particles are directly deposited and formed as a thin film on a substrate, a method in which a semiconductor fine particle thin film is electrically deposited using a substrate as an electrode, a slurry of semiconductor fine particles is applied on a substrate and then dried. It can be produced by curing or baking. In view of the performance of the oxide semiconductor electrode, a method using slurry is preferable. In the case of this method, the slurry is obtained by dispersing the secondary agglomerated oxide semiconductor fine particles in a dispersion medium by an ordinary method so that the average primary particle diameter is 1 to 200 nm.
[0030]
The dispersion medium for dispersing the slurry may be anything as long as it can disperse the semiconductor fine particles. Water or alcohol such as ethanol, ketone such as acetone, acetylacetone or organic solvent such as hydrocarbon such as hexane is used. A mixture may be used, and the use of water is preferable in that the viscosity change of the slurry is reduced.
The firing temperature of the substrate coated with the slurry is usually 300 ° C. or higher, preferably 400 ° C. or higher, and the upper limit is generally lower than the melting point (softening point) of the substrate, and the upper limit is usually 900 ° C., preferably 600 ° C. or lower. It is. The firing time is not particularly limited but is preferably within 4 hours. The thickness of the thin film on a board | substrate is 1-200 micrometers normally, Preferably it is 5-50 micrometers.
[0031]
A secondary treatment may be performed on the oxide semiconductor thin film. That is, for example, the performance of the semiconductor thin film can be improved by immersing the thin film together with the substrate directly in a solution of the same metal alkoxide, chloride, nitride, sulfide, etc. as the semiconductor and drying or refiring. Examples of the metal alkoxide include titanium ethoxide, titanium isopropoxide, titanium tert-butoxide, n-dibutyl-diacetyltin, and the alcohol solution thereof is used. Examples of the chloride include titanium tetrachloride, tin tetrachloride, zinc chloride and the like, and an aqueous solution thereof is used.
[0032]
Next, a method for supporting a dye on an oxide semiconductor thin film will be described. As the method for supporting the dye, the above oxide is contained in a solution obtained by dissolving the dye in a solvent capable of dissolving the dye, or a dispersion obtained by dispersing the dye in the case of a dye having low solubility. The method of immersing the board | substrate with which the semiconductor thin film was provided is mentioned. The concentration in the solution or dispersion is appropriately determined depending on the dye. The semiconductor thin film prepared on the substrate is immersed in the solution. The immersion time is generally from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent, and the immersion time is about 1 to 48 hours. Specific examples of the solvent that can be used for dissolving the dye include methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, and the like. The dye concentration of the solution is usually 1 × 10 -6 M to 1M is good, preferably 1 × 10 -Four M ~ 1x10 -1 M. In this way, a photoelectric conversion element of an oxide semiconductor fine particle thin film sensitized with a dye is obtained.
[0033]
One type of dye may be supported, or two or more types may be mixed. When mixing, the pigment | dyes which have an acrylic acid site | part of this invention may be sufficient, and another pigment | dye and a metal complex pigment | dye may be mixed. In particular, by mixing dyes having different absorption wavelengths, a wide absorption wavelength can be used, and a solar cell with high conversion efficiency can be obtained. By using a mixture of three or more kinds of pigments, it is possible to create a more optimal solar cell. Examples of mixed metal complex dyes are not particularly limited, but include ruthenium bipyridyl complexes, phthalocyanines, porphyrins and the like disclosed in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 6382 (1993) and JP-A 2000-26487. Preferably, organic dyes to be mixed and used include metal-free phthalocyanine, porphyrin, cyanine, merocyanine, oxonol, triphenylmethane and other methine dyes, and xanthene, azo and anthraquinone dyes. Preferred are methine dyes such as ruthenium complexes and merocyanines. The ratio of the dyes to be mixed is not particularly limited and is optimized depending on each dye. In general, it is preferable to use about 10% mol or more per dye from mixing in equimolar amounts. When the dye is adsorbed to the oxide semiconductor fine particle thin film using a solution in which the mixed dye is mixed and dissolved or dispersed, the total concentration of the dye in the solution may be the same as that in the case where only one kind is supported.
[0034]
When the dye is supported on the thin film of oxide semiconductor fine particles, it is effective to support the dye in the presence of the inclusion compound in order to prevent the association between the dyes. Examples of the inclusion compound include steroidal compounds such as cholic acid, crown ether, cyclodextrin, calixarene, polyethylene oxide, and the like, with preference given to cholic acid and polyethylene oxide. Further, after the dye is supported, the surface of the semiconductor electrode may be treated with an amine compound such as 4-t-butylpyridine. As a treatment method, for example, a method in which a substrate provided with a semiconductor fine particle thin film carrying a dye in an ethanol solution of amine is immersed.
[0035]
The solar cell of the present invention comprises a photoelectric conversion element electrode having a dye supported on the oxide semiconductor thin film, a counter electrode, and a redox electrolyte or hole transport material. The redox electrolyte may be a solution in which a redox couple is dissolved in a solvent, a gel electrolyte impregnated in a polymer matrix, or a solid electrolyte such as a molten salt. Examples of the hole transport material include amine derivatives, conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, polyaniline, and polythiophene, and materials using a discotic liquid crystal phase such as polyphenylene. The counter electrode to be used is preferably one having conductivity and acting catalytically on the reduction reaction of the redox electrolyte. For example, glass, a polymer film deposited with platinum, carbon, rhodium, ruthenium or the like, or coated with conductive fine particles can be used.
[0036]
As the redox electrolyte used in the solar cell of the present invention, a halogen redox electrolyte comprising a halogen compound and a halogen molecule as a counter ion, a metal complex such as ferrocyanate-ferricyanate or ferrocene-ferricinium ion Metal redox electrolytes such as alkyl thiol-alkyl disulfides, viologen dyes, and hydroquinone-quinone aromatic redox electrolytes, and the like. Halogen redox electrolytes are preferred. Examples of the halogen molecule in the halogen redox electrolyte comprising a halogen compound-halogen molecule include an iodine molecule and a bromine molecule, and an iodine molecule is preferable. Examples of the halogen compound having a halogen ion as a counter ion include LiI, NaI, KI, CsI, and CaI. 2 And halogenated organic quaternary ammonium salts such as tetraalkylammonium iodide, imidazolium iodide, pyridinium iodide and the like, and salt compounds having iodine ions as counter ions are preferred. Examples of the salt compound having iodine ion as a counter ion include lithium iodide, sodium iodide, trimethylammonium iodide salt and the like.
[0037]
When the redox electrolyte is formed in the form of a solution containing the redox electrolyte, an electrochemically inert solvent is used as the solvent. For example, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, 3-methoxypropionitrile, methoxyacetonitrile, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, γ-butyrolactone, dimethoxyethane, diethyl carbonate, diethyl ether, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,3-dioxolane, methyl formate, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 3-methoxyoxaziridin-2-one, sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran, water, etc. Among these, acetonitrile, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, 3-methoxypropylene are particularly preferable. Nitrile, methoxy acetonitrile, ethylene glycol, 3-methoxy oxaziridine-2-one and the like are preferable. You may use these individually or in combination of 2 or more types. In the case of a gel electrolyte, a matrix using polyacrylate or polymethacrylate resin can be used. The concentration of the redox electrolyte is usually 0.01 to 99% by weight, preferably about 0.1 to 90% by weight.
[0038]
In the solar cell of the present invention, a counter electrode is disposed between electrodes of a photoelectric conversion element in which a dye is supported on an oxide semiconductor thin film on a substrate so as to sandwich the electrode. In the meantime, the solar cell of the present invention is obtained by filling a solution containing the redox electrolyte.
[0039]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically based on examples, but the present invention is not limited to these examples. In the examples, unless otherwise specified, parts represent parts by mass, and% represents% by weight.
[0040]
Synthesis example 1
2.4 parts of N-carboxymethyl-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methylpyridone and 1.1 parts of N, N-diethylaminobenzaldehyde are mixed with 20 parts of ethanol, and 0.2 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting at reflux for 2 hours, the solid obtained after cooling was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 2.9 parts of Compound (3).
Absorption maximum (ethanol): 538 nm
[0041]
Synthesis example 2
2.4 parts of N-carboxymethyl-3-cyano-6-hydroxy-4-methylpyridone and 1.4 parts of N, N-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde are mixed with 20 parts of ethanol, and 0.2 part of piperazine anhydride is added thereto. After reacting at reflux for 2 hours, the solid obtained by cooling was filtered, washed and dried, then recrystallized with ethanol, filtered, washed and dried to obtain 2.8 parts of Compound (6).
Absorption maximum (ethanol): 556 nm
[0042]
Example
3 × 10 dye -Four Dissolved in EtOH to M. In this solution, a porous substrate (semiconductor thin film electrode obtained by sintering porous titanium oxide on a transparent conductive glass electrode for 30 minutes at 450 ° C. for 30 minutes) is immersed at room temperature for 3 hours to overnight to support the dye, The semiconductor thin film photoelectric conversion element washed and dried and dye-sensitized was obtained. For Examples 7 and 8, the two types of dyes were each 1.5 × 10 -Four The EtOH solution was adjusted to M and a photoelectric conversion element was obtained in the same manner by supporting two types of dyes. In Examples 4, 6 and 7, a 0.2M titanium tetrachloride aqueous solution was dropped onto the titanium oxide thin film portion of the semiconductor thin film electrode, allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours, washed with water, and again at 450 degrees for 30 minutes. A dye was similarly supported using a titanium tetrachloride-treated semiconductor thin film electrode obtained by firing. Further, in Examples 3 and 5, cholic acid was used as an inclusion compound at the time of supporting the dye at 3 × 10 -2 In addition to the M, the above dye solution was prepared and supported on the semiconductor thin film to obtain a cholic acid-treated dye-sensitized semiconductor thin film. A conductive glass whose surface was sputtered with platinum was fixed so as to sandwich it, and a solution containing an electrolyte was injected into the gap. For Example 1, 3-methoxypropionitrile and iodine / lithium iodide / 1,2-dimethyl-3-n-propylimidazolium iodide / t-butylpyridine were 0.1 M / 0.1 M / 0.6 M, respectively. Electrolytic solution A dissolved so as to be 1 M, in Examples 2 to 7, iodine / tetra-n-propylammonium iodide was 0.02 M / 0.5 M in a 6 to 4 solution of ethylene carbonate and acetonitrile. Each of the electrolytic solutions B so dissolved was used. The size of the battery to be measured is 0.25 cm in the effective part 2 It was. The light source was a 500 W xenon lamp and was set to 100 mW / cm through an AM1.5 filter. Short-circuit current, release voltage, and conversion efficiency were measured using a potentio galvanostat.
[0043]
Embedded image
[0044]
[Table 2]
[0045]
【The invention's effect】
In the dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element of the present invention, by using the methine dye represented by the general formula (1), a solar cell with high conversion efficiency could be provided. Furthermore, the conversion efficiency was improved by using oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized by the combined use of two or more dyes.
Claims (9)
R1は水素原子、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基を表す。R2およびR3はそれぞれ独立に水素原子、シアノ基、置換基を有してもよいアルキル基、置換基を有してもよい芳香族炭化水素残基、置換基を有してもよい複素環残基、ハロゲン原子、ヒドロキシル基、リン酸基、リン酸エステル基、アルコキシル又はカルボキシル基、カルボンアミド基、アルコキシカルボニル基及びアシル基から選ばれたカルボニル基を有する基を表す。nは0〜4の整数を示す。また、nが2以上でA1およびA2が複数存在する場合、それぞれのA1およびそれぞれのA2は互いの独立に同じ又は異なってもよい前期の基を示す。またA1、若しくはA1が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA1、A2若しくはA2が複数存在する場合にはそれぞれのA2およびA3の中の複数を用いて置換基を有してもよい環を形成してもよい。)A photoelectric conversion element using oxide semiconductor fine particles sensitized by a methine dye represented by the general formula (1).
R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue which may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic residue which may have a substituent. R2 and R3 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, an alkyl group that may have a substituent, an aromatic hydrocarbon residue that may have a substituent, or a heterocyclic residue that may have a substituent. A group having a carbonyl group selected from a group, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a phosphate group, a phosphate ester group, an alkoxyl or carboxyl group, a carbonamido group, an alkoxycarbonyl group and an acyl group. n shows the integer of 0-4. In addition, when n is 2 or more and a plurality of A1 and A2 are present, each A1 and each A2 represents the same or different group which may be the same or different independently of each other. Further, when there are a plurality of A1, or A1, when there are a plurality of each of A1, A2 or A2, a plurality of A2 and A3 are used to form a ring which may have a substituent. May be. )
Priority Applications (14)
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JP2001308382A JP4005330B2 (en) | 2001-10-04 | 2001-10-04 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element |
EP10178494.0A EP2262050B1 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with methine dyes |
CA2453060A CA2453060C (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device |
EP02745855A EP1422782B1 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with methine dyes |
PCT/JP2002/006833 WO2003005481A1 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with coloring matter |
CN2012105685082A CN103065803A (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with coloring matter |
US10/482,425 US7851701B2 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device |
CN028136802A CN1524315B (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with coloring matter |
KR1020047000146A KR100864816B1 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion element |
EP10178386A EP2259378A1 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with methine dyes |
AU2002318619A AU2002318619B2 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | Photoelectric conversion element sensitized with coloring matter |
DE60238922T DE60238922D1 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2002-07-05 | SENSITIZED PHOTOELECTRIC CELL WITH METHODIC PURPOSES |
US12/908,444 US8338701B2 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2010-10-20 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device |
US12/908,439 US8338700B2 (en) | 2001-07-06 | 2010-10-20 | Dye-sensitized photoelectric conversion device |
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CN101485036B (en) | 2006-07-05 | 2012-07-04 | 日本化药株式会社 | Dye-sensitized solar cell |
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JP5649648B2 (en) | 2010-05-17 | 2015-01-07 | 日本化薬株式会社 | Photoelectric conversion element using sealant for thermosetting photoelectric conversion element |
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