JP2014505672A - アプタマーバイオコンジュゲート薬物送達システム - Google Patents
アプタマーバイオコンジュゲート薬物送達システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP2014505672A JP2014505672A JP2013542213A JP2013542213A JP2014505672A JP 2014505672 A JP2014505672 A JP 2014505672A JP 2013542213 A JP2013542213 A JP 2013542213A JP 2013542213 A JP2013542213 A JP 2013542213A JP 2014505672 A JP2014505672 A JP 2014505672A
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、2010年12月2日付で提出された米国仮出願第61/419106号の35USC119に基づく優先権を享受する。この米国仮出願の内容は、参考までにこの明細書に組み込まれる。
この明細書の一部は、NIH/NCI SBIRフレアープログラム(Flair Program)承認下で「新バイオ−合成ハイブリッド材料に基づく薬物送達システムの開発(Development of Drug Delivery Systems Based on New Bio-synthetic Hybrid Mterials)」と名付けられたR43 CA 92817−02号の支援を受けてなされた研究に基づく。
図1を参照すると、粒度は、投与後の薬物又は薬物送達機構の運命を決定するのに重要な役割をする。微粒子(microparticle)は、サイズが1ミクロン以上の粒子であり、毛細血管系(pulmonary capillary system)によって数分以内に身体から除去される。
生体高分子ナノ粒子は米国特許第6677386号(国際公開WO00/69916に対応する)に記載されたプロセスに基づいて製造され得る。そのプロセスでは、生体高分子、例えば、アミロースまたはアミロペクチンまたは両方を含む澱粉は、可塑剤と組み合わされる。この組み合わせ(combination)は、生体高分子を可塑化し、生体高分子の結晶構造が除去された熱可塑性の溶融相(melt phase)を作成するために、好ましくは、2軸スクリューの十分にかみ合った共回転押出機で、高剪断力下で混合される。混合を続けて架橋ナノ粒子を形成しながら、架橋剤を添加する。ナノ粒子は細かい乾燥粉末に粉砕されるストランド(strand)として押出機から出される。澱粉系ナノ粒子は凝集形態で粉末に存在し、水性媒体中に分散され得る。
ナノ粒子は、活性剤、例えば、薬物、または他の試薬と抱合され、送達装置として使用され得る。蛍光研究から、ナノ粒子が細胞核に取り込まれることが示された。理論によって限定されるものではないが、搬送機構は、エンドサイトーシスであると考えられる。
2つの化合物、特に、蛍光モデル化合物、ルセイン(calcein)および蛍光抗がん剤、ドキソルビシン(lUPAC名:(7S、9S)−7 − [(5S、2R、4S、6S)4 −アミノ−5 −ヒドロキシ−6−メチルオキサン −2 −イル]オキシ−6、9、11 −トリヒドロキシ−9 −(2 −ヒドロキシアセチル)−4 −メトキシ−8、10 −ジヒドロ−7H−テトラセン−5、12 −ジオン;市販品はアドリアマイシン(登録商標)およびドキシル(登録商標)を含む)の生体高分子ナノ粒子(エコシンセティックス株式会社から入手したエコシフェア(Ecosphere;登録商標))への封入(incorporation)は、 相分離技術によって行われた。この手法は、油中水型エマルジョンの形成を含む。250ミリリットルの丸底フラスコに、澱粉系ナノ粒子を、希苛性(dilute caustic)を用いて約pH10で機械的攪拌下に水中5%未満の固形分(w / w)で分散させた。得られた分散液を、希塩酸を用いてpH7に滴定した。ナノスフェアコロイドマトリックス中に封入すべき(取り込むべき)物質(カルセインまたはドキソルビシン)を、生体高分子ナノ粒子を含む分散液に溶解させた。こうして製造されたカプセル化活性剤の量は0.04%〜0.4%(w / w)の範囲であった。フラスコを断熱容器内に配置させ、適切に固定した。次いで、溶液を数分間攪拌した。エマルションが形成されるまでヘキサンを連続的に攪拌しながら滴下した。そのエマルションを直ちに液体窒素を用いて凍結させた。フラスコを真空システムに接続し、そして凍結乾燥は−85℃で行った。24時間後、真空計が更なる蒸気除去を示さなかったときに、乾燥した試料を真空システムから取り出し、−10℃で保存した。
包接錯体(inclusion complexation)形成を研究するためのスペクトルプローブとして蛍光染料を使用することは知られている。文献[Saenger, W. Angew. Chem. 1980, 92, 343-61 and Wenz, G. Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 851-70). T]。このアプローチは、選択された薬物をカプセル化する澱粉系ナノ粒子(この実施例では、エコシンセティックス社のエコスフェア2202(登録商標)を使用した)の有効性、および時間の経過とともにその薬物を放出する(この材料の)能力を研究するために採択された。カルセインやドキソルビシンなどの蛍光化合物は環境の変化に非常に敏感である。分子の蛍光信号は、それが澱粉系ナノ粒子のマトリックスに封入されたときに、向上された。図8に示すように、遊離ドキソルビシンの信号強度は、カプセル化ドキソルビシンのそれよりもはるかに低い。また、ドキソルビシンがカプセル化されたときに、有意な浅色シフト(より短い波長への分子の発光スペクトルにおけるスペクトル帯域位置の変化)が観察される。図9Aは、時間の関数として得られた一連のドキソルビシンの蛍光スペクトルを示す。活性剤の徐放性を示す、経時的に信号強度における有意な減少があることが分かる。また、比較的小さな深色シフト(より短い波長への分子の発光スペクトルにおけるスペクトル帯域位置の変化)が見られた。特定の理論に限定するつもりはないが、すべての活性剤が12時間の実験過程で放出されたものではないことを考えると、減少されたシフトは、二相性の放出機構を示すものとみられる。図10Aは、活性剤の除放出を指示する、経時的な信号強度における減少が存在することが分かる。
薬物送達装置としての澱粉系ナノ粒子の有効性を実証するために、実施例1に記載したように澱粉系ナノ粒子に抗がん剤ドキソルビシンを装填した。ドキソルビシン装填ナノ粒子を、予め皮下部位で成長させた原発性脳腫瘍(D 245神経膠芽腫多形)のヒト異種移植片(xenograph)を持つ無胸腺マウスに投与した。無胸腺マウスは、その正常なマウスが外来異種免疫片、特に、ヒト腫瘍を免疫学的に拒絶することができるために、これらの研究において選択された。動物(対照群および処理群の両方)を、腫瘍の退縮および生存(率)についてモニターした。研究の結果を表1に示す。
ナノ粒子は、腫瘍、転移性癌細胞、または他の標的組織または器官に特異的なリガンドに抱合(conjugate)され得る。この機能は、以下の手順および試験によって実証された。
様々な異なる種の官能基を澱粉系ナノ粒子に導入して、アプタマーおよび活性剤の結合部位を提供しても良い。詳細な説明に記載されているように、様々な化学修飾技術を用いることができる。特に有用な化学修飾は、カルボキシル官能基を生成するための澱粉の酸化である。これを説明するために、澱粉系ナノ粒子(エコシンセティックス社からのエコスフェア(登録商標)2202)および通常の天然(非修飾、非改質)トウモロコシ澱粉の両方に対してTEMPO-媒介酸化を行った。この方法では、0〜4℃の温度、pH10.8で次亜塩素酸ナトリウム(NaClO)及び2,2,6,6 −テトラメチルピペリジン−1 −オキシル(TEMPO)ラジカルで酸化した。酸化の程度を添加されたNaClOの量によって制御された。上述したように、2つの種の澱粉を使用した。その一つがエコスフェア(登録商標)澱粉系ナノ粒子であり、もう一つがシグマ−アルドリッチ(Sigma-Aldrich)社から購入した通常の(正規の)トウモロコシ澱粉であった。
続いて、カップリング剤としてN−(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)−N’−エチルカルボジイミド塩酸塩(EDC)を用いて、アミノ変性及び蛍光標識されたDNAを澱粉粒子に付着(結合)させた。反応混合物は、5μΜFAM(6−カルボキシフルオレセイン)およびアミノ二重標識DNAを含み、1〜5%COOH変性澱粉、20mMの2−(N−モルホリノ)エタンスルホン酸(MES)緩衝液(pH 6.0)および20mMの新たに調製したEDCを最後に添加した。アガロースゲル電気泳動を、DNAおよびDNA−抱合TEMPO酸化エコスフェア(DNA−conjugated to TEMPO−oxidized EcoSphere)ナノ粒子に対して行った。ゲル蛍光強度をより均一に分布され、DNAの一部がもっとゆっくり移動したが、それは澱粉ナノ粒子への抱合(共役)(conjugation)を指示するものであることが分かった。いくつかの代替DNA付着プロトコルでは、澱粉上のカルボキシル基は、DNAを添加する前に15分間5mM(EDC量の1/4)のN−ヒドロキシルスクシンイミド(NHS)を用いて最初に活性化された。次に、この混合物を数時間反応させた。いかなる特定の動作理論に束縛されるつもりはないが、NHSは、カルボキシル基がアミンと反応してアミンを有する塩よりもアミドを形成するようカルボキシル基を活性化することによって、EDC結合反応(EDC linking reaction)を促進するのに役立つ。
希釈水分散液(例えば1〜5%)で、エコスフェアナノ粒子は高度に膨潤していて、その密度は水の密度に近い。その結果として、遠心分離、さらには超遠心分離は、水性分散液媒体から粒子を分離するのに有効な方法ではない。代わりに、薬物充填(drug loading)は、蛍光の変化によって評価された。抗がん剤、ドキソルビシン(Dox)の吸着は、カルボキシレート基によるエコスフェアの改質(変性)後に著しく改善されることが分かった。吸着されると、Doxの蛍光はまたカルボキシル化エコスフェアによって消された(和らげられた)。これは、ハンドヘルドUVランプを用いた暗室での245 nmの励起の下ではっきりと見えた。蛍光消光(fluorescence quenching)はDoxの吸着をモニターするための分析方法を提供する。
粒子の表面上の静電荷の存在を評価するために、生体高分子ナノ粒子およびTEMPO酸化生体高分子ナノ粒子のゼータ電位を、ブルックヘブンゼータプラスZetaPlus機器(Brookhaven ZetaPlus instrument)を用いた動電学的測定値(electrokinetic measurement)の解析から決定した。架橋された澱粉粒子を、0.001 Mから0.1 Mの濃度範囲のNaCl溶液に懸濁させ、そしてそれらの電気泳動移動性を測定した。電気泳動移動性は、小さい粒子および希釈イオン濃度をを仮定(想定)するスモルコフスキー式を使用して、ゼータ(ζ)電位に変換された。TEMPO改質(変性)生体高分子ナノ粒子が、負に帯電したナノ粒子を示す−25 mVであるのに対して、非改質澱粉系ナノ粒子のゼータ電位はゼロに近いものであった。
分散した澱粉系粒子およびTEMPO改質ナノ粒子の粒径は、青色レーザー(405nm)を備えたLM 20トラッキング解析装置(NanoSight社製)を用いてナノ粒子トラッキング分析(Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis; NTA)により測定した。この装置は、粒子を照らすためにCWモードで動作する50 mWのレーザー動作を使用する。粒子によって散乱された光は、デジタルカメラを使用して捉え、各粒子の動きはNanoSight社製のソフトウェアを使用してフレームからフレームに追跡される。高速ビデオを得る(秒あたり30フレーム、平均ビデオ約30s)。個々の粒子の軌道(軌跡)は、各粒子について決定された平均二乗変位(mean squared displacement)およびビデオ・シーケンスから生成される。典型的には少なくとも20軌跡(軌道)が取得され、250〜500セットの軌跡(個々のセットは個々の粒子に対応する)がビデオ・シーケンスに蓄積される。平均二乗変位の分析を使用して、拡散係数計算し、ストークス-アインシュタイン方程式(Stokes-Einstein equation)を使用して流体力学的半径(hydrodynamic radius;R h)を決定する。従って、試料中の各粒子の直径を測定し、真の粒度分布を導出することができる。拡散係数は、視野内の各粒子について得られるので、粒径分布は、動的レーザー光散乱(DLS)分析においてのような特定の数学的モデルを想定(仮定)しない粒度分布を得ることができる。
Claims (41)
- a)架橋ポリマーを含むナノ粒子と、
b)前記ナノ粒子に抱合された活性剤と、を含み、そして、
前記a)における前記架橋ポリマーの50%以上が高分子量澱粉である、送達システム。 - 前記ナノ粒子が、SEM,NTA,又は、DLSのいずれかによって測定されたときに、50〜150nmの数平均粒度を有している、請求項1に記載の送達システム。
- 前記ナノ粒子のほとんどが、SEM,NTA、又は、DLSのいずれかによって測定されたときに、50〜150nmの大きさを有している、請求項2に記載に送達システム。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、生体高分子をせん断力によって可塑化し、架橋剤と混合するプロセスによって形成される、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の送達システム。
- 前記ナノ粒子が水性媒体に分散されている、請求項4に記載の送達システム。
- 以下のステップを含むプロセスによって押出機において前記ナノ粒子を形成する、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の送達システム
a)スクリューを有する前記押出機の供給域に生体高分子原料および可塑剤を供給して、前記押出機においてせん断力を使用して前記生体高分子原料を処理するステップ、および、
b)前記押出機における前記供給域よりも下流に架橋剤を添加するステップ。 - 前記活性剤が、薬剤を含む、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の送達システム。
- 前記薬剤が、化学療法剤である、請求項7に記載の送達システム。
- 前記薬剤が、ドキソルビシン((7S、9S)‐7 - [(2R、4S、5S、6S)‐4‐アミノ‐5‐ヒドロキシ‐6−メチルオキサン‐2−イル]オキシ‐6 、9、11−トリヒドロキシ‐9‐(2‐ヒドロキシアセチル)‐4‐メトキシ‐8、10‐ジヒドロ‐7H‐テトラセン‐5、12‐ジオン)、シクロホスファミド((RS)‐N,N‐ビス(2‐クロロエチル)‐1,3,2‐オキサザホスフィナン‐2−アミン2‐オキシド)、又は、カルムスチン(N、N’−ビス(2 − クロロエチル)−N−ニトロソウレア)である、請求項8に記載の送達システム。
- 前記ナノ粒子のゼータ電位が、負である、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の送達システム。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、前記ナノ粒子に抱合されたリガンドをさらに含む、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の送達システム。
- 前記リガンドが、アプタマーである、請求項11に記載の送達システム。
- 前記アプタマーが、前記活性剤による治療を必要とする細胞への前記ナノ粒子の標的化に適したものである、請求項12に記載の送達システム。
- 医薬の製造のための、ほとんどが高分子量澱粉で構成された複数のナノ粒子の使用。
- 前記ナノ粒子のほとんどが、50〜150nmの数平均粒度を有している、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 前記ナノ粒子のほとんどが、SEM、NTA、または、DLSによって測定されたときに、50〜150nmの大きさを有している、請求項14に記載の使用。
- 前記医薬が、癌の治療に有用である、請求項14〜16のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- a)複数の澱粉系ナノ粒子を形成するステップと、
b)活性剤を前記ナノ粒子と組み合わせるステップと、
を含み、前記a)における澱粉系ナノ粒子のほとんどは50〜150nmの大きさを有する、医薬の製造方法。 - 前記ナノ粒子が、架橋剤の存在下でせん断力を使用して澱粉を可塑化する工程によって形成される、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、前記粒子を官能化して、そのゼータ電位を、例えば、−10mVよりも負のゼータ電位にまで、減少させるステップをさらに含む、請求項18又は19に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップb)が、エタノール中の相分離または沈殿を含む、請求項18〜20のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、凍結乾燥のステップをさらに含む、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子を酸化させるステップを含む、請求項18〜22のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 2,2,6,6 - テトラメチルピペリジン−1 − オキシルラジカルの存在下で前記ナノ粒子を酸化剤に呈することによって、前記ナノ粒子を酸化させる、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子と前記酸化剤の混合物に塩基を添加することをさらに含む、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記酸化剤が、次亜塩素酸ナトリウムである、請求項24又は25に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子をカルボキシル官能基で官能化させることを含む、請求項18〜26のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- ドキソルビシンを前記ナノ粒子に吸着させることを含む、請求項18〜27のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子が、固定化触媒を使用して酸化される、請求項18〜28のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノ粒子の表面にアプタマーを付着させる、請求項18〜29のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- n−(3 − ジメチルアミノプロピル)−n’−エチルカルボジイミド塩酸塩を使用して、前記活性剤を前記ナノ粒子に結合させることをさらに含む、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 50〜150nmの大きさを有する、高分子量澱粉系ナノ粒子と、治療剤と、リガンドと、を含む、化合物。
- 前記リガンドが、アプタマーである、請求項32に記載の化合物。
- 前記澱粉が、カルボキシル官能基をさらに含む、請求項32に記載の化合物。
- 前記アプタマーが、T-細胞白血病細胞株から選択される、請求項33又は34に記載の化合物。
- 前記アプタマーが、前記澱粉系ナノ粒子に結合している、請求項33に記載の化合物。
- 前記アプタマーが、前記澱粉系ナノ粒子に共有結合している、請求項36に記載の化合物。
- 前記治療剤が、ドキソルビシンである、請求項32〜36のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 癌の治療のための請求項32〜38のいずれか一項に記載の化合物の使用。
- a) 生体適合性/再吸収性コロイド性ポリマーヒドロゲルの化学的または酵素的改質と、
b)前記ヒドロゲル内に封入された活性剤と、
c)前記ヒドロゲルの表面上に結合されたアプタマーと、
を含む、標的化送達システム。 - 前記アプタマーとの結合を向上させるように前記ナノ粒子の表面が改質されている、請求項40に記載の標的化送達システム。
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US41910610P | 2010-12-02 | 2010-12-02 | |
US61/419,106 | 2010-12-02 | ||
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WO2017003143A1 (ko) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-01-05 | 주식회사 넥스모스 | 앱타머를 이용한 기능성 스마트 하이드로겔 피부 팩, 패치 및 마스크 및 그 제조방법 |
JP2018536021A (ja) * | 2015-10-21 | 2018-12-06 | ザ・リージェンツ・オブ・ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・ミシガンThe Regents Of The University Of Michigan | ナノ粒子での微小空洞及び虫歯の処置及び検出 |
US10987434B2 (en) | 2015-10-21 | 2021-04-27 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Detection and treatment of caries and microcavities with nanoparticles |
JP2022051758A (ja) * | 2015-10-21 | 2022-04-01 | ザ・リージェンツ・オブ・ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・ミシガン | ナノ粒子での微小空洞及び虫歯の処置及び検出 |
JP7465494B2 (ja) | 2015-10-21 | 2024-04-11 | ザ・リージェンツ・オブ・ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・ミシガン | ナノ粒子での微小空洞及び虫歯の処置及び検出 |
US12023388B2 (en) | 2015-10-21 | 2024-07-02 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Detection and treatment of caries and microcavities with nanoparticles |
JP7565958B2 (ja) | 2015-10-21 | 2024-10-11 | ザ・リージェンツ・オブ・ザ・ユニバーシティ・オブ・ミシガン | ナノ粒子での微小空洞及び虫歯の処置及び検出 |
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EP2645991A2 (en) | 2013-10-09 |
US20210338585A1 (en) | 2021-11-04 |
CA2819240C (en) | 2021-06-15 |
US20150025029A1 (en) | 2015-01-22 |
EP2645991A4 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
US20190374469A1 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
WO2012075414A2 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
CA2819240A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
US11369570B2 (en) | 2022-06-28 |
AU2011336352B2 (en) | 2015-05-28 |
WO2012075414A3 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
JP6035633B2 (ja) | 2016-11-30 |
US10285943B2 (en) | 2019-05-14 |
US20120141551A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
US20130337065A1 (en) | 2013-12-19 |
EP2645991B1 (en) | 2020-02-12 |
AU2011336352A1 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
US20130090467A1 (en) | 2013-04-11 |
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