JP2022185047A - 細胞を再プログラム化するための精製された修飾rnaを含むrna調製物 - Google Patents
細胞を再プログラム化するための精製された修飾rnaを含むrna調製物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、ヒトまたは他の動物細胞を含む真核細胞の分化の状態を、該真核細胞と再プログラム化因子(例えば、iPS細胞誘導因子)を各々コードする1つ以上の異なる一本鎖mRNA分子を含むかまたは該分子からなる精製されたRNA調製物を接触させることによって変化または再プログラム化するための組成物および方法に関する。精製された一本鎖mRNA分子は好ましくは、対応する修飾されていない通常のヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部の替わりに(例えば、対応する修飾されていないA、C、G、またはTの通常のヌクレオシドの実質的にすべての替わりに)、少なくとも1つの修飾されたヌクレオシド(例えば、プソイドウリジン(ギリシャ文字「プサイ」または「Ψ」によって略記)、5-メチルシトシン(m5C)、5-メチルウリジン(m5U)、2’-O-メチルウリジン(Umまたはm2’-OU)、2-チオウリジン(s2U)、およびN6-メチルアデノシン(m6A)からなる群から選択される)を含む。加えて、一本鎖mRNA分子は好ましくは、意図されていない応答を活性化させ、一本鎖mRNAの発現を低下させ、および/または細胞におけるRNAセンサーを活性化させるであろうRNA夾雑物分子が実質的にないように精製される。ある実施態様において、精製されたRNA調製物は、完全長の一本鎖mRNA分子よりも短いかもしくは長い、二本鎖の、および/またはキャッピングされていないRNAである、RNA夾雑物分子が実質的にない。
本発明は、下に定義される用語に基づいて理解および解釈される。
(1)RNAトリホスファターゼは、mRNAの5’-三リン酸を二リン酸に開裂し、
pppN1(p)Nx-OH(3’) → ppN1(pN)x-OH(3’) + Pi
、次いで
(2)RNAグアニルトランスフェラーゼは、GTPの、mRNAの最も5’のヌクレオチド(N1)の5’-二リン酸への結合を触媒し、
ppN1(pN)x-OH(3’) + GTP → G(5’)ppp(5’)N1(pN)x-OH(3’) + PPi
、最後に、
(3)S-アデノシル-メチオニン(AdoMet)を補因子として用いるグアニン-7-メチルトランスフェラーゼは、キャップヌクレオチドにおけるグアニンの7-窒素のメチル化を触媒する。
RNAトリホスファターゼおよびRNAグアニルトランスフェラーゼの酵素活性の作用から結果として生じるRNA、ならびにグアニン-7-メチルトランスフェラーゼ酵素活性によって追加的にメチル化されるRNAは、本明細書で「5’キャッピングされたRNA」または「キャッピングされたRNA」と呼ばれ、本明細書での「キャッピング酵素系」または、より単純には、「キャッピング酵素」は、「キャッピングされたRNA」を結果として生じる酵素活性を有する1つ以上のポリペプチドの任意の組み合わせを意味する。このような酵素のクローン化した形態を含むキャッピング酵素系が特定され、多くの源から精製され、当該技術分野において周知である(Banerjee 1980, Higman et al. 1992, Higman et al. 1994, Myette and Niles 1996, Shuman 1995, Shuman 2001, Shuman et al. 1980, Wang et al. 1997)。5’ポリリン酸を有するキャッピングされていないRNAをキャッピングされたRNAに変換することのできる任意のキャッピング酵素系を用いて、本発明の実施態様のいずれについてのキャッピングされたRNAをも提供することができる。いくつかの実施態様において、該キャッピング酵素系は、ポックスウイルスキャッピング酵素系である。いくつかの好ましい実施態様において、キャッピング酵素系は、ワクシニアウイルスキャッピング酵素である。いくつかの実施態様において、キャッピング酵素系は、出芽酵母キャッピング酵素である。また、RNAトリホスファターゼ、RNAグアニルトランスフェラーゼ、およびグアニン-7-メチルトランスフェラーゼを1つの源からコードする遺伝子が、別の源からこれらの遺伝子のうちの1つまたはすべてにおける欠失を補充することができるという事実の点で、キャッピング酵素系は、1つの源から派生することができ、またはRNAトリホスファターゼ、RNAグアニルトランスフェラーゼ、および/もしくはグアニン-7-メチルトランスフェラーゼ活性のうちの1つ以上は、異なる源由来のポリペプチドを含むことができる。
(1)特殊化の程度がより低い状態の分化を呈する細胞または細胞種類(例えば、iPS細胞)に進む、より特殊化した状態の分化を呈する細胞または細胞種類(例えば、哺乳類線維芽細胞、ケラチノサイト、筋細胞、または神経細胞)の過程を意味する「脱分化」、
(2)別のより特殊化した状態の分化または細胞種類(例えば、線維芽細胞もしくはケラチノサイトから筋細胞へ)に進む、より特殊化した状態の分化を呈する細胞または細胞種類(例えば、哺乳類線維芽細胞、ケラチノサイト、または神経細胞)の過程を意味する「分化転換」、および
(3)(例えば1つ以上の再プログラム化因子に応答して)生物または培養物においてインビボで生じようとなかろうと、細胞がその天然の場所および環境に(例えば、胚または臓器に)存在した場合に本来期待されるであろう別の状態の分化または細胞種類に進む、任意の特定の状態の分化または細胞種類を呈する細胞の過程を意味する「再分化」または「期待される分化」または「自然分化」。
本発明は、ヒトまたは他の動物の細胞を含む真核細胞を、再プログラム化因子(例えば、iPS細胞誘導因子)を各々コードする1つ以上の異なる一本鎖mRNA分子を含むかそれからなる精製されたRNA調製物と接触させることによって、該細胞の分化の状態を再プログラム化するための組成物および方法を提供する。精製された一本鎖mRNA分子は好ましくは、プソイドウリジン(Ψ)、5-メチルシトシン(m5C)、5-メチルウリジン(m5U)、2’-O-メチルウリジン(Umまたはm2’-OU)、2-チオウリジン(s2U)、およびN6-メチルアデノシンを、対応する修飾されていないA、C、G、またはTの通常のヌクレオシドの対応する修飾されていない通常のヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部(例えば、実質的にすべてを含む)の替わりに含む。加えて、一本鎖mRNA分子は好ましくは、意図されていない応答を活性化させ、一本鎖mRNAの発現を低下させ、および/または細胞におけるRNAセンサーを活性化させるであろうRNA夾雑物分子が実質的にないよう精製される。ある実施態様において、精製されたRNA調製物は、完全長の一本鎖mRNA分子よりも短いかまたは長いか、二本鎖RNA、および/またはキャッピングされていないRNAであるRNA夾雑物分子が実質的にない。いくつかの好ましい実施態様において、本発明は、ヒトまたは他の動物の体細胞を含む分化した真核細胞を、iPS細胞誘導因子を各々コードする1つ以上の異なる一本鎖mRNA分子を含むかまたはそれからなる精製されたRNA調製物と接触させることによって、該細胞を再プログラム化するための組成物および方法を提供する。
標識を測定すること(Ngosuwan J, Wang NM et al, Roles of cytosolic Hsp70 and Hsp40 molecular chaperones in post-translational translocation of presecretory proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2003;278(9): 7034-42)を含む。各方法は、本発明の個別の実施態様を表す。
NPC2、PABPN1、PSEN1、PYGL、RPGRIP1、SERPINA1、SERPINA3、SERPINA6、SLC7A7、SPG3A、SPTB、TCL1A、TGMI、TITF1、TMIP、TRA@、TSHR、USH1A、VP、ACCPN、AHO2、ANCR、B2M、BBS4、BLM、CAPN3、CDAN1、CDAN3、CLN6、CMH3、CYP19、CYP1A1、CYP1A2、DYX1、EPB42、ETFA、EYCL3、FAH、FBN1、FES、HCVS、HEXA、IVD、LCS1、LIPC、MY05A、OCA2、OTSC1、PWCR、RLBP1、SLC12A1、SPG6、TPM1、UBE3A、WMS、ABCC6、ALDOA、APRT、ATP2A1、BBS2、CARD15、CATM、CDH1、CETP、CHST6、CLN3、CREBBP、CTH、CTM、CYBA、CYLD、DHS、DNASE1、DPEP1、ERCC4、FANCA、GALNS、GAN、HAGH、HBA1、HBA2、HBHR、HBQ1、HBZ、HBZP、HP、HSD11B2、IL4R、LIPB、MC1R、MEFV、MHC2TA、MLYCD、MMVP1、PHKB、PHKG2、PKD1、PKDTS、PMM2、PXE、SALL1、SCA4、SCNN1B、SCNN1G、SLC12A3、TAT、TSC2、VDI、WT3、ABR、ACACA、ACADVL、ACE、ALDH3A2、APOH、ASPA、AXIN2、BCL5、BHD、BLMH、BRCA1、CACD、CCA1、CCZS、CHRNB1、CHRNE、CMT1A、COL1A1、CORD5、CTNS、EPX、ERBB2、G6PC、GAA、GALK1、GCGR、GFAP、GH1、GH2、GP1BA、GPSC、GUCY2D、ITGA2B、ITGB3、ITGB4、KRT10、KRT12、KRT13、KRT14、KRT14L1、KRT14L2、KRT14L3、KRT16、KRT16L1、KRT16L2、KRT17、KRT9、MAPT、MDB、MDCR、MGI、MHS2、MKS1、MPO、MYO15A、NAGLU、NAPB、NF1、NME1、P4HB、PAFAH1B1、PECAM1、PEX12、PHB、PMP22、PRKAR1A、PRKCA、PRKWNK4、PRP8、PRPF8、PTLAH、RARA、RCV1、RMSA1、RP17、RSS、SCN4A、SERPINF2、SGCA、SGSH、SHBG、SLC2A4、SLC4A1、SLC6A4、SMCR、SOST、SOX9、SSTR2、SYM1、SYNSI、TCF2、THRA、TIMP2、TOC、TOP2A、TP53、TRIM37、VBCH、ATP8B1、BCL2、CNSN、CORD1I、CYB5、DCC、F5F8D、FECH、FEO、LAMA3、LCFS2、MADH4、MAFD1、MC2R、MCL、MYP2、NPC1、SPPK、TGFBRE、TGIF、TTR、AD2、AMH、APOC2、APOE、ATHS、BAX、BCKDHA、BCL3、BFIC、C3、CACNA1A、CCO、CEACAM5、COMP、CRX、DBA、DDU、DFNA4、DLL3、DM1、DMWD、E11S、ELA2、EPOR、ERCC2、ETFB、EXT3、EYCLI、FTL、FUT1、FUT2、FUT6、GAMT、GCDH、GPI、GUSM、HB1、HCL1、HHC2、HHC3、ICAM3、INSR、JAK3、KLK3、LDLR、LHB、LIG1、LOH19CR1、LYL1、MAN2B1、MCOLN1、MDRV、MLLT1、NOTCH3、NPHS1、OFC3、OPA3、PEPD、PRPF31、PRTN3、PRX、PSG1、PVR、RYR1、SLC5A5、SLC7A9、STK11、TBXA2R、TGFB1、TNNI3、TYROBP、ADA、AHCY、AVP、CDAN2、CDPD1、CHED1、CHED2、CHRNA4、CST3、EDN3、EEGV1、FTLL1、GDF5、GNAS、GSS、HNF4A、JAG1、KCNQ2、MKKS、NBIA1、PCK1、PI3、PPCD、PPGB、PRNP、THBD、TOP1、AIRE、APP、CBS、COL6Al、COL6A2、CSTB、DCR、DSCR1、FPDMM、HLCS、HPE1、ITGB2、KCNE1、KNO、PRSS7、RUNX1、SOD1、TAM、ADSL、ARSA、BCR、CECR、CHEK2、COMT、CRYBB2、CSF2RB、CTHM、CYP2D6、CYP2D7P1、DGCR、DIA1、EWSR1、GGT1、MGCR、MN1、NAGA、NE2、OGS2、PDGFB、PPARA、PRODH、SCO2、SCZD4、SERPIND1、SLC5AI、SOXI0、TCN2、TIMP3、TST、VCF、ABCD1、ACTL1、ADFN、AGMX2、AHDS、AIC、AIED、AIH3、ALAS2、AMCD、AMELX、ANOP1、AR、ARAF1、ARSC2、ARSE、ARTS、ARX、ASAT、ASSP5、ATP7A、ATRX、AVPR2、BFLS、BGN、BTK、BZX、C1HR、CACNA1F、CALB3、CBBM、CCT、CDR1、CFNS、CGF1、CHM、CHR39C、CIDX、CLA2、CLCN5、CLS、CMTX2、CMTX3、CND、COD1、COD2、COL4A5、COL4A6、CPX、CVD1、CYBB、DCX、DFN2、DFN4、DFN6、DHOF、DIAPH2、DKC1、DMD、DSS、DYT3、EBM、EBP、ED1、ELK1、EMD、EVR2、F8、F9、FCP1、FDPSL5、FGD1、FGS1、FMR1、FMR2、G6PD、GABRA3、GATA1、GDI1、GDXY、GJB1、GK、GLA、GPC3、GRPR、GTD、GUST、HMS1、HPRT1、HPT、HTC2、HTR2C、HYR、IDS、IHG1、IL2RG、INDX、IP1、IP2、JMS、KAL1、KFSD、LICAM、LAMP2、MAA、MAFD2、MAOA、MAOB、MCF2、MCS、MEAX、MECP2、MF4、MGCI、MIC5、MID1、MLLT7、MLS、MRSD、MRX14、MRX1、MRX20、MRX2、MRX3、MRX40、MRXA、MSD、MTMI、MYCL2、MYPI、NDP、NHS、NPHLI、NROBI、NSX、NYSI、NYX、OAI、OASD、OCRL、ODTI、OFD1、OPA2、OPD1、OPEM、OPN1LW、OPN1MW、OTC、P3、PDHA1、PDR、PFC、PFKFB1、PGK1、PGK1P1、PGS、PHEX、PHKA1、PHKA2、PHP、PIGA、PLP1、POF1、POLA、POU3F4、PPMX、PRD、PRPSI、PRPS2、PRS、RCCP2、RENBP、RENS1、RP2、RP6、RPGR、RPS4X、RPS6KA3、RS1、S11、SDYS、SEDL、SERPINA7、SH2D1A、SHFM2、SLC25A5、SMAX2、SRPX、SRS、STS、SYN1、SYP、TAF1、TAZ、TBX22、TDD、TFE3、THAS、THC、TIMM8A、TIMP1、TKCR、TNFSF5、UBE1、UBE2A、WAS、WSN、WTS、WWS、XIC、XIST、XK、XM、XS、ZFX、ZIC3、ZNF261、ZNF41、ZNF6、AMELY、ASSP6、AZFI、AZF2、DAZ、GCY、RPS4Y、SMCY、SRY、ZFY、ABAT、AEZ、AFA、AFD1、ASAH1、ASD1、ASMT、CCAT、CECR9、CEPA、CLA3、CLN4、CSF2RA、CTSI、DF、DIH1、DWS、DYT2、DYT4、EBR3、ECT、EEF1A1L14、EYCL2、FANCB、GCSH、GCSL、GIP、GTS、HHG、HMI、HOAC、HOKPP2、HRPT1、HSD3B3、HTC1、HV1S、ICHQ、ICR1、ICR5、IL3RA、KAL2、KMS、KRT18、KSS、LCAT、LHON、LIMM、MANBB、MCPH2、MEB、MELAS、MIC2、MPFD、MS、MSS、MTATP6、MTCOI、MTCO3、MTCYB、MTND1、MTND2、MTND4、MTND5、MTND6、MTRNR1、MTRNR2、MTTE、MTTG、MTTI、MTTK、MTTL1、MTTL2、MTTN、MTTP、MTTS1、NAMSD、OCD1、OPD2、PCK2、PCLD、PCOS1、PFKM、PKD3、PRCA1、PRO1、PROP1、RBS、RFXAP、RP、SHOX、SLC25A6、SPG5B、STO、SUOX、THM、またはTTDである。各組換えタンパク質は、本発明の個別の実施態様を表す。
細胞培養。
本実施例は、KLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4、およびSOX2をコードするmRNAを用いた形質移入が、新生児包皮1079線維芽細胞における各個々のタンパク質産物の発現および適切な細胞レベル下局在を結果として生じたかどうかを決定するための試験を説明する。本実験において用いられたmRNAを、ウリジン-5’-三リン酸と置き換えるプソイドウリジン-5’-三リン酸を用いて調製した(Kariko et al. 2008)。1079の線維芽細胞に、6ウェル皿のウェルあたり4μgの各mRNAを形質移入し、免疫蛍光分析を形質移入24時間後に実施した。内在性KLF4、LIN28、NANOG、OCT4、およびSOX2タンパク質レベルは、形質移入されていない1079細胞において免疫蛍光によって検出不可能であった(図1:B、F、N、R、V)。c-MYCの内在性レベルは、形質移入されていない1079細胞において比較的高かった(Fig.1J)。転写因子KLF4、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4、およびSOX2をコードするmRNAの形質移入はすべて、mRNA形質移入24時間後に、各タンパク質の主として核の局在を結果として生じた(図1:D、L、P、T、X)。細胞質mRNA結合タンパク質LIN28は、細胞質に局在した(図1:H)。
再プログラム化タンパク質の効率的なmRNA形質移入および適切な細胞レベル下局在を示したので、本実施例は、体細胞性線維芽細胞からのiPS細胞の生成のためのプロトコールの開発を説明する。等量(重量による)のKLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4、およびSOX2のmRNAを1079線維芽細胞に3回(1日おきに1回)形質移入した。3回目の形質移入の翌日、細胞を、照射済みMEFフィーダー細胞へと播種し、iPS細胞培地において増殖させた。1079線維芽細胞を照射済みMEFに播種した6日後、2の推定iPS細胞コロニーは、3μgの各再プログラム化因子mRNA(KLF4, LIN28, c-MYC, NANOG, OCT4, and
SOX2)を形質移入した10cmプレートにおいて明白となった。コロニーを、最後の形質移入の12日後まで増殖させておいた後、該コロニーを免疫蛍光分析のために固定した。内部細胞塊特異的マーカーNANOGは、iPS細胞コロニーが、真にiPSコロニーであるかどうかをアッセイするのにしばしば用いられる(Gonzalez et al. 2009、Huangfu et al. 2008)。12日間早く形質移入したmRNAから生じるNANOG発現は、mRNAの安定性および発現の期間に関する先行報告(Kariko et al. 2008)に基づいて無視できるであろう。NANOGについての染色は、2のiPS細胞コロニーの両方がNANOG陽性であることを示した(図2のB、D、および非表示)。iPS細胞コロニーの部分ではない周辺の線維芽細胞は、NANOG陰性であり、該線維芽細胞がiPS細胞へと再プログラムされないことを示唆した。
本実施例は、分化した細胞を、mRNAを用いて再プログラム化する効率を改良するための試行を説明する。1つのアプローチにおいて、線維芽細胞培地ではなくMEF馴化培地において6つの再プログラム化因子をコードするmRNAを1079線維芽細胞またはIMR90線維芽細胞に3回(1日おきに1回)経いつ移入することと、次に、処理された1079線維芽細胞を処理後にMEFフィーダー層に播種するのではなくMEF馴化培地において増殖させることを含むプロトコールを用いた。利用される最高の形質移入用量時に(10cm皿あたり36μgの各再プログラム化因子)、208のiPS細胞コロニーを最終的な形質移入の3日後に検出した(図A~F)。興味深いことに、3日目の時点で6μgまたは18μgのいずれかの再プログラム化因子の各々を形質移入した皿においてiPS細胞コロニーを検出せず、18μgを上回る用量がこれらの条件下で、MEF馴化培地において3日間以内にiPS細胞コロニー形成が生じるために重要であることを示唆した。IMR90細胞は、さらにより多数のiPS細胞コロニーを示し、6つの再プログラム化因子mRNAの各々の3回の6μg用量を形質移入したプレートにおいて最後の形質移入の8日後に約200コロニーを、6つの再プログラム化因子mRNAの各々の18μgまたは36μg用量を3回形質移入したIMR90細胞において1000超のコロニーを有した(図4のG~I)。コロニーは、1079細胞における最終的な形質移入の3日後に可視であったのに対し、コロニーは、IMR90細胞における最終的な形質移入の6~7日後に可視となった。それゆえ、1079細胞由来のより成熟なコロニーは、より大きくかつより密であり、およびIMR90コロニーと比較して明視野画像においてより暗かった(図4)。36μgの各再プログラム化mRNAを3回形質移入した1079プレートにおけるコロニーはすべて、最終的なmRNA形質移入の8日後にNANOGおよびTRA-1-60の両方について陽性であった(図5のA~I)。より未熟なIMR90 iPSコロニーもすべて、NANOGおよびTRA-1-60の両方について陽性であった(図5のJ~O)が、より成熟な1079コロニーと比較してあまり密ではない該より未熟なIMR90 iPSコロニーの細胞性質により、両マーカーについてあまり頑強ではない染色を示した(図5のA~I)。MEF馴化培地における1079細胞またはIMR90細胞への該mRNAの送達を含む本プロトコールは、3×105の投入細胞あたり200~1000超のコロニーの再プログラム化効率を有していた。iPS細胞を誘導するための本プロトコールはより迅速であり、線維芽細胞培地におけるこれらの同じ6つの再プログラム化因子をコードするDNAプラスミドを線維芽細胞に形質移入することを含む公開されたプロトコールよりもほぼ2~3桁、より効率的であった(Aoi et al. 2008)。なおもさらに、本プロトコールは、6×105の投入細胞あたりおよそ57のiPS細胞コロニーを結果として生じる、1079新生児線維芽細胞への再プログラム化因子のレンチウイルス送達の公開されたデータに基づいたレンチウイルスを用いた再プログラム化因子の送達を含む公開されたプロトコール(Aoi et al. 2008)よりも7~40倍効率的であった。また、本プロトコールは、公開された方法よりも非常に迅速である。
(プラスミドおよび試薬)
プラスミドpT7T3D-MART-1およびpUNO-hTLR3をATCC(Manassas, VA)およびInvivoGen(San Diego, CA)からそれぞれ得た。pTEVlucをDaniel Gallie博士(UC Riverside)から得、pT7-TEV(タバコエッチ病ウイルスゲノムRNAのリーダー配列)-ルシフェラーゼ-A50を含有し、Gallie, DR et al, 1995. The tobacco etch viral 5’ leader and poly(A) tail are functionally synergistic regulators of translation. Gene 165:233)に説明されている。pSVrenを、BamHIおよびNotI消化、末端充填(end-filling)、および再連結によるホタルルシフェラーゼコード配列の除去によって、p2luc(Grentzmann G, Ingram JA, et al, A dual-luciferase reporter system for studying recoding signals. RNA 1998;4(4): 479-86)から生じた。
ヒト胚性腎293細胞(ATCC)を、グルタミン(Invitrogen)および10%FCS(Hyclone, Ogden, UT)(完全培地)を補充したDMEMにおいて増殖させた。本明細書におけるすべての場合において、「293細胞」は、ヒト胚性腎(HEK)293細胞を指す。293-hTLR3細胞株を、293細胞をpUNO-hTLR3で形質転換することによって生じた。細胞株293-hTLR7、293-hTLR8、および293-hTLR9(InvivoGen)を、ブラスチシジン(10 μg/ml)(Invivogen)を補充した完全培地において増殖させた。細胞株293-ELAM-IucおよびTLR7-293(M. Lamphier, Eisai Research Institute, Andover MA)、ならびにTLR3-293細胞を、説明された通り培養した(Kariko et al, 2004, mRNA is anendogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 3. J Biol Chem 279: 12542-12550)。
細胞株293、293-hTLR7、および293-hTLR8にpTLR3-shを安定して形質移入し、G-418(400 μg/ml)(Invitrogen)を用いて選択した。Neo耐性コロニーをスクリーニングし、ポリ(I):(C)に対するIL-8分泌の欠失として決定されるTLR3を発現しないもののみを、さらなる研究において用いた。白血球フェレーシス試料を、IRB認可プロトコールを通じてHIV未感染ボランティアから得た。
マウスDCを、6~8週齢のC57BL/6マウスの脛骨および大腿骨から骨髄細胞を回収し、赤血球細胞を溶解することによって作製した。細胞を2mLのDMEM+10%FVSおよび20ng/mLのmuGM-CSF(R&D Systems)において106個/ウェルで6ウェルプレートに播種した。3日後、muGM-CSFを有する2mLの新鮮培地を添加した。6日後、2mLの培地/ウェルを回収し、細胞をペレットにし、muGM-CSFを有する新鮮培地に再懸濁した。培養7日後、muDCを収穫、洗浄した。
ミトコンドリアを、分画溶解手順(ミトコンドリア単離キット;Pierce, Rockford, IL)を用いて、ペンシルバニア大学血液バンクから得た血小板から単離した。RNAをMaster Blaster(登録商標)(BioRad, Hercules, CA)によって、293細胞、未分画293細胞、ラット肝臓、マウス細胞株TUBO、および大腸菌のDH5α株の、精製されたミトコンドリア画分、細胞質画分、および核画分から単離した。ウシtRNA、コムギtRNA、酵母tRNA、大腸菌tRNA、マウス心臓由来のポリ(A)+ mRNA、およびポリ(I):(C)を、Sigmaから購入し、ヒト脾臓由来の全RNAおよび大腸菌RNAをAmbionから購入した。オリゴリボヌクレオチド-5’-一リン酸を化学的に合成した(Dharmacon, Lafayette, CO)。
ヌクレオシド一リン酸を、HPLCを介して分離および可視化した。遊離ヌクレオシド3’-一リン酸を放出するために、5μgの一定分量のRNAを、10μLの50mM NaOAcおよび2mM EDTA緩衝液(pH4.5)における0.1UのRNase
T2(Invitrogen)を用いて一晩消化した後、試料を、Waters Symmetry C 18カラム(Waters, Milford, MA)を用いて、Agilent 1100 HPLCへと注入した。1mL/分の流速で、100%緩衝液A(30 mM KH2P04および10 mMリン酸テトラエチルアンモニウム[PicA試薬, Waters]、pH 6.0)から30%緩衝液B(アセトニトリル)への勾配を60分間かけて実施した。ヌクレオチドを、光ダイオードアレイを用いて254nmにおいて検出した。それがなにであるかを、保持時間及びスペクトルによって認証した。
96ウェルプレートにおける樹状細胞(およそ1.1×105個/ウェル)をR-848、Lipofectin(登録商標)、またはLipofectin(登録商標)-RNAで1時間処理した後、培地を交換した。(別段の記載がない限り、)8時間の終了時に、細胞をRNA単離またはフローサイトメトリーのいずれかのために収穫したのに対し、回収された培地を、サイトカインELISAに供した。IL-12(p70)(BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, CA)、IFN-α、TNF-α、およびIL-8(Biosource International, Camarillo, CA)をサンドイッチELISAによって上清中で測定した。培養を三つ組または四つ組で実施し、二つ組で測定した。
先に説明された通り、RNAを処置の後の8時間のインキュベーション後にMDDCから単離した。該当する場合、細胞を刺激30分前に、インキュベーションの全体の長さを通じて、2.5μg/mLのシクロヘキシミド(Sigma)で処理した。RNA試料を処理し、ATCCから得られたプラスミド(それぞれpE4およびpHcGAP)に由来するヒトTNF-αプローブおよびGAPDHプローブを用いて、説明される通り(Kariko et al. 2004、同書)ノザンブロット法において分析した。
異なる細胞のRNAサブタイプの免疫刺激能力を決定するために、RNAを、異なる細胞レベル下区画、すなわち、細胞質、核、およびミトコンドリアから単離した。これらのRNA画分、ならびに哺乳類源にすべて由来する全RNA、tRNA、およびポリA末端で選択されたmRNAをLipofectin(登録商標)と複合体形成し、MDDCに添加した。哺乳類の全RNA、核RNA、および細部質RNAはすべて、検出可能なTNF-α分泌によって立証されるように、MDDCを刺激したが、TNF-αレベルは、インビトロで合成されたmRNAによって誘導されるものよりも非常に低かった(図6)。その上、哺乳類tRNAは、TNF-αのいずれの検出可能なレベルも誘導しなかったが、ミトコンドリア(mt)RNAは、他の哺乳類RNAサブタイプよりも非常により多くのTNF-αを誘導した。細菌全RNAもMDDCの強力な活性化因子であり、対照的に、細菌tRNAは、低レベルのTNF-αしか誘導しなかった。他の源(酵母、コムギ胚、ウシ)由来のtRNAは、非刺激性であった。類似の結果が、他の哺乳類源由来のRNAを試験した時に観察された。RNA試料を、一本鎖RNAおよび二本鎖RNAを開裂するBenzonaseで消化すると、RNAシグナル伝達は、MDDCにおいて消滅し、TNF-α分泌が、該調製物におけるRNAによることを認証した。試験したRNA種類の活性化能力は、ヌクレオシド修飾の程度との負の相関を呈した。類似の結果は、サイトカインの生じる両方の種類のDCについて本実施例において説明された実験において得られた。
(インビトロで転写されるRNA)
インビトロでの転写アッセイ(MessageMachineキットおよびMegaScriptキット; Ambion,)を用いて、以下の長いRNAを、説明される通りT7 RNAポリメラーゼ(RNAP)によって生じた(Kariko et al, 1998, Phosphate-enhanced transfection of cationic lipid-complexed mRNA and plasmid DNA. Biochim Biophys Acta 1369, 320-334)(注記:テンプレートの名称は、カッコの中に示されており、RNAの名称中の数は長さを指定する):RNA-1866(Nde Iで線形化されたpTEVluc)は、ホタルルシフェラーゼをコードし、50nt長のポリA末端である。RNA-1571(Ssp Iで線形化されたpSVren)は、ウミシイタケルシフェラーゼをコードする。RNA-730(Hind IIIで線形化されたpT7T3D-MART-l)は、ヒトメラノーマ抗原MART-Iをコードする。RNA-713(EcoR Iで線形化されたpTIT3D-MART-l)は、MART-1のアンチセンス配列に相応し、RNA497(Bgl IIで線形化されたpCMV-hTLR3)は、hTLR3の部分的5’断片をコードする。RNA分子の配列は、以下のとおりである:
RNA-I866:
ggaauucucaacacaacauauacaaaacaaacgaaucucaagcaaucaagcauucuacuucuauugcagcaauuuaaaucauuucuuuuaaagcaaaagcaauuuucugaaaauuuucaccauuuacgaacgauagccauggaagacgccaaaaacauaaagaaaggcccggcgccauucuauccucuagaggauggaaccgcuggagagcaacugcauaaggcuaugaagagauacgcccugguuccuggaacaauugcuuuuacagaugcacauaucgaggugaacaucacguacgcggaauacuucgaaauguccguucgguuggcagaagcuaugaaacgauaugggcugaauacaaaucacagaaucgucguaugcagugaaaacucucuucaauucuuuaugccgguguugggcgcguuauuuaucggaguugcaguugcgcccgcgaacgacauuuauaaugaacgugaauugcucaacaguaugaacauuucgcagccuaccguaguguuuguuuccaaaaagggguugcaaaaaauuuugaacgugcaaaaaaaauuaccaauaauccagaaaauuauuaucauggauucuaaaacggauuaccagggauuucagucgauguacacguucgucacaucucaucuaccucccgguuuuaaugaauacgauuuuguaccagaguccuuugaucgugacaaaacaauugcacugauaaugaauuccucuggaucuacuggguuaccuaaggguguggcccuuccgcauagaacugccugcgucagauucucgcaugccagagauccuauuuuuggcaaucaaaucauuccggauacugcgauuuuaaguguuguuccauuccaucacgguuuuggaauguuuacuacacucggauauuugauauguggauuucgagucgucuuaauguauagauuugaagaagagcuguuuuuacgaucccuucaggauuacaaaauucaaagugcguugcuaguaccaacccuauuuucauucuucgccaaaagcacucugauugacaaauacgauuuaucuaauuuacacgaaauugcuucugggggcgcaccucuuucgaaagaagucggggaagcgguugcaaaacgcuuccaucuuccagggauacgacaaggauaugggcucacugagacuacaucagcuauucugauuacacccgagggggaugauaaaccgggcgcggucgguaaaguuguuccauuuuuugaagcgaagguuguggaucuggauaccgggaaaacgcugggcguuaaucagagaggcgaauuaugugucagaggaccuaugauuauguccgguuauguaaacaauccggaagcgaccaacgccuugauugacaaggauggauggcuacauucuggagacauagcuuacugggacgaagacgaacacuucuucauaguugaccgcuugaagucuuuaauuaaauacaaaggauaucagguggcccccgcugaauuggaaucgauauuguuacaacaccccaacaucuucgacgcgggcguggcaggucuucccgacgaugacgccggugaacuucccgccgccguuguuguuuuggagcacggaaagacgaugacggaaaaagagaucguggauuacguggccagucaaguaacaaccgcgaaaaaguugcgcggaggaguuguguuuguggacgaaguaccgaaaggucuuaccggaaaacucgacgcaagaaaaaucagagagauccucauaaaggccaagaagggcggaaaguccaaauuguaaaauguaacucuagaggauccccaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaca(配列番号1)。
ggcuagccaccaugacuucgaaaguuuaugauccagaacaaaggaaacggaugauaacugguccgcaguggugggccagauguaaacaaaugaauguucuugauucauuuauuaauuauuaugauucagaaaaacaugcagaaaaugcuguuauuuuuuuacaugguaacgcggccucuucuuauuuauggcgacauguugugccacauauugagccaguagcgcgguguauuauaccagaccuuauugguaugggcaaaucaggcaaaucugguaaugguucuuauagguuacuugaucauuacaaauaucuuacugcaugguuugaacuucuuaauuuaccaaagaagaucauuuuugucggccaugauuggggugcuuguuuggcauuucauuauagcuaugagcaucaagauaagaucaaagcaauaguucacgcugaaaguguaguagaugugauugaaucaugggaugaauggccugauauugaagaagauauugcguugaucaaaucugaagaaggagaaaaaaugguuuuggagaauaacuucuucguggaaaccauguugccaucaaaaaucaugagaaaguuagaaccagaagaauuugcagcauaucuugaaccauucaaagagaaaggugaaguucgucguccaacauuaucauggccucgugaaaucccguuaguaaaaggugguaaaccugacguuguacaaauuguuaggaauuauaaugcuuaucuacgugcaagugaugauuuaccaaaaauguuuauugaaucggacccaggauucuuuuccaaugcuauuguugaaggugccaagaaguuuccuaauacugaauuugucaaaguaaaaggucuucauuuuucgcaagaagaugcaccugaugaaaugggaaaauauaucaaaucguucguugagcgaguucucaaaaaugaacaaaugucgacgggggccccuaggaauuuuuuagggaagaucuggccuuccuacaagggaaggccagggaauuuucuucagagcagaccagagccaacagccccaccagaagagagcuucaggucugggguagagacaacaacucccccucagaagcaggagccgauagacaaggaacuguauccuuuaacuucccucagaucacucuuuggcaacgaccccucgucacaauaaagauaggggggcaacuaaagggaucggccgcuucgagcagacaugauaagauacauugaugaguuuggacaaaccacaacuagaaugcagugaaaaaaaugcuuuauuugugaaauuugugaugcuauugcuuuauuuguaaccauuauaagcugcaauaaacaaguuaacaacaacaauugcauucauuuuauguuucagguucagggggaggugugggagguuuuuuaaagcaaguaaaaccucuacaaaugugguaaaaucgauaaguuuaaacagauccagguggcacuuuucggggaaaugugcgcggaaccccuauuuguuuauuuuucuaaauacauucaaauauguauccgcucaugagacaauaacccugauaaaugcuucaauaau(配列番号2)。
Gggaauuuggcccucgaggccaagaauucggcacgaggcacgcggccagccagcagacagaggacucucauuaaggaagguguccugugcccugacccuacaagaugccaagagaagaugcucacuucaucuaugguuaccccaagaaggggcacggccacucuuacaccacggcugaagaggccgcugggaucggcauccugacagugauccugggagucuuacugcucaucggcuguugguauuguagaagacgaaauggauacagagccuugauggauaaaagucuucauguuggcacucaaugugccuuaacaagaagaugcccacaagaaggguuugaucaucgggacagcaaagugucucuucaagagaaaaacugugaaccugugguucccaaugcuccaccugcuuaugagaaacucucugcagaacagucaccaccaccuuauucaccuuaagagccagcgagacaccugagacaugcugaaauuauuucucucacacuuuugcuugaauuuaauacagacaucuaauguucuccuuuggaaugguguaggaaaaaugcaagccaucucuaauaauaagucaguguuaaaauuuuaguagguccgcuagcaguacuaaucaugugaggaaaugaugagaaauauuaaauugggaaaacuccaucaauaaauguugcaaugcaugauaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaacugcggccgca(配列番号3)。
Gggaauaagcuugcggccgcaguuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuaucaugcauugcaacauuuauugauggaguuuucccaauuuaauauuucucaucauuuccucacaugauuaguacugcuagcggaccuacuaaaauuuuaacacugacuuauuauuagagauggcuugcauuuuuccuacaccauuccaaaggagaacauuagaugucuguauaaauucaagcaaaagugugagagaaauaauuucagcaugucucaggugucucgcuggcucuuaaggugaauaaggugguggugacuguucugcagagaguuucucauaagcagguggagcauugggaaccacagguucacaguuuuucucuugaagagacacuuugcugucccgaugaucaaacccuucuugugggcaucuucuuguuaaggcacauugagugccaacaugaagacuuuuauccaucaaggcucuguauccauuucgucuucuacaauaccaacagccgaugagcaguaagacucccaggaucacugucaggaugccgaucccagcggccucuucagccgugguguaagaguggccgugccccuucuugggguaaccauagaugaagugagcaucuucucuuggcaucuuguagggucagggcacaggacaccuuccuuaaugagaguccucugucugcuggcuggccgcgugccucgugccgaauu(配列番号4)。
Gggagacccaagcuggcuagcagucauccaacagaaucaugagacagacuuugccuuguaucuacuuuugggggggccuuuugcccuuugggaugcugugugcauccuccaccaccaagugcacuguuagccaugaaguugcugacugcagccaccugaaguugacucagguacccgaugaucuacccacaaacauaacaguguugaaccuuacccauaaucaacucagaagauuaccagccgccaacuucacaagguauagccagcuaacuagcuuggauguaggauuuaacaccaucucaaaacuggagccagaauugugccagaaacuucccauguuaaaaguuuugaaccuccagcacaaugagcuaucucaacuuucugauaaaaccuuugccuucugcacgaauuugacugaacuccaucucauguccaacucaauccagaaaauuaaaaauaaucccuuugucaagcagaagaauuuaaucacauua(配列番号5)。
免疫原性に及ぼすヌクレオシド修飾の効果をさらに試験するために、インビトロでの系を、プソイドウリジンまたは修飾されたヌクレオシドを用いたRNA分子を製造するために開発した。4つのヌクレオチド三リン酸(NTP)のうちの1つまたは2つを、対応するヌクレオシド修飾されたNTPと置換するインビトロでの転写反応を実施した。長さ0.7~1.9kbに及びかつ修飾されたヌクレオシドのうちの0、1つ、または2つの種類のいずれかを含有する異なる一次配列を有するいくつかのRNAセットを転写した。修飾されたRNAは、変性ゲル電気泳動法における該RNAの移動度に関して該RNAの修飾されていない対応物とは区別できず、該RNAが、無傷であり、それ以外は修飾されていないことを示した(図7のA)。この手順は、T7、SP6、およびT3ファージポリメラーゼのうちのいずれかと効率よく作用し、それゆえ、広範な種々のRNAポリメラーゼに汎化可能である。
すべてがTLR3特異的siRNAを発現する親293、293-hTLR7、および293-hTLR8細胞を、96ウェルプレートに播種し(5×104個/ウェル)、抗生物質なしで培養した。翌日、細胞をR-848または、Lipofectin(登録商標)(Invitrogen)と複合体形成したRNAに、説明されている通り曝露した(Kariko et al, 1998,同書)。RNAを1時間後に除去し、細胞をさらに完全培地において7時間インキュベートした。上清をIL-8測定のために回収した。
ヌクレオシドの修飾が、TLRのRNA仲介性活性化に影響するかどうかを決定するために、ヒトTLR3を発現するよう、ヒト胚性腎293細胞を安定して形質転換した。該細胞株を、Lipofectin(登録商標)と複合体形成したRNAで処理し、TLR活性化をインターロイキン(IL)-8放出によって10に示されるようにモニターした。いくつかの異なるRNA分子を試験した。修飾されていないインビトロで転写されるRNAは、高レベルのIL-8分泌を誘発した。しかし、対照的に、m6Aまたはs2Uヌクレオシド修飾を含有するRNAは、検出可能なIL-8分泌を誘導しなかった(図7のB)。試験した他のヌクレオシド修飾(すなわち、m5C、m5U、Ψ、およびm5C/Ψ)は、TLR3刺激に及ぼすより小さな抑制効果を有した(図7のB)。「Ψ」はプソイドウリジンを指す。
293が、特異的TLR受容体に及ぼすRNAの効果を評価することに干渉する内在性TLR3を発現する可能性を試験するために、TLR3特異的低分子ヘアピン型(sh)RNA(siRNAとしても公知)を発現するプラスミドを細胞に安定して形質移入することによって、内在性TLR3の発現を293-TLR8細胞株から除去した。この細胞株は、ポリ(I):(C)、LPS、およびCpG含有オリゴデオキシヌクレオシド(ODN)に応答せず、TLR3、TLR4、およびTLR9の不在を示したが、ヒトTLR8の同族リガンドであるR-848に応答した(図7のB)ので、さらなる試験に用いた。TLR3の標的にされたshRNAを発現する293-hTLR8細胞(293-hTLR8 shRNA-TLR3細胞)に、インビトロで転写されるRNAを形質移入すると、該細胞は、多量のIL-8を分泌した。対照的に、ヌクレオシド修飾(m5C、m5U、Ψ、およびm5C/Ψ、S2U)のほとんどを含有するRNAは、刺激を除去した(陰性対照、すなわち空ベクター以下のIL-8産生)。m6A修飾は、様々な効果を有し、いくつかの場合、IL-8放出を除去し、他の場合、IL-8放出を低下させた(図7のB)。
次のセットの実験は、TLR3、TLR7、およびTLR8を刺激する天然源から単離されたRNAの能力を試験した。異なる哺乳類種由来のRNAを先行実施例において説明されたTLR3、TLR7、およびTLR8を発現する293細胞株に形質移入した。哺乳類RNA試料のうちのいずれも、陰性対照レベルを上回るIL-8分泌を誘導しなかった。対照的に、2つの異なる大腸菌源から得られた細菌全RNAは、TLR8、TLR7、およびTLR8を形質移入した細胞において頑強なIL-8分泌を誘導したが、TLR9ではそうではなかった(図7のC)。LPSもメチル化されていないDNA(CpG ODN)(細菌RNA単離物における潜在的な夾雑物)も、試験されたTLR3、TLR7、またはTLR8を活性化しなかった。ヒト血小板から単離されたミトコンドリアRNAは、ヒトTLR8を刺激したが、TLR3もTLR7も刺激しなかった。
(材料および実験方法)
(DC刺激アッセイ)
RNAを伴う20時間のインキュベーションの後、DCをCD83-フィコエリトリンmAb(Research Diagnostics Inc, Flanders, NJ)、HLA-DR-Cy5PE、およびCD80もしくはCD86-フルオレセインイソチオシアナートmAbで染色し、CellQuest(登録商標)ソフトウェアを用いるFACScalibur(登録商標)フローサイトメーター(BD Biosciences)において分析した。細胞培養上清を20時間のインキュベーションの終了時に採集し、サイトカインELISAに供した。IL-12(p70)(BD Biosciences Pharmingen, San Diego, CA)、IFN-α、およびTNF-α(Biosource International, Camarillo, CA)のレベルを、ELISAによって上清中で測定した。培養を三つ組または四つ組で実施し、各試料を二つ組で測定した。
次の実験は、修飾されたまたは修飾されていないヌクレオシドを含有するRNAが、サイトカインを産生するMDDCを刺激する能力を試験した。ヌクレオシド修飾は、5RNAが、GM-CSF/IL-4を生じるMDDCおよび(GMCSF)/IFN-αを生じるMDDCの両方によるTNF-αおよびIL-12分泌を誘導する能力を、たいていの場合、陰性対照以下のレベルに再現可能に低下させる(図8のAおよびB)。結果は、同じ塩基修飾を有するが、異なる一次配列および長さを有する他のセットのRNAが試験される場合、あるいはRNAが5’キャップ構造および/もしくは3’末端ポリA末端を添加することによって、または5’三リン酸部分を除去することによってさらに修飾される場合、類似していた。異なる長さおよび配列のRNAは、DCから変動する量のTNF-αを誘導し、典型的には2倍未満の差であった(図8のC)。
(材料および実験方法)
(ヒトDC)
サイトカインを生じるDCのために、単球を不連続Percoll勾配遠心法によって末梢血単核球から精製した。低密度画分(単球が豊富)を、CD2、CD16、CD19、およびCD56に特異的な磁気ビーズ(Dynal, Lake Success, NY)を用いて、B細胞、T細胞、およびNK細胞から枯渇させ、抗CD14(95%超)または抗CD11c(98%超)モノクローナル抗体を用いるフローサイトメトリーによって決定されるように、高度に精製された単球を生じた。
MN)を補充したAIM V無血清培地(Life Technologies)において培養した。また、DCを、GM-CSF(50ng/mL)+IFN-α(1,000V/mL)による処置(R & D Systems)によって生じさせ、IFN-αMDDCを得た(Santini et al., 2000. Type I interferon as a powerful adjuvant for monocyte-derived dendritic cell development and activity in vitro and in Hu
-PBL-SCID mice. J Exp Med 191: 1777-178)。
これまで、利用されたヌクレオシドにより修飾されたRNAのほとんどは、RNAにおける全ヌクレオチドのおよそ25%を生じる修飾のうちの1種類を含有した(例えば、すべてウリジン塩基)。本明細書で利用される条件下で免疫原性を低下させるのに十分である特定の修飾されたヌクレオシドの最小頻度を規定するために、制限された数の修飾されたヌクレオシドを有するRNA分子を生じさせた。第一のセットの実験において、RNAを、m6A、Ψ(プソイドウリジン)、またはm5Cとそれらの対応する修飾されていないNTPとの変動する比の存在下で、インビトロで転写した。修飾されたヌクレオシドリン酸のRNAへの組み込み量は、転写反応において含有される比と比例することが期待され、なぜなら、T7 RNAPで得られたRNA収量は、該酵素が、m6A、Ψ、またはm5CのNTPを、塩基性NTPとほぼ同程度効率的に利用することを示したからである。この期待を確認するために、50:50の比におけるUTP:Ψの存在下で転写されたRNAを消化し、ほぼ50:50の比でUMPおよびΨを含有することを発見した(図10のA)。
RNAのインビボでの免疫原性に及ぼすプソイドウリジン修飾の効果を決定するために、0.25μgのRNAをLipofectin(登録商標)に複合体形成し、マウスに気管内注射し、マウスから24時間後に採血し、TNF-αおよびIFN-αの循環レベルを血清試料からアッセイした。キャッピングされたプソイドウリジンにより修飾されたmRNAは、修飾されていないmRNAによって誘発されるよりも有意により少ないTNF-αおよびIFN-αmRNAを誘導した(図12のA~B)。
(材料および実験方法)
(PKRリン酸化アッセイ)
一定分量の活性化型PKRアガロース(Upstate)をマグネシウム/ATPカクテル(Upstate)、キナーゼ緩衝液、および[γ32P]ATP混合物、およびRNA分子の存在下で30℃で30分間インキュベートした。修飾されていないRNAおよびヌクレオシド修飾を有するRNA(m5C、プソイドウリジン、m6A、m5U)ならびに二本鎖RNAを試験した。ヒト組換えeIF2a(BioSource)を添加し、試料をさらに30℃で5分間インキュベートした。反応を、還元剤を有するNuPage
LDS試料緩衝液を添加することによって停止し、70℃で10分間変性させ、10%PAGEにおいて分析した。ゲルを乾燥させ、フィルムに露光した。PKR活性化因子であるヘパリン(1U/μL)を陽性対照として用いた。
プソイドウリジン含有mRNAが、二本鎖RNA依存性プロテインキナーゼ(PKR)を活性化させるかどうかを決定するために、インビトロでのリン酸化アッセイを、組換えヒトPKRおよびその基質であるeIF2α(真核生物翻訳開始因子2α)を用いて、ウミシイタケをコードするキャッピングされたmRNA(0.5および0.05ng/μL)の存在下で実施した。プソイドウリジン(Ψ)を含有するmRNAは、PKRの自己リン酸化およびeIF2αのリン酸化の両方の欠失によって検出されるように、PKRを活性化しなかったのに対し、ヌクレオシド修飾を有さないRNAおよびm5C修飾を有するmRNAはPKRを活性化した(図13)。したがって、プソイドウリジン修飾は、RNA免疫原性を低下させる。
(材料および実験方法)
(ウサギ網状赤血球溶解産物におけるmRNAのインビトロでの翻訳)
インビトロでの翻訳を、ウサギ網状赤血球溶解産物において実施した(Promega, Madison WI)。9μLの一定分量の溶解産物に1μL(1μg)のmRNAを補充し、30℃で60分間インキュベートした。1μLの一定分量をホタルおよびウミシイタケアッセイ系(Promega, Madison WI)、ならびにLUMAT LB950ルミノメーター(Berthold/EG&G Wallac, Gaithersburg, MD)を用いた10秒間の測定時間の分析のために取り出した。
RNA翻訳効率に及ぼすプソイドウリジン修飾のインビトロでの効果を決定するためにホタルルシフェラーゼをコードしプソイドウリジンで修飾されたキャッピングされていないmRNA(0.1μg/μL)をウサギ網状赤血球溶解産物において30℃で1時間インキュベートし、ルシフェラーゼ活性を決定した。プソイドウリジンを含有するmRNAを、ウサギ網状赤血球溶解産物におけるプソイドウリジンを有さないRNAよりも2倍超効率的に翻訳したが、コムギ抽出物においても大腸菌溶解産物においてもそうならず(図14)、プソイドウリジン修飾が、RNA翻訳効率を高めることを示した。類似の結果を、m5Cにより修飾されたRNAを用いて得た。ポリA末端をプソイドウリジン含有mRNAに付加すると、翻訳効率のさらに10倍の増加を観察した(実施例10)。
(材料および実験方法)
(細胞における翻訳アッセイ)
96ウェルを有するプレートに、ウェルあたり5×104個で形質移入の1日前に播種した。Lipofectin(登録商標)-mRNA複合体を構築し、培地を除去した後に細胞単層に直接添加した(ウェルあたり50μLにおける0.2μgのmRNA‐0.8μgのリポフェクチン)。細胞を形質移入混合物とともに37℃、5%CO2インキュベーターにおいて1時間インキュベートした後、該混合物を、10%FCSを含有する新鮮なあらかじめ加温した培地と交換した後、細胞を先の実施例において説明される通り分析した。
培養された細胞におけるRNA翻訳に及ぼすプソイドウリジン修飾の効果を決定するために、293細胞に、リポータータンパク質ウミシイタケをコードするインビトロで転写されヌクレオシドで修飾され、キャッピングされたmRNAを形質移入した。細胞を形質移入の開始3時間後に溶解し、ウミシイタケのレベルを酵素アッセイによって測定した。293細胞において、プソイドウリジンによりおよびm5Cにより修飾されたDNAは、修飾されていないmRNAよりもそれぞれほぼ10倍および4倍効率的に翻訳された(図15のA)。
プソイドウリジン修飾による翻訳の亢進に及ぼす追加的なRNA構造要素の効果を試験するために、以下の修飾、すなわち1)独特な5’非翻訳配列(TEV、キャッピング非依存性翻訳エンハンサー)、2)キャッピング、および3)ポリA末端の組み合わせを含有する、ホタルルシフェラーゼをコードする1セットのΨmRNAを合成した。ΨmRNAまたは従来のmRNAの翻訳を亢進するこれらの修飾の能力を評価した(図16のA)。これらの構造要素は、従来型およびΨmRNAの両方の翻訳効率性を追加的に亢進し、ΨmRNAは、全コンストラクトからのより多量のタンパク質製造を呈した。
(プソイドウリジン含有RNAからのインビボでのタンパク質の翻訳の亢進:材料および実験方法)
(脳内RNA注射)
すべての動物手順は、実験動物の取り扱いおよび使用についてのNIHの指針に準拠し、機関の動物の取り扱いおよび使用委員会によって認可された。雄のウィスター系ラット(Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington,
MA)をペントバルビタールナトリウムの腹腔内注射(60mg/体重kg)によって麻酔した。頭部を定位フレームに置き、8つの等間隔に空いた直径1.5mmのばり孔を両側に作製し(ブレグマに対する座標:前部/後部+3、0、-3、-6mm、側部±2.5mm)、硬膜を無処置のままにした。脳内注射を、大きなプローブホルダーおよび定位アームに固定された30ゲージ、1インチの滅菌針(Beckton 25 Dickinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ)を有する25μLの注射器(Hamilton, Reno, NV)を用いて実施した。注射器中の空気の空間を回避するために、針ハブに55μL複合体を充填した後、針を装着し、試料の残りを、針を通じて引き抜いた。注射深度(2mm)を、硬膜の表面に対して決定し、4μLの複合体(32ngのmRNA)を単回の急速投与注入において投与した。3時間後、ラットをハロタンで安楽死させ、脳を、冷蔵しておいたリン酸緩衝塩類溶液へと取り出した。
雌のBALB/cマウス(Charles River Laboratories)の尾静脈に、60μLのLipofectin(登録商標)と複合体形成したRNA(0.26μg)を注射した(急速投与)。臓器を摘出し、微量遠心チューブにおいてルシフェラーゼまたはウミシイタケ溶解緩衝液において練和棒を用いて均質化した。均質液を遠心分離し、上清を活性について分析した。
ケタミン(100mg/kg)およびキシラジン(20mg/kg)を用いて、雌のBALB/cマウスを麻酔した。小さな切開を気管近くの皮膚に作製した。気管を露出させると、501-11のLipofectin(登録商標)と複合体形成したRNA(0.2μg)を肺に向かう気管の中へと点滴した。切開を閉鎖し、動物を回復させておいた。RNA送達の3時間後、マウスを頸椎脱離により屠殺し、肺を摘出し、ルシフェラーゼまたはウミシイタケ溶解緩衝液(250μL)において均質化し、活性についてアッセイした。異なるセットの動物において、血液試料(100μL/個体)を尾静脈から回収し、凝血させ、遠心分離した。血清画分を用いて、先の実施れにおいて説明したとおり、マウス特異的抗体を用いたELISAによって、TNFおよびIFNαのレベルを決定した。
インビボでのRNA翻訳に及ぼすプソイドウリジン修飾の効果を決定するために、ラット脳の各半球に、ウミシイタケをコードするキャッピングされたプソイドウリジンにより修飾されたRNAかまたは修飾されていないRNAのいずれかを注射し、RNA翻訳を測定した。プソイドウリジンにより修飾されたRNAは、修飾されていないRNAよりも有意に効率的に翻訳された(図17のA)。
先の実施例由来の動物における注射1時間後および4時間後の脾臓RNAのノザン分析は、投与されたmRNAが、その無処置かつ部分的に分解された形態で、容易に検出可能であることを明らかにした(図17のC、右のパネル)。対照的に、24時間で、修飾されていないcapTEVlucAn mRNAは、検出レベルを下回ったのに対し、capTEVlucAnΨmRNAは、部分的に分解されたが、なおも明らかに検出可能であった。したがって、ΨmRNAは、対照のmRNAよりもインビボにおいてより安定して保存されている。
発現は、注射されたRNAの量と(図18)各濃度において定量的に相関した。
吸入によって送達されるΨmRNAの能力を試験するために、ホタルルシフェラーゼをコードするLipofectin(登録商標)とまたはPEIと複合体形成されたmRNAをマウスに気管内経路によって送達し、この中で、針を気管に配置し、mRNA溶液を肺へと噴霧した。静脈内送達と同様に、有意により大きなルシフェラーゼ発現は、修飾されていないmRNAと比較してΨmRNAを用いて観察された(図19)が、静脈内経路と比較して気管内経路を用いて有意により少量のタンパク質が産生された。気管内経路によって投与された修飾されていないmRNAは、ビヒクル対照と比較して有意により高濃度の炎症性サイトカイン(IFN-αおよびTNF-α)を伴った。
ΨmRNAを、ヒトEPOcDNAを含有するプラスミドから作製した。0.25μgのEPO-ΨmRNAを106の培養された293細胞へと形質移入し、600mU/mL超のEPOタンパク質を産生した。したがって、本発明の修飾されたRNA分子は、組換えタンパク質を細胞に送達する上で効果的である。
(材料および実験方法)
EPOコード配列を、制限酵素技術を用いてクローン化し、2の新たなプラスミド、すなわち、pTEV-EPOおよびpT7TS-EPOを作製し、これらをEPO-ΨmRNA産生のためのテンプレートとして用いる。EPO-ΨmRNAをこれらのテンプレートから、インビトロでの転写(MessageMachine(登録商標)およびMegaScript(登録商標)キット;Ambion,)によって、ヌクレオシドを等モル濃度(7.5mM)の濃度で組み込むT7 RNAポリメラーゼ(RNAP)を用いて製造した。ヌクレオシド修飾を組み込むために、Ψ三リン酸(TriLink, San Diego, CA)は、転写反応においてUTPと置き換わる。ΨmRNAのキャッピングを確認するために、不可逆的キャッピングアナログである6mMの3’-O-Mem7GpppG(New England BioLabs, Beverly, MA)も含む。ΨmRNAは、30℃で3~24時間混合した~1.5μg/μLのRNA、5mMのATP、および60U/μLの酵母ポリ(A)ポリメラーゼ(USB, Cleveland, OH)の反応物においてポリ(A)末端化されている。ΨmRNAの質を、変性アガロースゲル電気泳動法によって評価する。3pg/mLの感度を有するLimulus Amebocyte Lysateゲル塊アッセイを用いるmRNA調製物におけるLPSについてのアッセイも実施する。
EPO-ΨmRNAの近位の3’非翻訳領域(3’UTR)は、遍在性タンパク質であるエリスロポエチンmRNA結合タンパク質(ERBP)との特異的な会合によってEPOmRNAを安定化させる新生EPOmRNA由来の約90nt長のピリミジンの多い安定化要素を保存する。EPO-ΨmRNAの安定性を最大化するために、2の変更をEPOプラスミドに組み込み、転写されたmRNAの安定性および翻訳効率を改良する:1)タバコエッチ病ウイルス(TEV)の5’UTR配列をEPOコード配列の上流に組み込み、pTEV-EPOを生じる。2)プラスミドpT7TS-EPOを生じ、この中で、EPOcDNAは、アフリカツメガエルβグロビンmRNAの5’および3’UTRに対応する配列によって隣接される。
(材料および実験方法)
(哺乳類細胞の調製)
ヒト胚性腎293細胞(ATCC)を、グルタミン(Invitrogen)および10%FCS(Hyclone, Odgen, UT)を補充したDMEM(完全培地)において増殖させる。白血球フェレーシス試料を、IRBの認可したプロトコールを通じてHIV非感染ボランティアから得る。DCを先に説明される通り製造し、AIM V培地(登録商標)(Invitrogen)におけるGM-CSF(50ng/mL)+IL-4(100ng/mL)(R & D Systems)とともに培養した。
形質移入を、脾臓およびインビトロでの細胞発現のための有効な送達方法である、リン酸緩衝液の存在下でのLipofectinを用いた形質移入を実施する。EPO-ΨmRNA(0.25μg/ウェル;100,000個)を各細胞種類に三つ組で1時間添加し、上清を新鮮培地と交換する。24時間後、上清をEPO、IFN-αもしくはβ、およびTNF-αのELISA測定のために回収する。
ΨmRNA翻訳効率の亢進に及ぼす独特なUTRの影響を評価するために、長いポリ(A)末端を有する各改良物(5’ TEV要素、β-グロビン5’および3’UTR)を含有するまたは含有しないEPO-ΨmRNAを、インビトロでのタンパク質製造および対照としての従来のヌクレオシドを含有するEPOmRNAを用いるインビトロでの免疫活性化について試験する。各mRNAからのタンパク質製造の効率を、哺乳類細胞株(HEK293、CHO)、ヒトおよびマウス一次DC、並びに脾細胞において、各mRNAについて評価する。すべての細胞種類において製造された全EPOおよび一次細胞における免疫原性(上清と会合した炎症誘発性サイトカイン)の測定を評価する。(1つ以上の細胞種類における)高いEPO製造と低いサイトカイン誘発との最適な組み合わせを示すmRNAコンストラクトをその後の研究に用いる。EPO-ΨmRNAの5’および3’UTRならびにより長いポリ(A)末端の改良は結果的に、翻訳効率におけるおよそ2~10倍の亢進を生じる。
(材料および実験方法)
(EPO-ΨmRNAのマウスへの投与)
本明細書に説明される動物研究はすべて、実験動物のトリ圧秋および使用についてのNIHの指針、ならびにペンシルバニア大学の機関動物の取り扱いおよび使用委員会によって認可される。雌のBALB/cマウス(実験条件に付きn=5、6週齢、18~23g、Charles River Laboratories)を、N2OおよびO2(70:30)の混合物における3.5%ハロタンを用いて麻酔した後、ハロタンを1%に低あkさせ、麻酔を、鼻用マスクを用いて維持する。該手順を通じて、動物の体温を、37℃に加温した加温パッドを用いて維持する。EPO-ΨmRNA-リポフェクチン複合体(60μLの最終的な容積における変動する量の核酸と1μLのリポフェクチンとを混合することによって構築)を側部尾静脈に注射する。血液試料を、経時試験間、mRNA注射後3日間、1日3回、用量反応試験において1つの最適な時点で、および網状赤血球増加症についての試験において2~6日後に毎日回収する。
血液試料を、Retic-COUNT試薬(BD Diagnostics)を用いて染色し、データ事象を、FACScanフローサイトメーターにおいて獲得する。赤血球(RBC)を、順方向および側方の散乱特性によって選択し、チアゾールオレンジの取り込みについて分析する。Retic-COUNT試薬で染色した細胞を蛍光により検出し、網状赤血球を全RBCの割合として表す。少なくとも50,000の事象を試料あたり計数する。
EPOをコードするmRNAに応答して生物学的に機能のあるヒトEPOタンパク質(hEPO)の製造を最適化するために、以下の試験を実施する:
(EPO-ΨmRNAの単回注射後のEPO製造の時間経過)
1μgのEPO-ΨmRNAの静脈内投与後、ELISAによるEPO-ΨmRNA投与1~96時間後にhEPOを連続的に測定し、血清中のEPOタンパク質の半減期を決定する。この半減期は、EPOタンパク質の半減期およびEPO-ΨmRNAの機能的半減期の両方の結果である。EPO-ΨmRNA投与後のEPOタンパク質を測定するための結果として生じる最適な時点をその後の試験に利用する。
(材料および実験方法)
(血漿中のサイトカインの検出)
リポフェクチンと複合体形成したmRNAの7回の毎日の投与の間および後の異なる時点で回収された血液から得られた血清試料を、ELISAキットを用いてマウスIFN-α、TNF-α、およびIL-12について分析する。
脾臓から単離された一定分量の(2.0μg)のRNA試料を、1.4%のアガロースゲル電気泳動法によって分離し、帯電したメンブレンに転移させ(Schleicher
and Schuell)、MiracleHyb(登録商標)(Stratagene)においてハイブリッド形成する。メンブレンをTNF-α、下流のIFNシグナル伝達分子(例えば、IRF7、IL-12 p35およびp40、ならびにGAPDH)、ならびに免疫活性化に関する他のマーカーについて調べる。すべてのプローブの特異性を配列決定によって確認する。メンブレンを調べるために、ランダムプライム標識キット(Roche)をとともにRedivue[α-32P]dCTP(登録商標)(Amersham)を用いて、50ngのDNAを標識する。ハイブリッド形成したメンブレンを、-70℃でMS増感剤スクリーンを用いて、Kodak BioMax MSフィルムに露光する。
EPO-ΨmRNAで処理したマウスならびに陽性対照および陰性対照で処理したマウス由来の脾臓を収集し、固定し、切片作製し、ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシンを用いて染色し、免疫活性化の徴候について獣医病理学者によって検討した。
本発明のRNA分子の免疫原性の低下を確認するために、マウス(n=5)は、日用量のEPO-ΨmRNAを7日間受容した後、血清サイトカイン濃度、炎症性タンパク質をコードするmRNAの脾臓発現、および病理検査によって示されるような、免疫仲介性有害事象について評価する。投与される最大用量は、先に決定されるように、3μgまたは、単回有効量の5倍である。修飾されていないmRNAおよびLipofectin(登録商標)単独をそれぞれ、陽性対照および陰性対照として用いる。
(EPO-ΨmRNA送達方法のさらなる改良)
(ナノ粒子複合体形成)
ポリマーおよびΨmRNA溶液を混合して、複合体を形成する。種々の製剤条件を試験し最適化する:(1)22nm未満のポリエチレンイミン(PEI)/mRNA複合体を、25容積のmRNAを水中の1容積のPEIに、15分間混合せずに添加することによって作製する。(2)12×150nmの平均寸法を有する桿状ポリ-L-リシン-ポリエチレングリコール(PLL-PEG)を、9容積のmRNAを、酢酸対イオン緩衝液における1容積のCK30-PEG10kにボルテックスをかけながらの緩徐な添加によって合成する。(3)生分解性遺伝子担体ポリマーの合成のために、無水ポリアスパラギン酸コエチレングリコール(PAE)を、無水N-(ベンジルオキシカルボニル)無水L-アスパラギン酸およびエチレングリコールの開環重縮合によって合成する。次に、アスパラギン酸の枝分かれしたアミンを脱保護し、塩化水素による酸性化によってプロトン化し、mRNAと縮合する。(4)ナノ粒子の最後の発生のために、酢酸アンモニウムとしての一定分量のストックのCK30PEG10k(1.25mL;6.4mg/mL)をシリコン処理したエッペンドルフチューブに加える。次に、mRNAをCK30PEG10k(11.25mLの無RNaseH2Oにおける2.5mg)に1~2分間かけて緩徐に添加する。15分後、無RNaseH2Oにおいて1:2に希釈する。
マウスを麻酔チャンバーにおける3%ハロタン(70%N2O+30%O2)で麻酔し、鼻用円錐体を用いて操作の間、1%ハロタン(70%N2O+30%O2)で維持する。気管を露出させ、50μLのmRNA複合体を150μの気体とともに肺へと気管を通じて、27G1/2’’針を有する250μLのハミルトン注射器(Hamilton,
Reno, NV)を用いて注入する。
気管内(i.t.)経路を介して投与されるΨmRNAの送達および発現の効率性を改良するために、ΨmRNAをナノ粒子に封入する。ナノ粒子包装は、ポリ-L-リシンおよびポリエチレングリコールを含む化学物質を用いて、(例えば)DNAを濃縮し、核膜孔よりも小さな粒子へと該DNAを封入することを包含する。RNAを4の異なるナノ粒子製剤(PEI、PLL、PAE、およびCK30PEG10k)へと包装し、ΨmRNA送達の効率性を、ルシフェラーゼをコードするΨmRNAと比較し、(Luc-ΨmRNA)と比較する。送達動態および用量反応を次に、EPO-ΨmRNAを用いて特徴づける。
(材料および実験方法)
(実験設計)
バルーン血管形成術とほぼ同時に動脈内注射によってラットの頸動脈にRNAを投与し、その後、血流を回復させる。ラットを注射3時間後に屠殺し、頸動脈切片を摘出し、脈管内皮細胞を収集および均質化し、ルシフェラーゼ活性を先の実施例において説明される通り決定する。
ルシフェラーゼをコードする、プソイドウリジンにより修飾されたRNAを、ラット頸動脈に投与する。3時間後、RNAを送達部位で検出することができるが、隣接部位では検出できない。
CFTRをコードするプソイドウリジンによりまたはヌクレオシドにより修飾されたRNAを、実施例16において説明される通り、嚢胞性線維症動物モデルの肺に送達し、該疾患に及ぼすその効果を、Scholte BJ, et al(Animal models of cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2004; 3 Suppl2: 183-90)またはCopreni E, et al(Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to the respiratory epithelium: a promising approach to gene therapy of cystic fibrosis. GeneTher 2004; 11 Suppl 1: S67-75)において説明される通り評価した。RNAの投与は、嚢胞性線維症を寛解させる。
ADAをコードするプソイドウリジンによりまたはヌクレオシドにより修飾されたRNAをX連鎖無ガンマグロブリン血症の造血細胞に送達し、該疾患に及ぼすその効果をTanaka M, Gunawan F, et al, Inhibition of heart transplant injury and graft coronaryartery disease after prolonged organ ischemia by selective protein kinase C regulators. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129(5): 1160-7またはZonta S, Lovisetto F, et al, Uretero-neocystostomy in a swine model of kidney transplantation: a new technique. J Surg Res. 2005 Apr;124(2):250-5において説明される通り評価する。
RNAの投与は、XLAを改良することが見いだされている。
サイトカイン、ケモカイン、またはインターフェロンIS(例えば、IL-4、IL-13、IL-I0、またはTGF-β)をコードするプソイドウリジンによりまたはヌクレオシドにより修飾されたRNAを、臓器移植片拒絶動物モデルの移植片部位に送達し、拒絶の発生率に及ぼすその効果をYu PW, Tabuchi R S et al, Sustained correction of B-cell development and function in a murine model of X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. Blood. 2004 104(5): 1281-90またはSatoh M, Mizutani A et al, X-linked immunodeficient mice spontaneously produce lupus-related anti20 RNA helicase A autoantibodies, but are resistant to pristane-induced lupus. Int Immunol 2003, 15(9):1117-24において説明される通り評価する。RNAの投与は、移植片拒絶の発生率を低下させる。
スフィンゴミエリナーゼをコードするプソイドウリジンによりまたはヌクレオシドにより修飾されたRNAをニーマン・ピック病A型およびB型動物モデルの肺、脳、または他の組織に送達し、該疾患に及ぼすその効果をPassini MA, Macauley SL, et al, AAV vector-mediated correction of brain pathology in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick A disease. Mol Ther 2005;11(5): 754-62またはBuccoliero R, Ginzburg L, et al, Elevation of lung surfactant phosphatidylcholine in mouse models of Sandhoff and of Niemann-Pick A disease. J Inherit Metab Dis 2004;27(5): 641-8において説明される通り評価する。RNAの投与は、該疾患を改良することが見いだされている。
SERPINA1、SERPINA3、SERPINA6、SLC7A7、SPG3A、SPTB、TCL1A、TGMI、TITF1、TMIP、TRA@、TSHR、USH1A、VP、ACCPN、AHO2、ANCR、B2M、BBS4、BLM、CAPN3、CDAN1、CDAN3、CLN6、CMH3、CYP19、CYP1A1、CYP1A2、DYX1、EPB42、ETFA、EYCL3、FAH、FBN1、FES、HCVS、HEXA、IVD、LCS1、LIPC、MYO5A、OCA2、OTSC1、PWCR、RLBP1、SLC12A1、SPG6、TPM1、UBE3A、WMS、ABCC6、ALDOA、APRT、ATP2A1、BBS2、CARD15、CATM、CDH1、CETP、CHST6、CLN3、CREBBP、CTH、CTM、CYBA、CYLD、DHS、DNASE1、DPEP1、ERCC4、FANCA、GALNS、GAN、HAGH、HBA1、HBA2、HBHR、HBQ1、HBZ、HBZP、HP、HSD11B2、IL4R、LIPB、MC2R、MEFV、MHC2TA、MLYCD、MMVP1、PHKB、PHKG2、PKD1、PKDTS、PMM2、PXE、SALL1、SCA4、SCNN1B、SCNN1G、SLC12A3、TAT、TSC2、VDI、WT3、ABR、ACACA、ACADVL、ACE、ALDH3A2、APOH、ASPA、AXIN2、BCL5、BHD、BLMH、BRCA1、CACD、CCA1、CCZS、CHRNB1、CHRNE、CMT1A、COL1A1、CORD5、CTNS、EPX、ERBB2、G6PC、GAA、GALK1、GCGR、GFAP、GH1、GH2、GP1BA、GPSC、GUCY2D、ITGA2B、ITGB3、ITGB4、KRT10、KRT12、KRT13、KRT14、KRT14L1、KRT14L2、KRT14L3、KRT16、KRT16L1、KRT16L2、KRT17、KRT9、MAPT、MDB、MDCR、MGI、MHS2、MKS1、MPO、MYO15A、NAGLU、NAPB、NF1、NME1、P4HB、PAFAH1B1、PECAM1、PEX12、PHB、PMP22、PRKAR1A、PRKCA、PRKWNK4、PRP8、PRPF8、PTLAH、RARA、RCV1、RMSA1、RP17、RSS、SCN4A、SERPINF2、SGCA、SGSH、SHBG、SLC2A4、SLC4A1、SLC6A4、SMCR、SOST、SOX9、SSTR2、SYM1、SYNS1、TCF2、THRA、TIMP2、TOC、TOP2A、TP53、TRIM37、VBCH、ATP8B1、BCL2、CNSN、CORD1、CYB5、DCC、F5F8D、FECH、PEO、LAMA3、LCFS2、MADH4、MAFD1、MC2R、MCL、MYP2、NPC1、SPPK、TGFBRE、TGIF、TTR、AD2、AMH、APOC2、APOE、ATHS、BAX、BCKDHA、BCL3、BFIC、C3、CACNA1A、CCO、CEACAM5、COMP、CRX、DBA、DDU、DFNA4、DLL3、DM1、DMWD、E11S、ELA2、EPOR、ERCC2、ETFB、EXT3、EYCL1、FTL、FUT1、FUT2、FUT6、GAMT、GCDH、GPI、GUSM、HB1、HCL1、HHC2、HHC3、ICAM3、INSR、JAK3、KLK3、LDLR、LHB、LIG1、LOH19CR1、LYL1、MAN2B1、MCOLN1、MDRV、MLLT1、NOTCH3、NPHS1、OFC3、OPA3、PEPD、PRPF31、PRTN3、PRX、PSG1、PVR、RYR1、SLC5A5、SLC7A9、STK11、TBXA2R、TGFB1、TNNI3、TYROBP、ADA、AHCY、AVP、CDAN2、CDPD1、CHED1、CHED2、CHRNA4、CST3、EDN3、EEGV1、FTLL1、GDF5、GNAS、GSS、HNF4A、JAG1、KCNQ2、MKKS、NBIA1、PCK1、PI3、PPCD、PPGB、PRNP、THBD、TOP1、AIRE、APP、CBS、COL6A1、COL6A2、CSTB、DCR、DSCR1、FPDMM、HLCS、HPE1、ITGB2、KCNE1、KNO、PRSS7、RUNX1、SOD1、TAM、ADSL、ARSA、BCR、CECR、CHEK2、COMT、CRYBB2、CSF2RB、CTHM、CYP2D6、CYP2D7P1、DGCR、DIA1、EWSR1、GGT1、MGCR、MN1、NAGA、NF2、OGS2、PDGFB、PPARA、PRODH、SCO2、SCZD4、SERPIND1、SLC5A1、SOX10、TCN2、TIMP3、TST、VCF、ABCD1、ACTL1、ADFN、AGMX2、AHDS、AIC、AIED、AIH3、ALAS2、AMCD、AMELX、ANOP1、AR、ARAF1、ARSC2、ARSE、ARTS、ARX、ASAT、ASSP5、ATP7A、ATRX、AVPR2、BFLS、BGN、BTK、BZX、C1HR、CACNA1F、CALB3、CBBM、CCT、CDR1、CFNS、CGF1、CHM、CHR39C、CIDX、CLA2、CLCN5、CLS、CMTX2、CMTX3、CND、COD1、COD2、COL4A5、COL4A6、CPX、CVD1、CYBB、DCX、DFN2、DFN4、DFN6、DHOF、DIAPH2、DKC1、DMD、DSS、DYT3、EBM、EBP、ED1、ELK1、EMD、EVR2、F8、F9、FCP1、FDPSL5、FGD1、FGS1、FMR1、FMR2、G6PD、GABRA3、GATA1、GDI1、GDXY、GJB1、GK、GLA、GPC3、GRPR、GTD、GUST、HMS1、HPRT1、HPT、HTC2、HTR2C、HYR、IDS、IHG1、IL2RG、INDX、IP1、IP2、JMS、KAL1、KFSD、L1CAM、LAMP2、MAA、MAFD2、MAOA、MAOB、MCF2、MCS、MEAX、MECP2、MF4、MGC1、MIC5、MID1、MLLT7、MLS、MRSD、MRX14、MRX1、MRX20、MRX2、MRX3、MRX40、MRXA、MSD、MTM1、MYCL2、MYP1、NDP、NHS、NPHL1、NR0B1、NSX、NYS1、NYX、OA1、OASD、OCRL、ODT1、OFD1、OPA2、OPD1、OPEM、OPN1LW、OPN1MW、OTC、P3、PDHA1、PDR、PFC、PFKFB1、PGK1、PGK1P1、PGS、PHEX、PHKA1、PHKA2、PHP、PIGA、PLP1、POF1、POLA、POU3F4、PPMX、PRD、PRPS1、PRPS2、PRS、RCCP2、RENBP、RENS1、RP2、RP6、RPGR、RPS4X、RPS6KA3、RS1、S11、SDYS、SEDL、SERPINA7、SH2D1A、SHFM2、SLC25A5、SMAX2、SRPX、SRS、STS、SYN1、SYP、TAF1、TAZ、TBX22、TDD、TFE3、THAS、THC、TIMM8A、TIMP1、TKCR、TNFSF5、UBE1、UBE2A、WAS、WSN、WTS、WWS、XIC、XIST、XK、XM、XS、ZFX、ZIC3、ZNF261、ZNF41、ZNF6、AMELY、ASSP6、AZF1、AZF2、DAZ、GCY、RPS4Y、SMCY、SRY、ZFY、ABAT、AEZ、AFA、AFD1、ASAH1、ASD1、ASMT、CCAT、CECR9、CEPA、CLA3、CLN4、CSF2RA、CTS1、DF、DIH1、DWS、DYT2、DYT4、EBR3、ECT、EEF1A1L14、EYCL2、FANCB、GCSH、GCSL、GIP、GTS、HHG、HMI、HOAC、HOKPP2、HRPT1、HSD3B3、HTC1、HV1S、ICHQ、ICR1、ICR5、IL3RA、KAL2、KMS、KRT18、KSS、LCAT、LHON、LIMM、MANBB、MCPH2、MEB、MELAS、MIC2、MPFD、MS、MSS、MTATP6、MTCO1、MTCO3、MTCYB、MTND1、MTND2、MTND4、MTND5、MTND6、MTRNR1、MTRNR2、MTTE、MTTG、MTTI、MTTK、MTTL1、MTTL2、MTTN、MTTP、MTTS1、NAMSD、OCD1、OPD2、PCK2、PCLD、PCOS1、PFKM、PKD3、PRCA1、PRO1、PROP1、RBS、RFXAP、RP、SHOX、SLC25A6、SPG5B、STO、SUOX、THM、またはTTDをコードするmRNA分子の投与によって、代謝に関する他の先天的な障害を修正する。
誘導型一酸化窒素合成酵素(iNOS)をコードするプソイドウリジンによりまたはヌクレオシドにより修飾されたRNAを、血管攣縮動物モデル(例えば、くも膜下出血)の血管内皮に送達し、該疾患に及ぼすその効果を、Pradilla G, Wang PP, et al, Prevention of vasospasm by anti-CD11/CD18 monoclonal antibody therapy following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. J Neurosurg 2004;101(1): 88-92またはPark S, Yamaguchi M, et al, Neurovascular protection reduces early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2004;35(10): 2412-7において説明される通り評価する。RNAの投与は、該疾患を寛解させる。
テロメラーゼまたは免疫抑制性タンパク質(例えば、α-MSH、TGF-β1、またはIGF-I)をコードするプソイドウリジンによりまたはヌクレオシドにより修飾されたmRNAを、Jiang J, Tsuboi R, et al, Topical application of ketoconazole stimulates hair growth in C3H/HeN mice. J Dermatol 2005;32(4): 243-7またはMcElwee KJ, Freyschmidt-Paul P, et al, Transfer of CD8(+) cells induces localized hair loss whereas CD4(+)/CD25(-) cells promote systemic alopecia areata and CD4(+)/CD25(+) cells blockade disease onset in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. J Invest Dermatol2005;124(5): 947-57において説明される通り評価する。RNA投与は、発毛を修復させる。
プソイドウリジンまたは修飾されたヌクレオシドを含みかつ、低分子干渉RNA(siRNA)または低分子ヘアピン型RNA(shRNA)をさらに含む二本鎖RNA(dsRNA)分子を、以下の手順によって合成する:ウリジンまたは1つ以上の修飾されたヌクレオシドを含有する所望の配列と相補的なRNA鎖を、実施例5において説明される通り、インビトロでの転写によって(例えば、T7、SP6、またはT3ファージRNAポリメラーゼによって)合成する。二本鎖RNA分子は、免疫原性の低下を呈する。他の実験において、二本鎖RNA分子を細胞酵素によって加工されるよう設計し、所望のsiRNAまたはshRNAを生じる。数百のヌクレオチドの二本鎖RNA分子は容易に合成されるので、また、各二本鎖RNAは、いくつかのsiRNA分子またはshRNA分子を含有して、複数のsiRNAまたはshRNAの単一の標的細胞への送達を容易にするように設計され得る。
先行実施例の二本鎖RNA分子を、形質移入試薬(例えば、陽イオン性形質移入試薬、脂質系形質移入試薬、タンパク質系形質移入試薬、ポリエチレンイミン系形質移入試薬、またはリン酸カルシウム)と複合体形成させ、関心対象の標的細胞に送達する。標的細胞の表面中のまたは表面上の酵素は、二本鎖RNAを所望のsiRNA分子またはshRNA分子(いずれも複数可)に分解する。本方法は、siRNA配列またはshRNA配列(いずれも複数可)に対応する1つ以上の細胞遺伝子の転写を効果的に停止させる。
追加のヌクレオシド修飾を、実施例5および10において先に説明された方法を用いて、インビトロで転写されるRNAへと導入し、免疫原性翻訳効率に及ぼすその効果を、実施例4~11および12~18においてそれぞれ説明される通り試験する。ある追加的な修飾は、免疫原性を低下させ、翻訳を亢進することが見いだされている。これらの修飾は、本発明の方法および組成物の追加的な実施態様である。
(RNAのHPLC精製):T7ポリメラーゼ転写によって製造されるmRNAを、アルキル化非多孔性ポリスチレン-ジビニルベンゼン(PS-DVB)コポリマーミクロスフェア(2.1μm)(21mm×100mmカラム)のカラムマトリックス、およびアセトニトリル勾配を有する酢酸トリエチルアンモニウム(TEAA)の緩衝液系を用いるHPLCによって精製した。緩衝液Aは、0.1MのTEAAを含有し、緩衝液Bは、0.1MのTEAAおよび25%アセトニトリルを含有した。カラムを緩衝液A中の38%緩衝液Bで平衡化し、RNAを負荷し、次に55%緩衝液Bまでの線形勾配を用いて5mL/分で30分間にわたって流した。所望のピークに対応する画分を回収した。RNA分析を同じカラムマトリックスおよび緩衝液系を用いて実施したが、1.0mL/分における7.8mm×50mmのカラムおよび25分間の勾配時間を用いた。
Chemiluminescent基質(Pierce)の添加により検出し、画像をFujifilm LAS1000デジタル画像化システムにおいて30秒間~2分間捕捉した。
mRNA試薬(0.3μL)をボルテックスにかけながら添加した後、0.2μLのmRNA押し上げ(boost)試薬を添加し、ボルテックスにかけた。複合体形成したRNAを形成の5分以内に添加した。
本実施例は、Ψ、m5C、およびΨ/m5Cにより修飾されたmRNAの配列および翻訳の細胞種類依存性を、修飾されていない(U)RNAに対して検討する。示された修飾を有する、ホタルまたはウミシイタケルシフェラーゼをコードするmRNAを、リポフェクチンと複合体形成させ、マウス樹状細胞(A)およびHEK293T細胞(B)に送達した。ヒトDCに、TransITと複合体形成した示された修飾を有する、ホタルまたはウミシイタケルシフェラーゼをコードするmRNAを形質移入した(C)。データは、RNAの配列および該RNAを翻訳する細胞の種類に応じて、最適な修飾が変動することを示す。該データは、修飾されたヌクレオシドの組み込みによって生じた亢進が、形質移入された細胞株と比較して一次細胞について実質的に大きいことも示す。溶解した細胞における酵素活性を、特異的な基質および生じた光の測定をルミノメーターにおいて用いて測定し、修飾されていない(U)RNAと比較した倍数増加として表した。
mRNAの作製に用いられるファージポリメラーゼ転写反応は、正確な大きさの多量のRNAを結果的に生じるが、夾雑物も含有する。このことは、RNAを変性条件下で大きさに基づいて分離する逆相HPLCカラムにRNAを適用することによって可視化される。Y修飾されたTEV-ルシフェラーゼ-A51 RNAをHPLCカラムに、38%緩衝液Bにおいて適用し、緩衝液Bを55%まで増大させる線形勾配に供した。特性は、期待されるよりも小さく、かつ予期される夾雑物よりも大きいことを示した。これらの結果を図22に示す。
HPLC精製は、すべての種類の修飾されたまたは修飾されていないRNAの翻訳を増加させるが、Ψ修飾されたmRNAは最良に翻訳される。本結果を図23に示す:(A)示された修飾を有しかつHPLC精製を伴うまたは伴わない、EPOをコードするmRNAを、マウスDCに送達し、上清中のEPOレベルを24時間後に測定した。m5C/Y修飾されたmRNAは、HPLC精製の前に最高レベルの翻訳を有していたが、Ψ修飾されたmRNAは、HPLC精製後に最高の翻訳レベルを有していた。(B)ヒトDCに、HPLC精製を伴うまたは伴わない、示された修飾を有する、ウミシイタケをコードするmRNAを形質移入した。マウスDCおよびEPOmRNAと同様に、HPLC精製後に、Y修飾されたmRNAは、最高レベルの翻訳を有していた。
Ψ、m5C、およびΨ/m5C修飾されたmRNAは、HPLC精製を伴う対照レベルまで低下する低レベルの免疫原性を有する。本結果を図24に示す:(A)ヒトDCに、HPLC精製を伴うまたは伴わない、示された修飾を有するTransITと複合体形成したRNAを形質移入した。IFN-αレベルを24時間後に測定した。HPLC精製は、修飾されていないRNAの免疫原性を高め、このことは、他の修飾されていないRNAが、類似のレベルのIFN-αまたは低下したレベルを有していたので、該配列に依存している。Ψ修飾されたRNAは、対照処置されたDCと類似の、測定不可能なレベルのIFN-αを有していた。(B)HPLC精製前(-)および後のΨ修飾されたRNA(P1およびP2)を、二本鎖RNAに特異的なモノクローナル抗体によるドットブロット法を用いて、二本鎖RNAについて分析した(J2)。RNAの精製は、二本鎖RNAの夾雑物を除去した。(C)iPS因子をコードするΨ修飾されたRNAは、免疫原性であり、RNAのHPLC精製によって除去される。
(細胞培養)新生児ヒト表皮ケラチノサイト(HEKn)細胞(Invitrogen)を、ケラチノサイト増殖栄養補助剤およびペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(Invitrogen)を補充したEpiLife培地において培養した。すべての細胞を37℃および5%CO2において増殖させた。本明細書に説明される方法を用いて誘導されるヒトiPS細胞を、hESC限定マトリゲルマトリックス(BD Biosciences)で被覆した6ウェルプレートに、形質移入後に転移させた。
本実施例は、体細胞ケラチノサイトからのiPS細胞の作製のためのプロトコールの開発を説明する。等量(重量による)のKLF4、c-MYC、OCT4、およびSOX2のmRNAをHEKn細胞に3回(1日おきに1回)、TransIT(商標)mRNA試薬を用いて形質移入した。培地を毎日交換した。第三の形質移入の翌日、細胞をマトリゲルで被覆した皿に播種し、TeSR1細胞培地において増殖させた。第一の形質移入の11日後までに、再プログラム化した細胞の形態が現れ始めた(図28)。
本実施例は、等量のKLF4、LIN28、c-MYC、NANOG、OCT4、およびSOX2のmRNAを用いた一次ケラチノサイトの形質移入から結果として生じる細胞の特徴づけを説明する。100万個のHEKn細胞に5マイクログラムの各mRNAを用いて1回電気穿孔し、mTeSR1細胞培地においてマトリゲルで被覆した10cm皿へ播種した。形質移入の15日後、細胞を免疫蛍光分析のために固定した。結果として生じるコロニーは、iPSマーカーKLF4、LIN28、SSEA4、TRA-1-60、およびNANOGについて陽性であった(図29)。
本実施例は、一次ケラチノサイトと等量のKLF4、c-MYC、OCT4、およびSOX2のmRNAを用いて再プログラム化されたケラチノサイトの間の発現の差を説明する。7.5×105のHEKn細胞に3または5マイクログラムの各mRNAを1回電気穿孔し、マトリゲルで被覆した10cm皿にmTeSR1培地中で播種した。培地を毎日交換した。形質移入の13日後、細胞を新鮮に被覆したマトリゲルプレートに転移させた。形質移入の21日後、全細胞RNAを、形質移入していないHEKn細胞および2のウェルの再プログラム化された細胞から精製した。等量の各細胞rNAをcDNAに変換し、qPCRによって分析した。増加したレベルのNANOG、CRIPTO、およびREX1を、メッセージ特異的プライマーを用いるqPCRによって検出した(図30)。これら3つのメッセージは、iPS細胞において上昇することが示されている(Aasen T etal. 2008. Nature Biotech 26: 1276)。これらの因子のいずれも、形質移入によって細胞に導入されず、それゆえ、発現の変化は、導入された再プログラム化因子の影響による。
細胞は、本明細書に説明された精製されたmRNA調製物、または本明細書に説明された修飾されたmRNA、または本明細書に説明された修飾されたmRNAを含有する精製されたmRNA調製物を用いて分化転換することができる。本実施例において、少なくとも1つのプソイドウリジンまたは1つの5-メチルシチジンを有するOCT4mRNAを含有する精製されたRNA調製物を採用する。このような精製されたかつ修飾されたOCT4mRNAを、Szabo et al.(Nature 468: 521-528, 2010, 本明細書で完全に示されたかのようにそのすべての内容が全体として引用により本明細書に組み込まれる)およびRacila et al.(Gene Therapy, 1-10, 2010, 本明細書で完全に示されたかのようにそのすべての内容が全体として引用により本明細書に組み込まれる)によって説明されるプロトコールにおけるOCT4をコードするベクターと置き換える。これらの方法の各々の一実施態様において、精製されたRNA調製物は、OCT4mRNAを含むかまたはそれからなり、この中で、ウリジンヌクレオシドはすべて、プソイドウリジンヌクレオシドによって置き換えられる。これらの方法の各々の一実施態様において、精製されたRNA調製物は、OCT4mRNAを含むかまたはそれからなり、この中で、シチジンヌクレオシドはすべて、5-メチルシチジンヌクレオシドによって置き換えられる。これらの方法の各々の一実施態様において、精製されたRNA調製物は、OCT4mRNAを含むかまたはそれからなり、この中で、ウリジンヌクレオシドはすべてプソイドウリジンヌクレオシドによって置き換えられ、シチジンヌクレオシドはすべて、5-メチルシチジンヌクレオシドによって置き換えられる。好ましい実施態様において、夾雑しているRNAがないようOCT4mRNAを精製する。Racillaらの参考文献は、ヒトケラチノサイトが、代替的な分化経路に再度向けられることによって分化転換したシステムを説明する。特に、ヒト皮膚ケラチノサイトの転写因子OCT4による一過性の形質移入を採用した。2日後、これらの形質移入した細胞は、内在性胚性遺伝子の発現を示し、ゲノムメチル化の低下を示した。このような細胞をニューロン細胞種類および収縮性間葉系細胞種類へと変換することができることが示された。
なお、以下の(1)および(2)の発明も、本願発明の範疇である。
ヒトまたは他の哺乳類の体細胞に、精製されたRNA調製物を導入することを包含し、
前記RNA調製物は、A)インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子と、B)形質移入試薬とを含み、
A)前記インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子は、
1)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4及びMYC、
2)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、MYC及びLIN28、
3)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、MYC及びNANOG、又は
4)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、MYC、LIN28及びNANOG
であるiPSC誘導因子であって、前記A)~D)における前記MYCが、c-MYC、l-MYC、およびN-MYCから選択されるiPSC誘導因子をコードしており、
前記RNA調製物を複数日において前記体細胞に反復して導入し、当該体細胞を培養状態及び培地において維持し、前記体細胞は生存可能であり、かつ、前記体細胞に導入される前記mRNA分子は、前記導入後に、iPS細胞の形態特性及びマーカーの特性の発現を有し、かつ培地中で生存するiPS細胞群が生成されるように発現し、
前記インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子は、
(a)以下を含んでおり、
(i)グアノシン;
(ii)アデノシン;
(iii)シチジン;
(iv)対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、1-メチルプソイドウリジン(m1Ψ)、対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、さらに修飾されていないプソイドウリジン(Ψ)、対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、5-メチルウリジン(m5U)、対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、5-メトキシウリジン(mo5U)、および対応する修飾されていないヌクレオシドウリジンの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、2-チオウリジン(S2U)、および対応する修飾されていないヌクレオシドシチジンの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、5-メチルシチジン(m5C)からなる群から選択される、少なくとも1つの修飾されたヌクレオシド;
(v)5’キャップ;及び
(vi)3’ポリ(A)末端、かつ、
(b)生得的免疫応答を誘導することによる前記体細胞に対する免疫原性および毒性のRNA夾雑物分子を取り除く少なくとも1つの精製工程を用いて精製されており、
前記精製されたRNA調製物が、前記体細胞に対する生得的免疫応答を誘導することによる前記体細胞に対する免疫原性および毒性ではないことは、前記精製されたRNA調製物で形質移入されたヒトまたはネズミ単球由来樹状細胞(MDDC)によるINF-αサイトカインまたはTNF-αサイトカインの分泌量が増加しないこと、すなわち、前記インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子を含まないネガティブコントロールで形質移入されたMDDCによるINF-αサイトカインまたはTNF-αサイトカイン分泌量の平均+標準誤差(SEM)よりもINF-αサイトカインまたはTNF-αサイトカインの分泌量が増加しない点で優れていることを測定する、インビトロMDDC免疫原性分析を用いて決定することが可能である、方法であって、
前記精製工程は、
以下のa)ならびにb)
a)HPLCまたは重力フローカラム精製を用いた前記mRNA分子の精製:ならびに
b)短鎖のRNaseIII消化産物が生成されるように、リボヌクレアーゼIII(RNaseIII)酵素を用いて前記mRNA分子を処理すること、および前記mRNA分子から、前記短鎖のRNaseIII消化産物を除去すること
からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの方法を包含している、方法。
ヒトまたは他の哺乳類の体細胞に、精製されたRNA調製物を導入することを包含し、
前記RNA調製物は、A)インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子と、B)形質移入試薬とを含み、
A)前記インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子は、
1)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4及びMYC、
2)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、MYC及びLIN28、
3)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、MYC及びNANOG、又は
4)OCT4、SOX2、KLF4、MYC、LIN28及びNANOG
であるiPSC誘導因子であって、前記A)~D)における前記MYCが、c-MYC、l-MYC、およびN-MYCから選択されるiPSC誘導因子をコードしており、
前記RNA調製物を複数日において前記体細胞に反復して導入し、当該体細胞を培養状態及び培地において維持し、前記体細胞は生存可能であり、かつ、前記体細胞に導入される前記mRNA分子は、前記導入後に、iPS細胞の形態特性及びマーカーの特性の発現を有し、かつ培地中で生存するiPS細胞群が生成されるように発現し、
前記インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子は、
(a)以下を含んでおり、
(i)グアノシン;
(ii)アデノシン;
(iii)シチジン;
(iv)対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、1-メチルプソイドウリジン(m1Ψ)、対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、さらに修飾されていないプソイドウリジン(Ψ)、対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、5-メチルウリジン(m5U)、対応する修飾されていないウリジンヌクレオシドの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、5-メトキシウリジン(mo5U)、および対応する修飾されていないヌクレオシドウリジンの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、2-チオウリジン(S2U)、および対応する修飾されていないヌクレオシドシチジンの少なくとも一部分の代わりに、5-メチルシチジン(m5C)からなる群から選択される、少なくとも1つの修飾されたヌクレオシド;
(v)5’キャップ;及び
(vi)3’ポリ(A)末端、かつ、
(b)生得的免疫応答を誘導することによる前記体細胞に対する免疫原性および毒性のRNA夾雑物分子を取り除く少なくとも1つの精製工程を用いて精製されており、
前記精製されたRNA調製物が、前記体細胞に対する生得的免疫応答を誘導することによる前記体細胞に対する免疫原性および毒性ではないことは、前記精製されたRNA調製物で形質移入されたヒトまたはネズミ単球由来樹状細胞(MDDC)によるINF-αサイトカインまたはTNF-αサイトカインの分泌量が増加しないこと、すなわち、前記インビトロで合成されたmRNA分子を含まないネガティブコントロールで形質移入されたMDDCによるINF-αサイトカインまたはTNF-αサイトカイン分泌量の平均+標準誤差(SEM)よりもINF-αサイトカインまたはTNF-αサイトカインの分泌量が増加しない点で優れていることを測定する、インビトロMDDC免疫原性分析を用いて決定することが可能である、方法であって、
前記インビトロで合成された、修飾されたmRNA分子は、実質的にすべての、対応する修飾されていないシチジンヌクレオシドの代わりに、5-メチルシチジン(m5C)修飾されたヌクレオシドを含んでいる、方法。
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Claims (1)
- 第一の分化した状態または表現型を呈するヒトまたは動物の細胞を、第二の分化した状態または表現型を呈する細胞へ再プログラム化するための方法であって、第一の分化した状態を呈する細胞に少なくとも1つの再プログラム化因子をコードする修飾されたmRNA分子を含む精製されたRNA調製物を導入することと、該細胞が第二の分化した状態を呈する条件下で細胞を培養することとを含む、方法。
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