JP3633866B2 - Steel wire for spring, spring and manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Steel wire for spring, spring and manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP3633866B2 JP3633866B2 JP2000401029A JP2000401029A JP3633866B2 JP 3633866 B2 JP3633866 B2 JP 3633866B2 JP 2000401029 A JP2000401029 A JP 2000401029A JP 2000401029 A JP2000401029 A JP 2000401029A JP 3633866 B2 JP3633866 B2 JP 3633866B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- steel wire
- spring
- quenching
- carbide
- tempering
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 33
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 15
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009661 fatigue test Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005261 decarburization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910008458 Si—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010622 cold drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Landscapes
- Springs (AREA)
Description
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、主に家庭電化製品や自動車部品に用いられる耐疲労性に優れた圧縮、引張コイルばね、ならびに線ばねなどに使用される焼戻しマルテンサイト組織を有するばね用鋼線およびその製造方法に関するものである。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
自動車エンジンの排気系に用いられるばね部品素材として、Si−Cr鋼を主体とする高強度オイルテンパー線が用いられてきた。近年、地球環境問題の高まりに対応した、エンジンの低燃費化、高効率化への要望に応えるため、動弁系機構や縣架ばねユニットの省重量化、省スペース化が行われている。その結果として、ばねの小型化、即ちばね用鋼線の高強度化が進む傾向にある。オイルテンパー線は耐疲労性も高く、ばね用鋼線として優秀なものであるが、更に耐疲労性や耐腐食疲労性を高める必要がある。
【0003】
そこで、耐疲労性を向上させる方法として、例えば特開平5−320826号や特開平5−331597号公報のように、V,Nb,Wなどの炭化物生成元素を添加させることで、焼入れ加熱時の炭化物析出による結晶粒粗大化抑制が行われている。しかしながら、これらの炭化物は旧オーステナイト結晶粒の結晶粒界に析出し、焼戻し時にマルテンサイト結晶粒内に析出する炭化物量を減少させ、結晶の強度を低下させるため、当初期待するほどの効果は得られない。また、結晶粒界に存在することで、耐腐食疲労性に悪影響を及ぼす。
【0004】
同様に特公平9−6981号公報において、添加V量と焼入れ条件を特定することで、結晶粒度(JIS)を10以上(結晶粒径は平均で12μm)とすることで、耐疲労性を向上させるとあるが、結晶粒径を小さくするだけで、飛躍的な強度と靭性の向上は期待できない。なお、「結晶粒径(n)」は1mm2内にb個の結晶粒(本発明の場合には旧オーステナイト粒)が存在するという下式の規定により、「結晶粒径(d=単位μm)」とは下記の関係が成り立つ。
【0005】
【数1】
【0006】
さらに、特開平9−71843号公報では、金属組織中の残留オーステナイト相の体積率を低減し、焼入れ時の未固溶炭化物の組織内密度を均一に低減させることで、靭性低下抑制効果を実現しているが、材料そのものの母相を強化するものではなく、耐疲労性向上効果は少ない。
【0007】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上記従来の技術は、いずれも結晶粒微細化や組織に散在する残留オーステナイト相や未固溶炭化物の低減を行うことで目的とする耐疲労性向上を図ったものであり、母相マルテンサイトの結晶粒の強化を積極的に図ったものではない。
【0008】
従って、本発明の主目的は、母相マルテンサイトの結晶粒強化を行うことによって高い耐疲労性、耐腐食疲労性を得ることができるばね用鋼線とその製造方法ならびにばねを提供することにある。
【0009】
【課題を解決するための手段】
本発明は、マルテンサイト結晶内の炭化物形状を所定の針状に特定することで上記の目的を達成する。
【0010】
すなわち、本発明ばね用鋼線は、化学成分として、質量%でC:0.4〜1.0、Si:0.1〜2.5、Mn:0.2〜1.2、Cr:0.5〜1.2を含有し、残部がFe及び不可避不純物からなる成分を持ち、主に焼入れ焼戻しを行って得られる焼戻しマルテンサイト組織を有し、マルテンサイト結晶内の炭化物形状が平均アスペクト比で3.0以上であることを特徴とする。
【0011】
ここで、マルテンサイト結晶内の炭化物の長径が0.1μm以上であることが好ましい。
【0012】
さらに化学成分として、質量%でMo:0.05〜0.50、V:0.05〜0.50、W:0.05〜0.15、Nb:0.05〜0.15、Ti:0.01〜0.20のうち1種以上を含有することが好適である。その他の化学成分として、質量%で、Ni:0.02〜1.00、Co:0.02〜1.00、Cu:0.02〜1.00を含有することも望ましい。
【0013】
また、鋼線横断面の焼入れ後におけるオーステナイト結晶粒(旧オーステナイト結晶粒)の平均結晶粒径が1.0〜18.0μmとすることが好ましい。さらに好ましい平均結晶粒径の範囲は1.0〜7.0μmである。この結晶粒径は、焼入れ後の粒径であるが、焼戻し後もほぼ同じ粒径のまま残る。
【0014】
鋼線の引張強さは、1300MPa以上2800MPa以下であることが好適である。
【0015】
さらに、本発明のばねは、上記の鋼線を用いて作製されたことを特徴とする。
【0016】
一方、本発明ばね用鋼線の製造方法は、焼入れ時および焼戻し時の加熱を昇温速度50〜2000℃/s(℃/秒)で行い、保持時間を0.5〜30s(秒)で行うことを特徴とする。
【0017】
マルテンサイト中に焼戻し時析出する結晶粒内炭化物は、非常に硬いため、結晶粒を強化するのに有効である。しかし、これが球状あるいは粒状であるとき、圧縮応力あるいは引張応力またはせん断応力が繰り返しかかると、その弾性限やヤング率の違いから炭化物/母相の境界にクラックを生じ、破壊の原因となる。また、疲労によって生じたすべり帯が容易に結晶粒内に発生し、結果としてすべり帯の集中が起きやすく、疲労破壊の起点となり易い。
【0018】
そこで本発明では、結晶粒内の炭化物を前述のように、マルテンサイトラス内に針状に析出させることで、炭化物は強化繊維の役割を果たし、その結晶粒を非常に強固で靭性を持ったものとし、耐疲労性の向上を図った。
【0019】
以下に本発明における構成元素の選定および成分範囲を限定する理由並びに製造条件の特定理由を述べる。
【0020】
(C:0.4〜1.0質量%)
Cは鋼の機械的特性を決定する重要な元素であるが、0.4%未満では十分な強度が得られず、逆に1.0%を越えると靭性が低下し、更に鋼線の疵感受性が高くなり信頼性が低下するため、C含有量を0.4〜1.0%とした。
【0021】
(Si:0.1〜2.5質量%)
Siは溶解精錬時の脱酸剤として使用される。またフェライト中に固溶し、強化する効果も合わせ持つ。但し、過度の添加は靭性の欠如を招き、熱間加工性の低下や熱処理による脱炭の助長、そして、ばね加工時の折損の原因となり易いため、脱酸効果を持たせるために0.1%以上、靭性欠如を防止するために2.5%以下とした。
【0022】
(Mn:0.2〜1.2質量%)
MnもSi同様、溶解精錬時の脱酸剤として使用され、鋼の焼入性を向上させ、鋼中のSを固定してその害を阻止する。但しMnは線材の中心偏析を生じ易くする元素でもあり、熱間圧延後のパテンティング処理時に中心偏析箇所にマルテンサイトを生じ、著しく線引き加工時の断線率を増加させる。そこで脱酸作用を持つ下限として0.2%以上、靭性劣化を招かない範囲として上限を1.2%とした。
【0023】
(Cr:0.5〜1.2質量%)
CrはMn同様に鋼の焼入性を向上させ、かつ熱間圧延後のパテンティング処理により靭性を付与し、焼入れ後、焼戻し時の軟化抵抗を高め、高強度化に有効な元素である。0.5%未満ではその効果が少なく、逆に、1.2%を越えると炭化物の固溶を抑制し、強度の低下を招くとともに、焼入性の過度の増加となって靭性の低下をもたらすためである。
【0024】
(Mo:0.05〜0.50質量%)
Moは焼戻し時に炭化物を形成し、軟化抵抗を増大させる元素であるが、0.05%未満ではその効果が少なく、0.50%を越えると伸線加工性を低下させるため、含有量をMo:0.05〜0.50%とした。
【0025】
(W,Nb:0.05〜0.15質量%、V:0.05〜0.50質量%)
W,Nb,Vも焼戻し時に鋼中に炭化物を形成し、軟化抵抗を増大させる効果がある。但し、いずれも0.05%未満ではその効果を発揮し得ない。逆に、Vでは0.50%、W,Nbでは0.15%を越えるといずれも焼入れ加熱時に炭化物を多く形成し、靭性の低下を招くため、含有量をそれぞれV:0.05〜0.50%、W:0.05〜0.15%、Nb:0.05〜0.15%と定めた。
【0026】
(Ti:0.01〜0.20質量%)
Tiも焼戻し時に鋼中に炭化物を形成し、軟化抵抗を増大させる効果がある。但しTiは高融点非金属介在物であるTiOを生成する。故に精錬時の条件設定などが重要である。軟化抵抗向上効果が期待できる量として0.01%以上、炭化物、介在物の過度の増加による靭性劣化を考慮して0.20%以下とした。
【0027】(Ni,Co,Cu:0.02〜1.00質量%)
Ni,Co,Cuはオーステナイト生成元素であり、Ni,Co,Cu添加によってMs点を大きく低下させ、残留オーステナイトを生じ易くする材料である。残留オーステナイトの増加は、鋼線の硬度を低下させる作用を持つが、逆にSiによる固溶強化やMo,W,Nb,V,Tiといった炭化物析出元素で強化された鋼線に靭性を持たせる効果を持つ。またNiは塩水腐食環境において、Cl元素の侵入を阻止する役割も持つ。靭性向上効果を持つ最低限度として0.02%、硬度低下を招かない上限として1.00%とした。
【0028】
(アスペクト比:3以上、炭化物の長径:0.1μm以上)
アスペクト比が3以上である細長い針状の炭化物を形成することで、炭化物は強化繊維の役割を果たし、非常に強固で靭性を持った材料とできるからである。また、炭化物の長径が0.1μm以上のものであれば、強化繊維の役割を効果的に果たしやすいからである。
【0029】
(旧オーステナイト結晶粒径:1.0〜18.0μm)
上記の粒内炭化物を有する鋼線は、旧オーステナイト結晶粒径が1.0〜18.0μmであるとき、さらに耐疲労性に優れる。これは結晶粒の強化を行い、金属組織を微細化することで高強度と高靭性を両立させた材料がはじめて得られることに起因する。結晶粒径は18.0μm以下としたとき微細化効果が現れるが、更に7.0μm以下とするとき、その微細化による強化の効果は著しい。但し、結晶粒径1.0μm未満の時、熱処理による未固溶炭化物の除去が非常に困難となるため、下限を1.0μm以下とした。18.0μmを越える場合は、疲労限が低く、かつ靭性も低下しやすいという問題がある。
【0030】
(引張強さ:1300MPa以上2800MPa以下)
引張り強さは、1300MPa以上2800MPa以下であるとき、ばね用鋼線として特に優れた性能を発揮する。この値は、ばねとしてコイリングするときに最低限必要な引張り強さとして1300MPa以上、コイリング時に折損しない靭性を持たせるために2800MPa以下とした。
【0031】
(製造条件)
前述した針状粒内炭化物を持つ本発明鋼線を得るには、極めて短時間の焼入れ・焼戻し加熱が有効で、中でも短時間の焼戻し加熱が有効である。長時間の加熱は粒内炭化物の球状化、粗大化を引き起こす。また、この製造条件は、所定の旧オーステナイト結晶粒径を実現するためにも必要である。そこで、鋼線のサイズにもよるが、焼入れおよび焼戻し時の昇温速度を50〜2000℃/sとし、保持時間を0.5〜30sとしたとき、粒内炭化物を効果的に針状化、微細化することができる。焼入れの好ましい加熱温度は800〜1150℃程度、焼戻しの好ましい加熱温度は250〜550℃程度である。さらに、焼入れ時の昇温速度を50〜2000℃/sとすることで、酸化スケールを低減することができ、それに伴って高い疲労強度を得ることができる。
【0032】
【発明の実施の形態】
以下、本発明の実施の形態を説明する。
(試験例1) 表1に示す実施例であるサンプルA,B,C,D,E,F,L,M,N,O,P,Q,Rと、比較例であるサンプルG,H,I,J,Kについて鋼を真空溶解炉にて溶製し、熱間鍛造、熱間圧延により直径6.5mmの線材を作製した。 この線材を熱処理、皮剥、冷間伸線により直径4.0mmに加工した。さらにこれらに焼入れ加熱温度を1000℃として焼入れ、450℃で焼戻し処理を施してオイルテンパー線を得た。 表1に得られた試料の化学成分、粒内炭化物平均アスペクト比、旧γ粒結晶粒径および室温での引張り強さを示す。
【0033】
アスペクト比は、前記の試料から電解研磨で薄膜を作り、更にエッチングを行ってTEM(Transmission Electron Microscope)で観察し、TEM写真からマルテンサイト結晶粒内に析出した粒内炭化物のアスペクト比を実際に測定した。アスペクト比は粒内炭化物の長径/短径で求める。参考までに、本発明実施例であるサンプルAのTEM観察写真を図1に、比較例であるサンプルGのTEM観察写真を図2に示す。
【0034】
図1、2中の黒く見える個所が炭化物を示している。図1、2からわかるように、サンプルAのマルテンサイト結晶粒内炭化物の長径は平均で0.1μm以上あった。これに対して、サンプルGのマルテンサイト結晶粒内炭化物は平均で0.1μm未満であり、形状もほぼ球状であった。なお、他の実施例であるサンプルB〜Fも同様にマルテンサイト結晶粒内炭化物の長径は平均で0.1μm以上であり、他の比較例H〜Kのマルテンサイト結晶粒内炭化物も平均で0.1μm未満であり、形状もほぼ球状であった。
【0035】
実施例と比較例では、マルテンサイト結晶粒内に析出した粒内炭化物の平均アスペクト比が異なる。実施例では平均5.0〜7.0としたのに対し、比較例では1.0〜4.0としている。アスペクト比を変える方法としては、焼き入れおよび焼戻し加熱の昇温速度と保持時間とを制御することが挙げられる。保持時間とは、焼入れ又は焼戻しの加熱を開始してから冷却を開始するまでの時間である。
【0036】
実施例は、焼戻し加熱を、加熱温度450℃、昇温速度1000℃/s、保持時間を1.0sとした。これに対し、比較例では、焼戻し加熱を、加熱温度450℃、昇温速度30℃/s、保持時間を40sで行った。
【0037】
また、結晶粒微細化の影響を調べるため、鋼線横断面における旧オーステナイト平均結晶粒径が3μm程度のもの(サンプルE)、5μm程度のもの(サンプルD,F,J)、10μm程度のもの(サンプルA,B,C,G,H,I,L〜R)並びに20μm程度のもの(サンプルK)の4種類を得た。各種類ごとの焼入れ時の加熱温度、昇温速度および保持時間は次のとおりである。
【0038】
得られた線材について酸化スケールの量を調べてみた。その結果、いずれの実施例も酸化スケール量が10g/m2以下と少なくなっていることがわかった。また、いずれのサンプルも室温での引張り強さは2000MPa程度であり、ほぼ同一の強度の材料を得た。そこで、ばね加工後のひずみ取りテンパーを想定して、400℃×30分のテンパーを行った。
【0039】
いずれの試料も、光学顕微鏡観察やSEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)で観察の結果、線表面の脱炭、酸化皮膜、金属組織内の未固溶炭化物は存在しないことを確認して評価に移った。
【0040】
【表1】
【0041】
次に、以上のサンプルを中村式回転曲げ疲労試験機にかけた結果を表2に示す。試験はひずみ一定で試料に応力をかけ、繰り返し回数1×107回で折損のなかった振幅応力をとった(n数=8)。
【0042】
【表2】
【0043】
いずれの実施例も比較例に比べて疲れ強さが向上することがわかった。特に、C、Si、Mn、Cr、V以外の化学成分の含有に伴う疲れ強さについて考察して見ると、サンプルC,F,IおよびM〜Rの比較から明らかなように、Mo,V,W,Nb,Tiといった炭化物生成元素添加により析出強化が行われ、Ni,Co,Cuといったオーステナイト生成元素添加により靭性向上が図られていることがわかる。
【0044】
(試験例2)
次に、サンプルA,C,G,Iを用いて腐食疲労試験を行った。図3は腐食疲労試験の概略説明図である。この図に示すように、まず塩水噴霧を行い、続いて回転曲げ疲労試験を行って、さらに恒温恒湿槽放置を行う。これら一連の試験を1日当たり1サイクル行い、折損するまで繰り返した。いずれも試験前にばね加工後のひずみ取りテンパーを想定して、400℃×30分のテンパー処理を行っている。
【0045】
【表3】
【0046】
表3からわかるように、粒内析出炭化物形状を制御することで、耐腐食疲労性も大きく向上することが確認できた。さらにNiのような耐腐食疲労性向上に寄与するといわれる元素を添加するとき、粒内析出炭化物形状を制御することで、相乗効果を持つことが確認できる。これは金属組織内の炭化物が球状化粗大化させないことで、粒界への余分な炭化物析出を制御した結果、高い耐腐食性を示したものと考えられる。
【0047】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように、本発明のばね用鋼線およびばねは、母相マルテンサイトの結晶粒強化を粒内析出炭化物の形状制御を行うことによって高い耐疲労性、耐腐食疲労性を得ることが可能である。更にMo,V,W,Nb,Tiといった炭化物生成元素添加による析出強化を行い、Ni,Co,Cuといったオーステナイト生成元素添加による靭性向上や耐食性向上を行うことで、従来鋼線では得られない高い靭性と耐食性を得ることができる。本発明の鋼線を用いることで、弁ばね、縣架ばねなどに要求される高疲労強度ばね、もしくは耐腐食疲労ばねを得ることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】実施例であるサンプルAのTEM写真である。
【図2】比較例であるサンプルGのTEM写真である。
【図3】腐食試験方法の概略説明図である。[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a spring steel wire having a tempered martensite structure used for compression, tension coil springs, wire springs and the like, which are mainly used for household appliances and automobile parts, and a method for producing the same. Is.
[0002]
[Prior art]
A high-strength oil tempered wire mainly composed of Si—Cr steel has been used as a spring component material used in an exhaust system of an automobile engine. In recent years, in order to meet the demand for lower fuel consumption and higher efficiency of engines in response to the growing global environmental problems, weight savings and space savings of valve train mechanisms and rack spring units have been performed. As a result, the spring tends to be downsized, that is, the strength of the spring steel wire is increased. Oil tempered wire has high fatigue resistance and is excellent as a steel wire for springs. However, it is necessary to further improve fatigue resistance and corrosion fatigue resistance.
[0003]
Therefore, as a method for improving fatigue resistance, for example, as in JP-A-5-320826 and JP-A-5-331597, by adding carbide-generating elements such as V, Nb, and W, quenching heating can be performed. Crystal grain coarsening suppression by carbide precipitation is performed. However, these carbides precipitate at the grain boundaries of the prior austenite grains, reducing the amount of carbides precipitated in the martensite grains during tempering and lowering the strength of the crystals. I can't. Further, the presence at the grain boundaries adversely affects the corrosion fatigue resistance.
[0004]
Similarly, in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 9-6981, by specifying the amount of added V and quenching conditions, the crystal grain size (JIS) is 10 or more (the crystal grain size is 12 μm on average), thereby improving fatigue resistance. However, a dramatic improvement in strength and toughness cannot be expected simply by reducing the crystal grain size. “Crystal grain size (n)” is defined as “crystal grain size (d = unit μm) according to the following formula that b crystal grains (old austenite grains in the present invention) exist within 1 mm 2 . ) ”Has the following relationship.
[0005]
[Expression 1]
[0006]
Furthermore, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-71843, the volume fraction of the retained austenite phase in the metal structure is reduced, and the in-solution density of the insoluble carbide during the quenching is uniformly reduced, thereby realizing a toughness reduction suppressing effect. However, it does not reinforce the matrix of the material itself and has little effect on improving fatigue resistance.
[0007]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, all of the above conventional techniques are intended to improve the intended fatigue resistance by refining the crystal grains and reducing the residual austenite phase and insoluble carbides scattered in the structure. It is not an attempt to strengthen the crystal grains of the site.
[0008]
Accordingly, a main object of the present invention is to provide a spring steel wire, a manufacturing method thereof, and a spring, which can obtain high fatigue resistance and corrosion fatigue resistance by strengthening the crystal grains of matrix martensite. is there.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
The present invention achieves the above object by specifying the shape of carbide in the martensite crystal in a predetermined needle shape.
[0010]
That is, the steel wire for springs of the present invention has, as chemical components, C: 0.4 to 1.0, Si: 0.1 to 2.5, Mn: 0.2 to 1.2, Cr: 0 as chemical components. 0.5 to 1.2, with the balance being composed of Fe and inevitable impurities, having a tempered martensite structure obtained mainly by quenching and tempering, and the carbide shape in the martensite crystal has an average aspect ratio It is characterized by being 3.0 or more.
[0011]
Here, it is preferable that the major axis of the carbide in the martensite crystal is 0.1 μm or more.
[0012]
Further, as chemical components, Mo: 0.05 to 0.50, V: 0.05 to 0.50, W: 0.05 to 0.15, Nb: 0.05 to 0.15, Ti: It is preferable to contain one or more of 0.01 to 0.20. As other chemical components, it is also desirable to contain Ni: 0.02 to 1.00, Co: 0.02 to 1.00, Cu: 0.02 to 1.00 by mass%.
[0013]
Moreover, it is preferable that the average crystal grain diameter of the austenite crystal grain (old austenite crystal grain) after quenching of the steel wire cross section is 1.0 to 18.0 μm. A more preferable range of the average crystal grain size is 1.0 to 7.0 μm. This crystal grain size is the grain size after quenching, but remains substantially the same grain size after tempering.
[0014]
The tensile strength of the steel wire is preferably 1300 MPa or more and 2800 MPa or less.
[0015]
Furthermore, the spring of the present invention is manufactured using the above steel wire.
[0016]
On the other hand, in the method for producing a spring steel wire according to the present invention, heating at the time of quenching and tempering is performed at a temperature rising rate of 50 to 2000 ° C./s (° C./second) and a holding time of 0.5 to 30 s (seconds). It is characterized by performing.
[0017]
The intra-crystal grain carbide that precipitates in the martensite at the time of tempering is very hard and therefore effective for strengthening the crystal grain. However, when this is spherical or granular, if compressive stress, tensile stress, or shear stress is repeatedly applied, cracks are generated at the carbide / matrix boundary due to the difference in elastic limit and Young's modulus, causing fracture. In addition, slip bands caused by fatigue are easily generated in the crystal grains, and as a result, the concentration of the slip bands is likely to occur, which is likely to be the starting point of fatigue failure.
[0018]
Therefore, in the present invention, the carbides in the crystal grains are precipitated in the martensite as needles as described above, so that the carbides play the role of reinforcing fibers, and the crystal grains are very strong and tough. And improved fatigue resistance.
[0019]
The reasons for selecting the constituent elements and limiting the component ranges in the present invention and the reasons for specifying the production conditions are described below.
[0020]
(C: 0.4-1.0 mass%)
C is an important element that determines the mechanical properties of steel. However, if it is less than 0.4%, sufficient strength cannot be obtained. Since the sensitivity increases and the reliability decreases, the C content is set to 0.4 to 1.0%.
[0021]
(Si: 0.1-2.5% by mass)
Si is used as a deoxidizer during melting and refining. It also has the effect of strengthening by dissolving in ferrite. However, excessive addition leads to lack of toughness, tends to cause deterioration of hot workability, promotion of decarburization by heat treatment, and breakage during spring processing. % Or more and 2.5% or less to prevent lack of toughness.
[0022]
(Mn: 0.2-1.2% by mass)
Mn, like Si, is used as a deoxidizer during melting and refining, improving the hardenability of steel, fixing S in the steel and preventing its damage. However, Mn is also an element that easily causes the center segregation of the wire, and martensite is generated at the center segregation site during the patenting process after hot rolling, which significantly increases the disconnection rate during the drawing process. Therefore, the lower limit of deoxidizing action is 0.2% or more, and the upper limit is 1.2% as the range not causing toughness deterioration.
[0023]
(Cr: 0.5-1.2% by mass)
Cr, like Mn, improves the hardenability of steel and imparts toughness by patenting after hot rolling, and is an element effective for increasing strength by increasing softening resistance during tempering after quenching. If the content is less than 0.5%, the effect is small. On the other hand, if the content exceeds 1.2%, solid solution of carbides is suppressed, the strength is reduced, and the hardenability is excessively increased to reduce the toughness. To bring.
[0024]
(Mo: 0.05 to 0.50 mass%)
Mo is an element that forms carbides during tempering and increases the softening resistance. However, if it is less than 0.05%, its effect is small, and if it exceeds 0.50%, wire drawing workability is lowered. : 0.05 to 0.50%.
[0025]
(W, Nb: 0.05 to 0.15 mass%, V: 0.05 to 0.50 mass%)
W, Nb and V also have the effect of forming carbides in the steel during tempering and increasing the softening resistance. However, in any case, if it is less than 0.05%, the effect cannot be exhibited. On the contrary, when V exceeds 0.50% and W and Nb exceed 0.15%, a large amount of carbides are formed during quenching heating, resulting in a decrease in toughness. .50%, W: 0.05 to 0.15%, Nb: 0.05 to 0.15%.
[0026]
(Ti: 0.01-0.20 mass%)
Ti also has the effect of forming carbides in the steel during tempering and increasing softening resistance. However, Ti produces | generates TiO which is a high melting point nonmetallic inclusion. Therefore, setting conditions for refining is important. The amount that can be expected to improve the softening resistance is 0.01% or more, and is 0.20% or less in consideration of toughness deterioration due to excessive increase of carbides and inclusions.
(Ni, Co, Cu: 0.02 to 1.00% by mass)
Ni, Co, and Cu are austenite-generating elements, and are materials that greatly reduce the Ms point by adding Ni, Co, and Cu and easily cause retained austenite. The increase in retained austenite has the effect of lowering the hardness of the steel wire, but conversely imparts toughness to the steel wire strengthened with solid solution strengthening by Si or carbide precipitation elements such as Mo, W, Nb, V, Ti. Has an effect. Ni also has a role of preventing the ingress of Cl element in a salt water corrosive environment. The minimum degree with the effect of improving toughness is 0.02%, and the upper limit that does not cause a decrease in hardness is 1.00%.
[0028]
(Aspect ratio: 3 or more, major axis of carbide: 0.1 μm or more)
This is because by forming an elongated needle-like carbide having an aspect ratio of 3 or more, the carbide serves as a reinforcing fiber and can be made a very strong and tough material. Further, if the major axis of the carbide is 0.1 μm or more, it is easy to effectively play the role of reinforcing fiber.
[0029]
(Old austenite grain size: 1.0-18.0 μm)
The steel wire having the intragranular carbide is further excellent in fatigue resistance when the prior austenite crystal grain size is 1.0 to 18.0 μm. This is because a material having both high strength and high toughness can be obtained for the first time by strengthening crystal grains and refining the metal structure. When the crystal grain size is 18.0 μm or less, the effect of miniaturization appears, but when the crystal grain size is further 7.0 μm or less, the effect of strengthening by the refinement is remarkable. However, when the crystal grain size is less than 1.0 μm, it is very difficult to remove undissolved carbide by heat treatment, so the lower limit was made 1.0 μm or less. If it exceeds 18.0 μm, there is a problem that the fatigue limit is low and the toughness tends to decrease.
[0030]
(Tensile strength: 1300 MPa to 2800 MPa)
When the tensile strength is 1300 MPa or more and 2800 MPa or less, the steel wire for a spring exhibits particularly excellent performance. This value was set to 1300 MPa or more as the minimum required tensile strength when coiling as a spring, and 2800 MPa or less to give toughness that does not break during coiling.
[0031]
(Production conditions)
In order to obtain the steel wire according to the present invention having the above-mentioned acicular intragranular carbide, quenching and tempering heating for an extremely short time is effective, and tempering heating for a short time is particularly effective. Prolonged heating causes spheroidization and coarsening of intragranular carbides. This manufacturing condition is also necessary for realizing a predetermined prior austenite crystal grain size. Therefore, although depending on the size of the steel wire, when the heating rate during quenching and tempering is 50 to 2000 ° C./s and the holding time is 0.5 to 30 s, the intragranular carbide is effectively acicularized. Can be miniaturized. A preferable heating temperature for quenching is about 800 to 1150 ° C, and a preferable heating temperature for tempering is about 250 to 550 ° C. Furthermore, an oxide scale can be reduced by making the temperature increase rate at the time of quenching 50-2000 degrees C / s, and high fatigue strength can be acquired in connection with it.
[0032]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the present invention will be described below.
(Test Example 1) Samples A, B, C, D, E, F, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, which are examples shown in Table 1, and samples G, H, which are comparative examples Steels I, J, and K were melted in a vacuum melting furnace, and a wire with a diameter of 6.5 mm was produced by hot forging and hot rolling. This wire was processed to a diameter of 4.0 mm by heat treatment, peeling, and cold drawing. Further, they were quenched at a quenching heating temperature of 1000 ° C. and tempered at 450 ° C. to obtain oil tempered wires. Table 1 shows the chemical composition, the intragranular carbide average aspect ratio, the old γ grain size, and the tensile strength at room temperature of the sample obtained.
[0033]
As for the aspect ratio, a thin film is made from the above sample by electropolishing, further etched, and observed with TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope). From the TEM photograph, the aspect ratio of intragranular carbides precipitated in the martensite crystal grains is actually It was measured. The aspect ratio is determined by the major axis / minor axis of the intragranular carbide. For reference, a TEM observation photograph of sample A which is an example of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1, and a TEM observation photograph of sample G which is a comparative example is shown in FIG.
[0034]
The black portions in FIGS. 1 and 2 indicate the carbide. As can be seen from FIGS. 1 and 2, the major axis of the carbide in the martensite crystal grains of Sample A was 0.1 μm or more on average. On the other hand, the carbide in the martensite crystal grains of sample G was less than 0.1 μm on average and the shape was almost spherical. In addition, samples B to F which are other examples similarly have an average length of carbide in the martensite crystal grains of 0.1 μm or more on average, and the martensite crystal grains in other comparative examples H to K also average. It was less than 0.1 μm and the shape was almost spherical.
[0035]
The average aspect ratio of intragranular carbides precipitated in the martensite crystal grains is different between the examples and the comparative examples. In the examples, the average value is 5.0 to 7.0, whereas in the comparative example, the average value is 1.0 to 4.0. As a method of changing the aspect ratio, there is a method of controlling the heating rate and holding time of quenching and tempering heating. The holding time is the time from the start of quenching or tempering heating to the start of cooling.
[0036]
In the example, tempering was performed at a heating temperature of 450 ° C., a heating rate of 1000 ° C./s, and a holding time of 1.0 s. On the other hand, in the comparative example, tempering heating was performed at a heating temperature of 450 ° C., a heating rate of 30 ° C./s, and a holding time of 40 s.
[0037]
In order to investigate the effect of grain refinement, the average austenite grain size in the cross section of the steel wire is about 3 μm (sample E), about 5 μm (samples D, F, J), about 10 μm Four types (samples A, B, C, G, H, I, L to R) and about 20 μm (sample K) were obtained. The heating temperature, heating rate and holding time during quenching for each type are as follows.
[0038]
The amount of oxide scale was examined for the obtained wire. As a result, it was found that the oxide scale amount was reduced to 10 g / m 2 or less in any of the examples. In addition, each sample had a tensile strength at room temperature of about 2000 MPa, and materials having almost the same strength were obtained. Therefore, assuming a strain-relieving temper after spring processing, a temper was performed at 400 ° C. for 30 minutes.
[0039]
As a result of observation of each sample with an optical microscope or SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), it was confirmed that there was no decarburization on the surface of the wire, an oxide film, and undissolved carbide in the metal structure.
[0040]
[Table 1]
[0041]
Next, Table 2 shows the results of applying the above samples to a Nakamura rotary bending fatigue tester. In the test, a stress was applied to the sample with a constant strain, and an amplitude stress with no breakage was obtained at 1 × 10 7 repetitions (n number = 8).
[0042]
[Table 2]
[0043]
It was found that the fatigue strength was improved in all examples as compared with the comparative example. In particular, considering the fatigue strength associated with the inclusion of chemical components other than C, Si, Mn, Cr, and V, as is apparent from the comparison of samples C, F, I and MR, Mo, V It can be seen that precipitation strengthening is performed by adding carbide-generating elements such as, W, Nb, and Ti, and toughness is improved by adding austenite-generating elements such as Ni, Co, and Cu.
[0044]
(Test Example 2)
Next, a corrosion fatigue test was performed using samples A, C, G, and I. FIG. 3 is a schematic explanatory diagram of the corrosion fatigue test. As shown in this figure, salt water spray is performed first, followed by a rotating bending fatigue test, and then left in a constant temperature and humidity chamber. A series of these tests was performed one cycle per day and repeated until breakage occurred. In all cases, a temper treatment at 400 ° C. for 30 minutes is performed assuming a strain-relieving temper after spring processing before the test.
[0045]
[Table 3]
[0046]
As can be seen from Table 3, it was confirmed that the corrosion fatigue resistance was greatly improved by controlling the intragranular precipitated carbide shape. Furthermore, when adding an element said to contribute to the improvement of corrosion fatigue resistance such as Ni, it can be confirmed that a synergistic effect is obtained by controlling the intragranular precipitated carbide shape. This is presumably because the carbides in the metal structure were not spheroidized and coarsened, and as a result of controlling excessive carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries, high corrosion resistance was exhibited.
[0047]
【The invention's effect】
As explained above, the spring steel wire and spring of the present invention can obtain high fatigue resistance and corrosion fatigue resistance by controlling the shape of the intragranular precipitated carbides and strengthening the crystal grains of the matrix martensite. Is possible. Furthermore, precipitation strengthening by adding carbide-generating elements such as Mo, V, W, Nb, and Ti, and improving toughness and corrosion resistance by adding austenite-generating elements such as Ni, Co, and Cu are not possible with conventional steel wires. Toughness and corrosion resistance can be obtained. By using the steel wire of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a high fatigue strength spring or a corrosion-resistant fatigue spring required for a valve spring, a bridge spring and the like.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a TEM photograph of sample A as an example.
FIG. 2 is a TEM photograph of Sample G, which is a comparative example.
FIG. 3 is a schematic explanatory diagram of a corrosion test method.
Claims (13)
主に焼入れ焼戻しを行って得られる焼戻しマルテンサイト組織を有し、
この焼戻しを昇温速度 50 〜 2000 ℃ /s 、保持時間を 0.5 〜 1.0s での加熱とし、
前記マルテンサイト結晶内の炭化物形状が平均アスペクト比で3.0以上であることを特徴とするばね用鋼線。As a chemical component, it contains C: 0.4 to 1.0, Si: 0.1 to 2.5, Mn: 0.2 to 1.2, Cr: 0.5 to 1.2 in mass%, and the balance has components composed of Fe and inevitable impurities,
It has a tempered martensite structure mainly obtained by quenching and tempering,
This tempering is heating at a heating rate of 50 to 2000 ° C./s and a holding time of 0.5 to 1.0 s .
A steel wire for a spring, wherein the carbide shape in the martensite crystal is 3.0 or more in average aspect ratio.
主に焼入れ焼戻しを行って得られる焼戻しマルテンサイト組織を有し、
このマルテンサイト結晶内の炭化物形状が平均アスペクト比で3.0以上であることを特徴とするばね用鋼線。As a chemical component, a component containing C: 0.4 to 1.0, Si: 0.1 to 2.5, Mn: 0.2 to 1.2, Cr: 0.5 to 1.2, Co : 0.02 to 1.00 as a chemical component, with the balance being Fe and inevitable impurities Have
It has a tempered martensite structure mainly obtained by quenching and tempering,
A steel wire for springs, wherein the carbide shape in the martensite crystal is 3.0 or more in average aspect ratio.
前記焼戻し時の加熱を昇温速度 50 〜 2000 ℃ /s 、保持時間を 0.5 〜 1.0s で行うことを特徴とするばね用鋼線の製造方法。 As a chemical component, it contains C : 0.4 to 1.0 , Si : 0.1 to 2.5 , Mn : 0.2 to 1.2 , Cr : 0.5 to 1.2 in mass%, and the remainder is quenched and tempered to a component consisting of Fe and inevitable impurities. A method of manufacturing a spring steel wire, comprising:
Method for producing a spring steel wire which is characterized in that the heating during the tempering heating rate 50 ~ 2000 ℃ / s, the holding time at 0.5 ~ 1.0 s.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000401029A JP3633866B2 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2000-12-28 | Steel wire for spring, spring and manufacturing method thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000401029A JP3633866B2 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2000-12-28 | Steel wire for spring, spring and manufacturing method thereof |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2002194496A JP2002194496A (en) | 2002-07-10 |
JP3633866B2 true JP3633866B2 (en) | 2005-03-30 |
Family
ID=18865521
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2000401029A Expired - Lifetime JP3633866B2 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2000-12-28 | Steel wire for spring, spring and manufacturing method thereof |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3633866B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP5385554B2 (en) | 2008-06-19 | 2014-01-08 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | Steel for heat treatment |
JP2012052218A (en) * | 2010-08-03 | 2012-03-15 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | Spring steel wire, method for producing the same, and spring |
KR102020385B1 (en) | 2017-09-29 | 2019-11-04 | 주식회사 포스코 | Steel wire rod and steel wire for spring having corrosion fatigue resistance and method of manufacturing thereof |
CN110760748B (en) * | 2018-07-27 | 2021-05-14 | 宝山钢铁股份有限公司 | Spring steel with excellent fatigue life and manufacturing method thereof |
KR102777738B1 (en) * | 2020-02-21 | 2025-03-11 | 닛폰세이테츠 가부시키가이샤 | Steel wire |
CN111500940B (en) * | 2020-06-08 | 2020-10-16 | 南京工程学院 | Alloy steel forged brake disc with friction spark suppressing properties and manufacturing method thereof |
DE112020006794T5 (en) * | 2020-06-17 | 2023-01-05 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | spring steel wire |
CN114875326A (en) * | 2022-05-21 | 2022-08-09 | 湖南华菱湘潭钢铁有限公司 | Production method of flat spring steel |
CN117512460B (en) * | 2024-01-08 | 2024-05-10 | 钢铁研究总院有限公司 | Si-Mn-Cr-Mo-V-Ti-Nb multi-alloyed ultrahigh-strength wire rod and preparation method thereof |
-
2000
- 2000-12-28 JP JP2000401029A patent/JP3633866B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2002194496A (en) | 2002-07-10 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4476863B2 (en) | Steel wire for cold forming springs with excellent corrosion resistance | |
JP3233188B2 (en) | Oil-tempered wire for high toughness spring and method of manufacturing the same | |
JP3595901B2 (en) | High strength steel wire for spring and manufacturing method thereof | |
EP1347069A9 (en) | High-strength spring steel and spring steel wire | |
JP2003105485A (en) | High-strength spring steel excellent in hydrogen fatigue fracture resistance and method for producing the same | |
JPH05195153A (en) | High-strength spring steel | |
JP2002146479A (en) | Wire rod for wire drawing having excellent twisting characteristic and its production method | |
WO2003083151A1 (en) | Steel wire for hard drawn spring excellent in fatigue strength and resistance to settling, and hard drawn spring | |
JPH10503809A (en) | Martensitic stainless steel with sulfide stress cracking resistance with excellent hot workability | |
JP3633866B2 (en) | Steel wire for spring, spring and manufacturing method thereof | |
JP2012132097A (en) | Spring steel, spring steel wire and spring | |
JP4994932B2 (en) | Oil tempered wire and method for producing oil tempered wire | |
JP4486040B2 (en) | Steel wire for cold forming springs with excellent cold cutability and fatigue characteristics and manufacturing method thereof | |
JPH06240408A (en) | Steel wire for spring and its production | |
JP2003082439A (en) | Invar alloy wire excellent in strength and torsion characteristics and method of manufacturing the same | |
JP4867638B2 (en) | High-strength bolts with excellent delayed fracture resistance and corrosion resistance | |
JP3918587B2 (en) | Spring steel for cold forming | |
JP3975110B2 (en) | Steel wire, manufacturing method thereof and spring | |
JPS63227748A (en) | High-strength spring steel wire and its manufacturing method | |
JP2002180201A (en) | Steel for hard-drawn wire having excellent fatigue strength and ductility, and hard-drawn wire | |
JP2008057007A (en) | Low alloy steel and method for producing the same | |
WO2017169481A1 (en) | Steel wire having excellent fatigue characteristics and method for manufacturing same | |
WO2004055226A1 (en) | Steel wire for spring | |
JPH05148581A (en) | Steel for high strength spring and production thereof | |
JPH05331597A (en) | High fatigue strength coil spring |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20040817 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20040909 |
|
A521 | Written amendment |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20041102 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20041214 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20041221 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 3633866 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090107 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20090107 Year of fee payment: 4 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20100107 Year of fee payment: 5 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110107 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20110107 Year of fee payment: 6 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120107 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120107 Year of fee payment: 7 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130107 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130107 Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
FPAY | Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database) |
Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20140107 Year of fee payment: 9 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
S111 | Request for change of ownership or part of ownership |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R313111 |
|
R350 | Written notification of registration of transfer |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R350 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
EXPY | Cancellation because of completion of term |