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JP3559251B2 - Lightweight aggregate, building material and method of manufacturing building material - Google Patents

Lightweight aggregate, building material and method of manufacturing building material Download PDF

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Publication number
JP3559251B2
JP3559251B2 JP2001134079A JP2001134079A JP3559251B2 JP 3559251 B2 JP3559251 B2 JP 3559251B2 JP 2001134079 A JP2001134079 A JP 2001134079A JP 2001134079 A JP2001134079 A JP 2001134079A JP 3559251 B2 JP3559251 B2 JP 3559251B2
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Prior art keywords
lightweight aggregate
wood
building material
building
cement
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JP2002326852A (en
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弘和 伊藤
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Yamaha Living Tech Co Ltd
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Yamaha Living Tech Co Ltd
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B18/00Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B18/02Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
    • C04B18/027Lightweight materials
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04BLIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2103/00Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B2103/0045Polymers chosen for their physico-chemical characteristics
    • C04B2103/0056Thermohardening polymers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02WCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/91Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dry Formation Of Fiberboard And The Like (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Description

【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】
本発明は、軽量骨材、建築用材および建築用材の製造方法に関する。
【0002】
【従来の技術】
セメントを主成分としてコンクリート等の建築用材を製造する際には当該セメントの他にも砂利等を配合するが、コンクリートの軽量化を図るために砂利の代替品として従来から軽量骨材が使用されている。従来の軽量骨材としては、頁岩を粉砕,造粒,焼成して得られる多くの微少な気泡を有した骨材や、ガラスを使用したもの等が存在する。
【0003】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】
しかしながら、上述した従来の軽量骨材はコンクリートの軽量化以外にコンクリートの機能向上に何ら寄与せず、むしろ、靱性および強度が弱いことから、コンクリートの機能を低下させることもあった。具体的には、軽量骨材の強度が弱く容易に割れるため、コンクリート自体の強度を強くすることができず、また、ビスや釘等による加工を施すことができなかった。
本発明は、上記課題にかんがみてなされたものであり、軽量でしかもビス等の加工や高強度等の諸機能を実現させることが可能な軽量骨材、建築用材および建築用材の製造方法の提供を目的とする。
【0004】
【課題を解決するための手段】
上記目的を達成するため、請求項1にかかる発明は、略粒状の木質系材料にこの木質系材料同士を結合させるための結合材料を添加し、水分を使用せず両者を加熱しながら混合して結合される軽量骨材であって、上記結合材料は、熱硬化性樹脂又は熱可塑性樹脂と、水硬性材料との組み合わせであると共に、上記加熱および混合前に、上記木質系材料が70〜99.9質量%であり上記結合材料が0.1〜30質量%である構成としてある。すなわち、本発明にかかる軽量骨材は木質系材料を結合させたものであるため、上記セメント等の骨材として使用される砂利等と比較して軽量であり、また、軽量骨材自体の靱性によりビス等を食い込ませることができるので、本発明にかかる軽量骨材を使用して作成した建築用材にビス等の加工を施すことができる。さらに、木質系材料からなるので軽量骨材自体に弾性があり、建築用材内に配合されたときに当該建築用材の曲げ強度および引っ張り強度を向上させることができる。
【0005】
ここで、上記木質系材料は軽量骨材に靱性を与えてビス等の加工を可能できればよく、木粉,木毛,木片,木質繊維,木質パルプ,木質繊維束等を採用可能であるし、竹繊維,麻繊維,バカス,モミガラ,稲わら等セルロースを主成分とする材料を混合してもよい。上記結合材は木質系材料同士を結合させることができればよく、種々の材料を採用可能である。上記加熱および混合の過程で木質系材料同士を固めるものであっても良いし、加熱および混合の過程で木質系材料同士を凝縮させ、建築用材に配合された後に固めるものであっても良いし、加熱および混合して流動体とし、冷却過程で固めるものであっても良い。
【0006】
また、結合材料は上記加熱および混合を実施することにより木質系材料同士を結合させることができればよく、加熱および混合を行うための装置は種々のものを採用可能であるし、加熱および混合の過程で木質系材料を結合させることができれば好適である。その構成の一例として、上記加熱および混合された材料を、造粒機又は押出機のいずれかまたはその組み合わせによってペレット化する構成を採用可能である。
【0007】
すなわち、造粒機は材料を投入する容器等に振動や回転を与えて微粒状の材料を結合させてペレット化する装置であり、振動や回転と同時に加熱可能である。従って、造粒機を使用すると上記木質系材料と結合材料を加熱しながら混合し、ペレット状にすることができる。押出機は多数の穴に流動体を通過させてペレット状にする装置であり、上記加熱混合によって木質系材料と結合材料とからなる流動体が生成されている状況においてかかる流動体をペレット状にすることができる。
【0008】
さらに、木材を粉末状又は顆粒状のいずれかまたはその組み合わせに形成して上記木質系材料を得ることができる。すなわち、木材は木質系材料であり、かかる木質系材料が粉末状であったり顆粒状であることによって上記結合材料が各粉末や顆粒相互の間に介在することができ、結合材料によって結合させることが可能な木質系材料を得ることができる。ここで、粉末状や顆粒状の木材を得るといっても、本発明のためだけに木材を用意したり粉砕したりする必要があるわけではない。
【0009】
すなわち、木材は家具工場や建築現場等あらゆる場面で常用されており、これらの場面で木材の切り屑が発生すればこのような切り屑を集めれば本発明における木質系材料として使用することができる。また、本発明のために木材を粉砕して粉末状や顆粒状にするにしても、所定の木材本体を家具や建築用材等の原料にした後には多量の廃材が発生するので、このような廃材を粉砕すればよい。さらに、家具や建築用材が廃棄されたときには当該廃棄物を粉砕すればよい。このような構成によれば木質系材料のコストが非常に低くなり、また、ゴミを低減することに大きく寄与することができるし、廃棄物リサイクルを促進することもできる。
【0010】
さらに、上記結合材料は、熱硬化性樹脂又は熱可塑性樹脂と、水硬性材料との組み合わせである。すなわち、熱硬化性樹脂であれば略粒状の木質系材料と容易に混合され、加熱する過程によって木質系材料同士を容易に結合させることができる。熱硬化性樹脂としては種々の樹脂を採用可能であり、例えば、フェノール樹脂,ユリア樹脂,メラミン樹脂,不飽和ポリエステル樹脂,エポキシ樹脂等を使用可能である。
【0011】
熱可塑性樹脂であれば加熱の過程で略粒状の木質系材料と容易に混合され、混合された状態の流動体となり、加熱を停止した後の冷却過程で木質系材料同士を容易に結合させることができる。熱可塑性樹脂としては種々の樹脂を採用可能であり、例えば、ポリエチレン,ポリスチレン,ポリメチルメタアクリレート,塩化ビニル,ナイロン,ポリプロピレン,ポリカーボネート,ポリアセタール,ポリブチレンテレフタレート,ポリエチレンテレフタレート,変性ポリフエニレンエーテル等を使用可能である。
【0012】
無機系固化材も木質系材料と容易に混合され、結合させることができる。特に、請求項2に記載した発明のように、水分の添加によって硬化するセメント、スラグ等の水硬性材料であれば、この軽量骨材を使用したときに軽量骨材の周りのセメントが硬化する際に軽量骨材自体も硬化して好適である。上述のような熱硬化性樹脂や熱可塑性樹脂、或いは無機系固化材を使用すると、軽量骨材がセメント等の内部に配合されたときに当該セメントと軽量骨材との界面が強固に結合するため、両者の界面が結合しない上記頁岩による軽量骨材がセメント等に配合されたときと比べてセメント自体の強度が非常に大きくなる。
【0013】
さらに、本発明では、上記加熱および混合前に上記木質系材料を70〜99.9質量%とし、上記結合材料が0.1〜30質量%としてある。すなわち、木質系材料は軽量骨材に靱性を与え、ビス等の加工を可能にする作用を有しており、70質量%以上にすると好適な靱性が得られる。また、結合材料は木質系材料同士を結合させる作用があり、0.1質量%以上添加すると当該木質系材料同士を結合させ、十分に固まらせることができる。
【0014】
さらに、請求項3にかかる発明は、上記軽量骨材を使用して建築用材が作成されたときに当該建築用材の機能を調整するための物性を有した第三の機能性材料が上記加熱および混合前において添加される構成としてある。すなわち、建築用材は建築物の骨格等になるとともに、その使用態様や使用対象によって種々の機能が要求される。軽量骨材に第三の機能性材料が添加されると、建築用材にその機能を発揮させることができる。
【0015】
ここで、本発明にかかる軽量骨材は、水分を使用せず加熱および混合によって結合させるので、製造工程において水分の調整が必要なく、しかも、水硬化性の材料であるセメント等を添加することができる。また、建築用材の機能としては種々のものがあり、たとえば、電磁波の進入防止機能を持たせるためにはフェライト材等を添加すればよいし、破壊時に破壊片が四散することを防止するためには繊維質の材料を添加すればよい。むろん、建築用材に要求される機能は他にも様々であり、かかる機能を調整するための種々の物性を有する第三の機能性材料を添加することができる。
【0016】
さらに、請求項4にかかる発明は、請求項1〜請求項3のいずれかに記載の軽量骨材をセメントに配合して硬化させることによって建築用材を得る。すなわち、本発明にかかる軽量骨材を建築用材に使用すると、軽量かつ高強度ででビス等の加工が可能な建築用材を得ることができ、さらに種々の機能を有した建築用材にすることができる。
【0017】
さらに、上記軽量骨材の粒度と上記結合材に対する質量%とを調整することによってその強度又は比重のいずれかまたはその組み合わせを調整することもできる。すなわち、軽量骨材の粒度を調整すれば建築用材の基材である結合材に対する質量%が同じであっても基材内の軽量骨材の分布状況を変化させることができ、主に建築用材の強度を調整することができる。また、結合材に対する質量%を調整すれば、主に比重を調整することができる。むろん、強度や比重を調整するために、常に粒度と上記結合材に対する質量%とを個別に調整すればよいとは限らず、両者を調整して強度と比重とを所望のものにすると好適である。
【0018】
以上説明した軽量骨材や建築用材において、その製造方法に発明の重要な技術的思想が含まれていると捉えることも可能である。そこで、建築用材の製造方法としても発明は成立し、請求項5に記載の発明はかかる製造方法に対応させた構成としてある。むろん、請求項5において請求項2〜請求項4に対応させた方法の発明が成立することは言うまでもない。
【0019】
【発明の効果】
以上説明したように本発明によれば、ビス等を食い込ませることが可能な軽量骨材を提供でき、この軽量骨材を使用して作成した建築用材にビス等の加工を施すことができ、建築用材の強度を向上させ、乾燥収縮を緩和することができる。また、木質系材料同士を容易に結合させることができる。さらに、軽量骨材に好適な靱性を与え、また、確実に固まらせることができる。
また、木質系材料を容易に結合させることができる。
さらに、木質系材料のコストが非常に低くなり、また、ゴミを低減することに大きく寄与することができるし、廃棄物リサイクルを促進することもできる。
さらに、請求項2にかかる発明によれば、軽量骨材の周りのセメントが硬化する際に軽量骨材自体も硬化する。
さらに、請求項3にかかる発明によれば、建築用材に種々の機能を発揮させることが可能な軽量骨材を提供することができる。
【0020】
さらに、請求項4にかかる発明によれば、軽量でしかもビス等の加工が可能であり、高強度であり、さらに種々の機能を有した建築用材にすることができる。
さらに、請求項5にかかる発明によれば、軽量でありつつもビス等の加工が可能であり、高強度であり、さらに種々の機能を有した建築用材の製造方法を提供することができる。
【0021】
【発明の実施の形態】
ここでは、下記の順序に従って本発明の実施の形態について説明する。
(1)軽量骨材および建築用材の製造:
(2)建築用材の構成:
(3)他の実施形態:
【0022】
(1)軽量骨材および建築用材の製造:
図1は、本発明にかかる軽量骨材を製造し、さらにその軽量骨材を使用して建築用材を製造する過程を示す流れ図である。軽量骨材の主原料である木質系材料を種々の工場等で発生する廃材から得る態様が本発明の好適な実施形態であり、図1に示す廃材10が粉砕されて略粒状の木質系材料11に形成される。この木質系材料11の粒径は種々の径が採用可能であり、後述する熱硬化性樹脂12によって木質系材料同士が結合できるような粒径であればよい。
【0023】
本実施形態においては、上記木質系材料11に対して結合材料として熱硬化性樹脂12を添加するようになっており、造粒機内に配設される有底円筒状の混合容器20に対して、木質系材料11と熱硬化性樹脂12とを投入する。ここでの投入量は木質系材料11が70〜99.9質量%となり、熱硬化性樹脂12が0.1〜30質量%となるように両者の質量比率を調整する。
【0024】
木質系材料11は軽量骨材に靱性を与える作用を有しており、同木質系材料11の質量比率が大きくなるほど靱性が高くなる。熱硬化性樹脂12は木質系材料11同士を結合させる作用を有しており、同熱硬化性樹脂12の質量比率が大きくなるほど容易かつ確実に木質系材料11の結合体を固めることができる。この質量比率は軽量骨材あるいは軽量骨材を使用した建築用材に要求される性質に応じて適宜好ましい比率を選択可能である。
【0025】
造粒機においては混合容器20を加熱しながら回転させることができ、同混合容器20内に上記木質系材料11と熱硬化性樹脂12とを投入した状態で加熱,回転させると、両者が結合する。この結合体はペレット状に形成される。造粒機内の混合容器20による混合によってペレット状にすることもできるし、混合後の材料を適宜カッティングしてペレット状に形成しても良い。このようにして形成されたペレット状の結合体が本発明にかかる軽量骨材30である。
【0026】
この軽量骨材30は建築用材に配合される。本実施形態にかかる建築用材はセメントを主成分としており、砂利の代替材として軽量骨材が使用されることによって、砂利を使用した場合と比較して軽量の建築用材を得るものである。建築用材の原料は攪拌容器40内に投入されて攪拌されるようになっており、上記軽量骨材30の他、主にセメント原料粉41と水42とが投入される。これらの軽量骨材30とセメント原料粉41と水42とは攪拌容器40内で攪拌され、流動体の建築用材原料となる。この流動体の建築材料原料は、所定の形状を有する建築用材の雌型に流し込まれる。流し込まれた建築材料原料は時間の経過とともに固化して建築用材50となり、種々の建築物に使用される。
【0027】
(2)建築用材の構成:
図2は、角柱状に形成した建築用材50の断面図である。同図に示すように、建築用材50はセメント51が基体となり、当該セメント51内に複数の軽量骨材30が略一様に分布する構造となっている。この軽量骨材30は木質系材料11を主成分としていることから靱性を有しており、建築用材50に対してビス60を使用することが可能である。図2は、建築用材50に対してビス60を挿入した状態を示しており、軽量骨材30が建築用材50内に一様に分布していることからビス60を挿入した状態において当該ビス60の周りに複数の軽量骨材30が存在することとなる。
【0028】
頁岩等の軽量骨材は靱性を有しておらず、ビス等が押しつけられると砕けてしまうため、建築用材50内に挿入されたビス60に対して食い込むことができないところ、本発明においてはビス60の周りの複数の軽量骨材30がビス60の挿入とともに当該ビス60に食い込んで強固に密着する。従って、ビス60が建築用材50内に十分な強度で保持されるため、ビス等の使用が可能となる。
【0029】
以上述べたように本発明にかかる軽量骨材30においては、上記砂利を使用したものに比べて軽量の建築用材を提供することができるし、頁岩系の軽量骨材と比較して靱性があることからビス等を挿入可能な建築用材を提供することができる。さらに、本発明にかかる軽量骨材30は頁岩系の軽量骨材と比較して多くの利点があり、表1においては両者の性質を比較してある。
【0030】
【表1】

Figure 0003559251
【0031】
セメントを主成分とした建築用材は、経時的に乾燥が進行すると収縮する性質を有している。頁岩系軽量骨材を建築用材に使用した場合、頁岩系軽量骨材自体が乾燥収縮しなくても周りの建築用材が乾燥収縮したときに頁岩系軽量骨材が割れるなどして乾燥収縮を緩和する作用を有していない。しかし、本発明にかかる軽量骨材30は有機物である木質系材料11が主成分であり、軽量でありつつも密度が高く、建築用材50のセメント51が乾燥収縮したとしても軽量骨材30が割れることがない。従って、建築用材50の乾燥収縮を緩和することができる。
【0032】
さらに、本発明にかかる軽量骨材30は有機物である木質系材料11が主成分であることから弾性を有しており、建築用材50に使用されたときには軽量骨材50の曲げ強度と引っ張り強度を向上させることができる。これに対して頁岩系軽量骨材は弾性を有していないので、建築用材50の強度向上には寄与しない。さらに、軽量骨材30は木質系材料11と熱硬化性樹脂12とを加熱および混合して製造されるので、この加熱および混合時に図1の点線矢印に示すように第三の素材を投入することによって容易に第三の素材が混入された軽量骨材とすることができる。
【0033】
この第三の素材としては種々の物性を有する機能性材料を採用することができ、フェライト材を採用すれば建築用材50に電磁波進入防止機能を持たせることができるし、繊維質の材料を採用すれば建築用材50を破壊したときに破壊片が四散することを防止することができる。頁岩系軽量骨材は頁岩を焼成して製造するため、種々の素材を混入させることが困難である。また、頁岩系軽量骨材の精製工程にはこの焼成工程が存在するが、本発明においては造粒機等によって加熱および混合して製造可能であるので、焼成工程を全く必要とせず低コストで製造可能である。さらに、本発明にかかる軽量骨材30は木質系材料11を主成分としており、この木質系材料11は廃材10等から容易に得られるので、非常に低コストであるし、廃材を有効利用することができる。
【0034】
さらに、結合材料が樹脂の場合には木質系材料11の表面が樹脂で覆われているので建築用材50製造時の吸水が遅い。これに対して頁岩系軽量骨材においては吸水が速いため、建築用材50製造時に早期にセメントの粘度が増加し流動性を低下させてしまう。また、木質系材料11はセメントの硬化を阻害するリグニン等を含有していることがあるが、本発明においては上述のように木質系材料11が樹脂で覆われ吸水が遅いためセメントの硬化が阻害されない。また、軽量骨材30は加熱混合過程を経て製造されるため、この過程において硬化阻害物質をある程度除去することができて好適である。
【0035】
(3)他の実施形態:
上記実施形態においては、熱硬化性樹脂12を結合材料として使用していたが、結合材料はこの熱硬化性樹脂12以外にも種々の材料を採用可能であり、例えば熱可塑性樹脂120を採用しても良い。図3は、熱可塑性樹脂120を使用して軽量骨材を製造する過程を示す流れ図である。本実施形態においては結合材が熱可塑性であることからペレット化する工程が上記実施形態と異なっており、他の工程はほぼ同様である。略粒状の木質系材料11は、図1と同様に廃材10を粉砕することなどによって得られる。本実施形態においては、有底円筒状の混合容器20に対して、木質系材料11と熱可塑性樹脂120とを投入し、混合容器20を加熱しながら回転させて両者を混合する。このとき、熱可塑性樹脂120が溶融するので混合容器20の回転によって木質系材料11と熱可塑性樹脂120とが混合する。
【0036】
このように両者が混合した状態では流動体となっており、本実施形態ではこの流動体を押出機にて押し出しつつペレット状に形成する。押出部210は押出機の要部であり、一方の径が徐々に狭まる略筒状の本体の一方に拡大図Aに示すような多数の流出穴211を有する円形板状の部材を連設して構成されている。上記流動体は当該押出部210に流し込まれ、冷却されながら上記流出穴211から押し出される。すなわち、木質系材料11と熱可塑性樹脂120との混合体が流出穴211から押し出されることによって略同一径で固化し、これらを所望の長さに切断することによって所望の大きさにペレット化した軽量骨材300を得る。このようにして製造された軽量骨材300は、軽量であって建築用材に使用されたときにビス等の使用を可能にするなど、上記表1に示したような木質系軽量骨材の性質を具備している。
【0037】
むろん、木質系材料11同士を結合させるための結合材料としては上述の熱硬化性樹脂12や熱可塑性樹脂120等に限られることはなく、無機系固化材を使用することも可能である。例えば、セメントを結合材として使用することもできる。セメントは水分によって固化する性質があるが、本発明にかかる軽量骨材は加熱および混合の過程で木質系材料11同士を結合させる。従って、製造工程に水分を投入する工程が存在せず、水硬化性のあるセメントで木質系材料11同士を結合させたとしても加熱および混合の過程でセメントが硬化してしまうことがない。さらに、この軽量骨材を建築用材に配合させたときには当該建築用材の製造時に投入される水分で軽量骨材内のセメントが硬化する。
【0038】
以上説明したように、本発明においては軽量骨材の主成分を木質系材料11とし、この木質系材料11同士を結合させるために結合材料を添加する。そして、両者を加熱混合して結合体を製造し、軽量骨材30とする。この軽量骨材30は木質系材料11を主成分としているため軽量でありつつもビス等の加工を施すことが可能である。また、軽量骨材30自体に弾性があり、上記加熱混合の際に第三の機能性材料を投入することもできる。従って、軽量骨材30を使用して建築用材50を製造すると、当該建築用材50が高強度になるとともに他の種々の機能を実現させることができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】軽量骨材の製造および建築用材の製造を示す流れ図である。
【図2】建築用材の断面図である。
【図3】軽量骨材の製造を示す流れ図である。
【符号の説明】
10…廃材
11…木質系材料
12…熱硬化性樹脂
20…混合容器
30…軽量骨材
40…攪拌容器
41…セメント原料粉
42…水
50…建築用材
51…セメント
60…ビス[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a lightweight aggregate, a building material, and a method for manufacturing a building material.
[0002]
[Prior art]
When producing building materials such as concrete with cement as the main component, gravel etc. is also mixed in addition to the cement, but lightweight aggregate has been used as a substitute for gravel in order to reduce the weight of concrete. ing. As conventional lightweight aggregates, there are aggregates having many small bubbles obtained by crushing, granulating, and firing shale, and those using glass.
[0003]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, the above-mentioned conventional lightweight aggregate does not contribute to the improvement of the function of the concrete at all except for the weight reduction of the concrete. Rather, since the toughness and the strength are weak, the function of the concrete may be reduced. Specifically, since the strength of the lightweight aggregate is weak and easily cracked, the strength of the concrete itself could not be increased, and processing with screws or nails could not be performed.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and provides a lightweight aggregate, a building material, and a method of manufacturing a building material which is lightweight and can realize various functions such as processing of screws and the like and high strength. With the goal.
[0004]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to achieve the above object, the invention according to claim 1 includes adding a binding material for binding the wood-based materials to a substantially granular wood-based material, and mixing them while heating without using moisture. Light weight aggregate to be bonded together, wherein the bonding material is a combination of a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin and a hydraulic material, and before the heating and mixing, the wood-based material is 70 to 99.9% by mass, and the binder material is 0.1 to 30% by mass. That is, since the lightweight aggregate according to the present invention is obtained by binding a wood-based material, it is lighter in weight than gravel or the like used as an aggregate such as the cement, and the toughness of the lightweight aggregate itself. Thus, screws and the like can be made to bite into, so that a building material made by using the lightweight aggregate according to the present invention can be processed with screws and the like. Furthermore, since it is made of a wood-based material, the lightweight aggregate itself has elasticity, and when incorporated into a building material, the bending strength and the tensile strength of the building material can be improved.
[0005]
Here, the wood-based material only needs to be capable of processing screws and the like by imparting toughness to the lightweight aggregate, and wood flour, wood wool, wood chips, wood fiber, wood pulp, wood fiber bundle, and the like can be used. Bamboo fiber, hemp fiber, bacas, fir, rice straw, and other materials containing cellulose as a main component may be mixed. It is sufficient that the above-mentioned bonding material can bond wood-based materials, and various materials can be adopted. The wood-based materials may be solidified in the heating and mixing process, or the wood-based materials may be condensed in the heating and mixing process and solidified after being mixed with the building material. , May be heated and mixed to form a fluid, which may be solidified in a cooling process.
[0006]
Further, the binding material only needs to be able to bind the wood-based materials by performing the above-mentioned heating and mixing, and various devices for performing the heating and mixing can be adopted. It is preferable that the wood-based material can be bound by the method described above. As an example of the configuration, a configuration in which the heated and mixed material is pelletized by a granulator or an extruder or a combination thereof can be adopted.
[0007]
That is, the granulator is a device that applies vibration or rotation to a container or the like into which the material is charged to combine the finely divided material into pellets, and is capable of heating simultaneously with the vibration and rotation. Therefore, when a granulator is used, the woody material and the binder can be mixed while heating to form a pellet. An extruder is a device that passes a fluid through a number of holes to form a pellet, and in a situation where a fluid composed of a wood-based material and a binder is generated by the heating and mixing, the fluid is pelletized. can do.
[0008]
Further, the wood-based material can be obtained by forming wood into powder or granules or a combination thereof. That is, wood is a wood-based material, and since the wood-based material is in a powdery or granular form, the binding material can be interposed between the powders and the granules. And a wood-based material that can be used. Here, to obtain powdery or granular wood does not mean that it is necessary to prepare or grind wood only for the present invention.
[0009]
That is, wood is commonly used in every scene such as a furniture factory or a construction site, and if wood chips are generated in these scenes, if such chips are collected, they can be used as a wood-based material in the present invention. . Further, even if the wood is pulverized into powder or granules for the present invention, a large amount of waste material is generated after the predetermined wood body is used as a raw material such as furniture and building materials. What is necessary is just to grind the waste material. Further, when furniture and building materials are discarded, the waste may be crushed. According to such a configuration, the cost of the wood-based material is very low, and it can greatly contribute to reducing garbage, and can also promote waste recycling.
[0010]
Further, the binding material is a combination of a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin and a hydraulic material. That is, a thermosetting resin can be easily mixed with a substantially granular wood-based material, and the wood-based materials can be easily bonded to each other by a heating process. Various resins can be used as the thermosetting resin, and for example, a phenol resin, a urea resin, a melamine resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, an epoxy resin, and the like can be used.
[0011]
If it is a thermoplastic resin, it is easily mixed with the substantially granular wood-based material in the heating process, becomes a fluid in a mixed state, and easily combines the wood-based materials in the cooling process after the heating is stopped. Can be. Various resins can be used as the thermoplastic resin, and examples thereof include polyethylene, polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, vinyl chloride, nylon, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polyacetal, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, and modified polyphenylene ether. Can be used.
[0012]
The inorganic solidification material can also be easily mixed with the woody material and bonded. In particular, in the case of a hydraulic material such as cement or slag which hardens by the addition of moisture as in the invention described in claim 2, when this lightweight aggregate is used, the cement around the lightweight aggregate hardens. At this time, the lightweight aggregate itself is preferably cured. When a thermosetting resin, a thermoplastic resin, or an inorganic solidifying material as described above is used, the interface between the cement and the lightweight aggregate is firmly bonded when the lightweight aggregate is mixed in the cement or the like. Therefore, the strength of the cement itself becomes extremely large as compared with the case where the lightweight aggregate made of the shale, in which both interfaces are not bonded, is mixed with the cement or the like.
[0013]
Further, in the present invention, before the heating and mixing, the amount of the wood-based material is set to 70 to 99.9% by mass, and the amount of the binding material is set to 0.1 to 30% by mass. That is, the wood-based material has the effect of imparting toughness to the lightweight aggregate and enabling the processing of screws and the like. When the amount is 70% by mass or more, suitable toughness can be obtained. In addition, the binding material has an action of binding the wood-based materials. When added in an amount of 0.1% by mass or more, the wood-based materials can be bound together and sufficiently hardened.
[0014]
Further, the invention according to claim 3 is characterized in that, when a building material is created using the lightweight aggregate, the third functional material having physical properties for adjusting the function of the building material is heated and heated. It is configured to be added before mixing. That is, the building material becomes a skeleton of a building and the like, and various functions are required depending on a use mode and a use object. When the third functional material is added to the lightweight aggregate, the building material can exhibit its function.
[0015]
Here, since the lightweight aggregate according to the present invention is bonded by heating and mixing without using water, it is not necessary to adjust the water in the manufacturing process, and it is necessary to add cement or the like which is a water-curable material. Can be. In addition, there are various functions of building materials, for example, it is only necessary to add a ferrite material or the like in order to have a function of preventing the entry of electromagnetic waves, and to prevent the broken pieces from scattering at the time of breaking. May be added with a fibrous material. Needless to say, there are various other functions required for building materials, and a third functional material having various physical properties for adjusting such functions can be added.
[0016]
Further, according to a fourth aspect of the invention, a building material is obtained by blending the lightweight aggregate according to any one of the first to third aspects with cement and curing the cement. That is, when the lightweight aggregate according to the present invention is used as a building material, it is possible to obtain a building material that is lightweight, high-strength, and capable of processing screws and the like, and further has a building material having various functions. it can.
[0017]
Further, by adjusting the particle size of the lightweight aggregate and the mass% with respect to the binder, either the strength or the specific gravity or a combination thereof can be adjusted. In other words, by adjusting the particle size of the lightweight aggregate, the distribution of the lightweight aggregate in the base material can be changed even if the mass% is the same as that of the binder as the base material of the building material. Can be adjusted in intensity. Further, by adjusting the mass% with respect to the binder, the specific gravity can be mainly adjusted. Needless to say, in order to adjust the strength and specific gravity, it is not always necessary to always individually adjust the particle size and the mass% with respect to the binder, and it is preferable to adjust both to obtain the desired strength and specific gravity. is there.
[0018]
In the lightweight aggregates and building materials described above, it is possible to consider that the manufacturing method thereof includes the important technical idea of the invention. Therefore, the invention is also realized as a method of manufacturing building materials, and the invention according to claim 5 has a configuration corresponding to such a manufacturing method. Needless to say, the invention of the method corresponding to claims 2 to 4 in claim 5 holds.
[0019]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a lightweight aggregate capable of biting a screw or the like, and it is possible to apply a processing such as a screw to a building material created using the lightweight aggregate, The strength of building materials can be improved and drying shrinkage can be reduced. In addition, wood-based materials can be easily bonded to each other. Further, it is possible to give the lightweight aggregate favorable toughness and to firmly solidify the lightweight aggregate.
In addition, wood-based materials can be easily bonded.
Further, the cost of the wood-based material is extremely low, and it can greatly contribute to the reduction of waste and promote the recycling of waste.
Further, according to the invention of claim 2, when the cement around the lightweight aggregate hardens, the lightweight aggregate itself hardens.
Furthermore, according to the third aspect of the present invention, it is possible to provide a lightweight aggregate capable of exerting various functions on building materials.
[0020]
Further, according to the invention of claim 4, it is possible to obtain a building material which is lightweight, can process screws and the like, has high strength, and has various functions.
Further, according to the invention of claim 5, it is possible to provide a method of manufacturing a building material which is lightweight, can process screws and the like, has high strength, and has various functions.
[0021]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Here, embodiments of the present invention will be described in the following order.
(1) Manufacturing of lightweight aggregate and building materials:
(2) Composition of building materials:
(3) Other embodiments:
[0022]
(1) Manufacturing of lightweight aggregate and building materials:
FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing a process of manufacturing a lightweight aggregate according to the present invention and manufacturing a building material using the lightweight aggregate. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a woody material, which is a main raw material of a lightweight aggregate, is obtained from waste materials generated in various factories and the like. The waste material 10 shown in FIG. 11 is formed. Various diameters can be adopted as the particle size of the wood-based material 11, as long as the wood-based materials can be bonded to each other by the thermosetting resin 12 described below.
[0023]
In the present embodiment, a thermosetting resin 12 is added as a binding material to the wood-based material 11, and the bottomed cylindrical mixing container 20 provided in the granulator is used. Then, the wood-based material 11 and the thermosetting resin 12 are charged. Here, the amount of the wood-based material 11 is adjusted to 70 to 99.9% by mass, and the mass ratio of the thermosetting resin 12 is adjusted to 0.1 to 30% by mass.
[0024]
The wood-based material 11 has an effect of imparting toughness to the lightweight aggregate, and the toughness increases as the mass ratio of the wood-based material 11 increases. The thermosetting resin 12 has an action of bonding the wood-based materials 11 to each other. As the mass ratio of the thermosetting resin 12 increases, the bonded body of the wood-based materials 11 can be more easily and surely solidified. The mass ratio can be appropriately selected according to the properties required for the lightweight aggregate or the building material using the lightweight aggregate.
[0025]
In the granulator, the mixing container 20 can be rotated while being heated, and when the wooden material 11 and the thermosetting resin 12 are put into the mixing container 20 and heated and rotated, the two are combined. I do. The conjugate is formed into a pellet. The mixture may be formed into pellets by mixing in the mixing container 20 in the granulator, or the mixed material may be appropriately cut into pellets. The thus-formed pellet-shaped combined body is the lightweight aggregate 30 according to the present invention.
[0026]
This lightweight aggregate 30 is blended with building materials. The building material according to the present embodiment is mainly composed of cement, and a lightweight building material is obtained by using a lightweight aggregate as a substitute for gravel as compared with a case where gravel is used. The raw materials for building materials are put into a stirring vessel 40 and stirred, and in addition to the lightweight aggregate 30, mainly cement raw material powder 41 and water 42 are put. The lightweight aggregate 30, the cement raw material powder 41, and the water 42 are stirred in the stirring vessel 40 to become a fluid building material. The building material raw material of the fluid is poured into a female mold of a building material having a predetermined shape. The poured building material is solidified with the passage of time to become a building material 50, which is used for various buildings.
[0027]
(2) Composition of building materials:
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a building material 50 formed in a prismatic shape. As shown in the figure, a building material 50 has a structure in which a cement 51 serves as a base, and a plurality of lightweight aggregates 30 are substantially uniformly distributed in the cement 51. The lightweight aggregate 30 has toughness because it has the wood-based material 11 as a main component, and the screw 60 can be used for the building material 50. FIG. 2 shows a state in which the screw 60 is inserted into the building material 50. Since the lightweight aggregate 30 is uniformly distributed in the building material 50, the screw 60 is inserted in the state where the screw 60 is inserted. There are a plurality of lightweight aggregates 30 around.
[0028]
Light-weight aggregates such as shale do not have toughness and are broken when screws or the like are pressed, so that they cannot bite into the screws 60 inserted into the building material 50. A plurality of lightweight aggregates 30 around the bite 60 bite into the screw 60 when the screw 60 is inserted, and firmly adhere. Accordingly, the screws 60 are held in the building material 50 with sufficient strength, so that screws and the like can be used.
[0029]
As described above, in the lightweight aggregate 30 according to the present invention, it is possible to provide a building material that is lighter than the one using the above-mentioned gravel, and has a toughness as compared with the shale-based lightweight aggregate. Thus, a building material into which screws or the like can be inserted can be provided. Furthermore, the lightweight aggregate 30 according to the present invention has many advantages as compared with the shale-based lightweight aggregate, and Table 1 compares the properties of both.
[0030]
[Table 1]
Figure 0003559251
[0031]
Building materials containing cement as a main component have a property of shrinking as drying progresses with time. When shale-based lightweight aggregates are used for building materials, even if the shale-based lightweight aggregates themselves do not dry shrink, the shale-based lightweight aggregates crack when the surrounding building materials shrink and dry. Does not have the effect of However, the lightweight aggregate 30 according to the present invention is mainly composed of the woody material 11 which is an organic substance, is lightweight and has a high density, and even when the cement 51 of the building material 50 is dried and shrunk, the lightweight aggregate 30 is not. Does not break. Therefore, the drying shrinkage of the building material 50 can be reduced.
[0032]
Furthermore, the lightweight aggregate 30 according to the present invention has elasticity since the woody material 11 which is an organic substance is a main component, and has a bending strength and a tensile strength of the lightweight aggregate 50 when used for the building material 50. Can be improved. On the other hand, since the shale-based lightweight aggregate does not have elasticity, it does not contribute to improving the strength of the building material 50. Further, since the lightweight aggregate 30 is manufactured by heating and mixing the wood-based material 11 and the thermosetting resin 12, a third material is introduced during the heating and mixing as shown by a dotted arrow in FIG. Thereby, a lightweight aggregate in which the third material is mixed can be easily obtained.
[0033]
As the third material, functional materials having various physical properties can be used. If a ferrite material is used, the building material 50 can have an electromagnetic wave penetration preventing function, and a fibrous material can be used. By doing so, it is possible to prevent the broken pieces from scattering when the building material 50 is broken. Since shale-based lightweight aggregates are manufactured by firing shale, it is difficult to mix various materials. In addition, this baking step exists in the purification step of the shale-based lightweight aggregate, but in the present invention, the baking step can be performed by heating and mixing with a granulator or the like, so that the baking step is not required at all and at low cost. Manufacturable. Furthermore, the lightweight aggregate 30 according to the present invention has the wood-based material 11 as a main component, and the wood-based material 11 can be easily obtained from the waste material 10 or the like. Therefore, the cost is very low and the waste material is effectively used. be able to.
[0034]
Further, when the binding material is a resin, the surface of the wood-based material 11 is covered with the resin, so that water absorption during the production of the building material 50 is slow. On the other hand, in the case of the shale-based lightweight aggregate, the water absorption is fast, so that the viscosity of the cement increases at the early stage when the building material 50 is manufactured, and the fluidity decreases. Further, the wood-based material 11 may contain lignin or the like that inhibits the hardening of the cement. However, in the present invention, the hardening of the cement is prevented because the wood-based material 11 is covered with the resin and the water absorption is slow as described above. Not inhibited. In addition, since the lightweight aggregate 30 is manufactured through a heating and mixing process, the curing inhibitor can be preferably removed to some extent in this process.
[0035]
(3) Other embodiments:
In the above-described embodiment, the thermosetting resin 12 is used as the bonding material. However, the bonding material may employ various materials other than the thermosetting resin 12, for example, the thermoplastic resin 120 may be used. May be. FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating a process of manufacturing a lightweight aggregate using the thermoplastic resin 120. In this embodiment, since the binder is thermoplastic, the step of pelletizing is different from that of the above embodiment, and the other steps are almost the same. The substantially granular woody material 11 is obtained by crushing the waste material 10 as in FIG. In the present embodiment, the wood-based material 11 and the thermoplastic resin 120 are charged into a bottomed cylindrical mixing container 20, and the mixing container 20 is rotated while being heated to mix the two. At this time, since the thermoplastic resin 120 is melted, the wood-based material 11 and the thermoplastic resin 120 are mixed by the rotation of the mixing container 20.
[0036]
As described above, the mixture is in a fluid state in a mixed state. In the present embodiment, the fluid is formed into a pellet while being extruded by an extruder. The extruding section 210 is a main part of the extruder, and a circular plate-shaped member having a large number of outflow holes 211 as shown in an enlarged view A is continuously provided on one side of a substantially cylindrical main body whose one diameter gradually decreases. It is configured. The fluid is poured into the extruding section 210 and extruded from the outflow hole 211 while being cooled. That is, the mixture of the wood-based material 11 and the thermoplastic resin 120 is solidified with substantially the same diameter by being extruded from the outflow hole 211, and is cut into a desired length to be pelletized to a desired size. The lightweight aggregate 300 is obtained. The lightweight aggregate 300 manufactured in this manner is lightweight and allows the use of screws and the like when used for building materials. Is provided.
[0037]
Needless to say, the bonding material for bonding the wood-based materials 11 is not limited to the above-described thermosetting resin 12, the thermoplastic resin 120, or the like, and an inorganic solidifying material can also be used. For example, cement can be used as a binder. Cement has a property of being solidified by moisture, but the lightweight aggregate according to the present invention binds the wood-based materials 11 together in the process of heating and mixing. Therefore, there is no step of adding moisture in the manufacturing process, and even if the wood-based materials 11 are bonded to each other with a water-hardening cement, the cement does not harden during the heating and mixing processes. Furthermore, when this lightweight aggregate is blended into a building material, the cement in the lightweight aggregate is hardened by the water introduced during the production of the building material.
[0038]
As described above, in the present invention, the main component of the lightweight aggregate is the wood-based material 11, and a binding material is added to bond the wood-based materials 11 to each other. Then, the two are heated and mixed to produce a combined body, and the lightweight aggregate 30 is obtained. Since the lightweight aggregate 30 is mainly composed of the wood-based material 11, it can be processed with screws or the like while being lightweight. In addition, the lightweight aggregate 30 itself has elasticity, so that the third functional material can be added during the heating and mixing. Therefore, when the building material 50 is manufactured using the lightweight aggregate 30, the building material 50 has high strength and can realize various other functions.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing the production of lightweight aggregates and the production of building materials.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a building material.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing the manufacture of a lightweight aggregate.
[Explanation of symbols]
DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 ... Waste material 11 ... Wood-based material 12 ... Thermosetting resin 20 ... Mixing container 30 ... Lightweight aggregate 40 ... Stirring container 41 ... Cement raw material powder 42 ... Water 50 ... Building material 51 ... Cement 60 ... Screw

Claims (5)

略粒状の木質系材料にこの木質系材料同士を結合させるための結合材料を添加し、水分を使用せず両者を加熱しながら混合して結合される軽量骨材であって、
上記結合材料は、熱硬化性樹脂又は熱可塑性樹脂と、水硬性材料との組み合わせであると共に、上記加熱および混合前に、上記木質系材料が70〜99.9質量%であり上記結合材料が0.1〜30質量%であることを特徴とする軽量骨材。
A light-weight aggregate that is added to a substantially granular wood-based material by adding a binding material for bonding the wood-based materials to each other and mixing them while heating them without using moisture,
The bonding material is a combination of a thermosetting resin or a thermoplastic resin and a hydraulic material, and before the heating and mixing, the wood-based material is 70 to 99.9% by mass and the bonding material is A lightweight aggregate characterized by being 0.1 to 30% by mass.
上記水硬性材料は、セメント又はスラグであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の軽量骨材。The lightweight aggregate according to claim 1, wherein the hydraulic material is cement or slag. 上記軽量骨材を使用して建築用材が作成されたときに当該建築用材の機能を調整するための物性を有した第三の機能性材料が上記加熱および混合前において添加されることを特徴とする請求項1または請求項2のいずれかに記載の軽量骨材。When a building material is created using the lightweight aggregate, a third functional material having physical properties for adjusting the function of the building material is added before the heating and mixing. The lightweight aggregate according to claim 1 or 2, wherein 請求項1〜請求項3のいずれかに記載の軽量骨材をセメントに配合して硬化させることによって得られることを特徴とする建築用材。An architectural material obtained by blending the lightweight aggregate according to any one of claims 1 to 3 with cement and curing the cement. 請求項1〜請求項3のいずれかに記載の軽量骨材の粒度と所定の結合材に対する質量%とを調整しつつ当該軽量骨材を当該結合材に配合して硬化させることによって、その硬化後の強度又は比重のいずれかまたはその組み合わせが調整されることを特徴とする建築用材の製造方法。Hardening the lightweight aggregate according to any one of claims 1 to 3 by adjusting the particle size of the lightweight aggregate and the mass% with respect to a predetermined binder, and mixing and curing the lightweight aggregate with the binder. A method for producing a building material, characterized in that any one or a combination of subsequent strength and specific gravity is adjusted.
JP2001134079A 2001-05-01 2001-05-01 Lightweight aggregate, building material and method of manufacturing building material Expired - Fee Related JP3559251B2 (en)

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