JP2014158414A - 蓄電体を有する車両 - Google Patents
蓄電体を有する車両 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2014158414A JP2014158414A JP2014003815A JP2014003815A JP2014158414A JP 2014158414 A JP2014158414 A JP 2014158414A JP 2014003815 A JP2014003815 A JP 2014003815A JP 2014003815 A JP2014003815 A JP 2014003815A JP 2014158414 A JP2014158414 A JP 2014158414A
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- Prior art keywords
- power storage
- storage unit
- negative electrode
- positive electrode
- active material
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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Abstract
【解決手段】リチウムイオン二次電池などの蓄電体の様々な異常の発生や、劣化の原因として、電極表面に生成される反応生成物に着目した。電気モーターを動力として走行する車両に用いる蓄電体は、車両の加速などで生じる急速放電により反応生成物が固体化されやすい。その反応生成物に電気的な刺激、具体的には、反応生成物を除去するように逆パルスの電圧を印加する手段を設ける。
【選択図】図1
Description
リチウムイオン電池は充電にともない、リチウムイオン(Li+)が正極活物質から電解液中に脱離反応し、電解液中から負極活物質に挿入反応する。正極活物質の反応量と負極活物質の反応量は等しいため、電解液中のLi+の総量は変化せず、その濃度に勾配が生じる。
正極電位とは、正極活物質の電気化学平衡電位であり、負極電位とは、負極活物質の電気化学平衡電位である。例えば、リチウム金属(Li)が電解液中で電気化学平衡となる電位を0V(vs. Li/Li+)と標記する。他の物質についても同様である。
まず、電極表面にアカが形成されるメカニズムと、そのアカを除去するメカニズムの一例を、図22を用いて説明する。
図23は、図22とは反応生成物の発生過程が一部異なるメカニズムを示しており、反応生成物が電極表面全体に付着し、且つ、部分的に異常成長する様子を示している。なお、図23では、理解を容易にするため、一方の電極821と、電極821近傍の電解液823のみを示している。また、電極821は正極であっても負極であってもよいが、ここでは電極821を負極として以下の説明を行う。
また、図24は、図22と異なり、電極表面に保護膜が形成されている例であり、保護膜で覆われていない領域に反応生成物が付着し、異常成長する様子を示している。なお、図24では、理解を容易にするため、一方の電極831と、電極831近傍の電解液833のみを示している。また、電極831は正極であっても負極であってもよいが、ここでは電極831を負極として以下の説明を行う。
図3に、本発明の一態様に係る車両100の構成例を示す。車両100は、蓄電体120、DCDCコンバーター104、インバーター105、電気モーター106、エンジン107、動力切替え装置140、制御装置130を有する。
図4に、本発明の一態様に係る車両150の構成例を示す。車両150は、実施の形態1に示した車両100に蓄電体を1つ追加し、さらに充放電制御装置300を付加した構成を有する。
蓄電体の一例として、以下にリチウムイオン二次電池に代表される非水系二次電池について説明する。
まず、二次電池の正極について、図16を用いて説明する。
次に、二次電池の負極について、図17を用いて説明する。
二次電池に用いる電解液の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酪酸メチル、1,3−ジオキサン、1,4−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、スルトン等の1種、又はこれらのうちの2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で用いることができる。
二次電池のセパレータには、セルロースや、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリブテン、ナイロン、ポリエステル、ポリスルホン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、テトラフルオロエチレン等の多孔性絶縁体を用いることができる。また、ガラス繊維等の不織布や、ガラス繊維と高分子繊維を複合した隔膜を用いてもよい。
次に、非水系二次電池の構造について、図19及び図21を用いて説明する。
次に、ラミネート型の二次電池の一例について、図19(A)を参照して説明する。図19(A)では、説明の便宜上、部分的にその内部構造を露出して記載している。
次に、角型の二次電池の一例について、図19(B)を参照して説明する。図19(B)に示す捲回体993は、負極994と、正極995と、セパレータ996と、を有する。捲回体993は、セパレータ996を挟んで負極994と、正極995とが重なり合って積層され、該積層シートを捲回したものである。この捲回体993を角型の封止缶などで覆うことにより角型の二次電池が形成される。なお、負極994、正極995及びセパレータ996からなる積層の積層数は、必要な容量と素子体積に応じて適宜設計すればよい。
次に、円筒型の二次電池の一例について、図21を参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池980は図21(A)に示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)981を有し、側面及び底面に電池缶(外装缶)982を有している。これら正極キャップと電池缶(外装缶)982とは、ガスケット990(絶縁パッキン)によって絶縁されている。
図25において、本発明の一態様を用いた車両を例示する。図25(A)に示す自動車8100は、走行のための動力源として電気モーター106を用いる電気自動車である。または、走行のための動力源として電気モーター106とエンジン107を適宜選択して用いることが可能なハイブリッド自動車である。本発明の一態様を用いることで、走行距離の長い車両を実現することができる。また、自動車8100は蓄電体120を有する。蓄電体120は電気モーター106を駆動するだけでなく、ヘッドライト8101やルームライト(図示せず)などの発光装置に電力を供給することができる。
104 DCDCコンバーター
105 インバーター
106 電気モーター
107 エンジン
110 車輪
120 蓄電体
130 制御装置
140 装置
150 車両
160 車両
170 車両
211 期間
212 期間
300 充放電制御装置
308 端子
811 電極
813 電解液
821 電極
823 電解液
831 電極
833 電解液
834 保護膜
970 二次電池
971 正極集電体
972 正極活物質層
973 正極
974 負極集電体
975 負極活物質層
976 負極
977 セパレータ
978 外装体
980 二次電池
981 正極キャップ
982 電池缶
983 正極端子
984 正極
985 セパレータ
986 負極
987 負極端子
988 絶縁板
989 絶縁板
990 ガスケット
991 PTC素子
992 安全弁機構
993 捲回体
994 負極
995 正極
996 セパレータ
997 端子
998 端子
6000 正極
6001 正極集電体
6002 正極活物質層
6003 正極活物質
6004 グラフェン
6005 バインダ
6100 負極
6101 負極集電体
6102 負極活物質層
6103 負極活物質
6104 被膜
6105 バインダ
6150 負極
6151 負極集電体
6152 負極活物質層
6600 蓄電体
6601 捲回体
6602 端子
6603 端子
6604 電池缶
121a 蓄電体
121b 蓄電体
121c 蓄電体
121d 蓄電体
301a 端子
301b 端子
302a 電圧センサ
302b 電圧センサ
303a 電流センサ
303b 電流センサ
304a スイッチ
304b スイッチ
305a DCDCコンバーター
305b DCDCコンバーター
306a スイッチ
306b スイッチ
812a 反応生成物
812b 反応生成物
812c 反応生成物
812d 反応生成物
812e 反応生成物
822a 反応生成物
822b 反応生成物
822c 反応生成物
822d 反応生成物
822e 反応生成物
832a 反応生成物
832b 反応生成物
832c 反応生成物
832d 反応生成物
832e 反応生成物
8100 自動車
8200 自動車
8101 ヘッドライト
8021 充電装置
8022 ケーブル
Claims (11)
- エンジンと、電気モーターと、蓄電体と、を有し、
前記エンジンの動力を用いて前記電気モーターにより発電した電力を
前記蓄電体に充電する期間を有する車両であって、
前記期間において、時間tcの充電と時間tdの放電が交互に連続して行われることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項1において、
時間tdは、時間tcの0.01%以上10%以下であることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
時間tdは、0.1秒以上3分以下であることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3において、
前記エンジンは内燃機関であることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項4において、
前記電気モーターまたは前記エンジンにより車輪を駆動することを特徴とする車両。 - 電気モーターと、第1の蓄電体と、第2の蓄電体と、を有し、
前記第1の蓄電体または前記第2の蓄電体の放電により前記電気モーターを駆動する車両であって、
前記第1の蓄電体による放電中に、前記第2の蓄電体が充電されることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項6において、
前記第1の蓄電体により、前記電気モーターの駆動と前記第2の蓄電体の充電が同時に行われることを特徴とする車両。 - 電気モーターと、第1の蓄電体と、第2の蓄電体と、を有し、
前記第1の蓄電体または前記第2の蓄電体の放電により前記電気モーターを駆動する車両であって、
時間td1の前記第1の蓄電体の放電による前記電気モーターの駆動と、
時間td2の前記第2の蓄電体の放電による前記電気モーターの駆動が、
交互に連続して行われることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項8において、
前記第1の蓄電体の放電による前記電気モーターの駆動時に、
前記第2の蓄電体が充電されることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項8または請求項9において、
時間td1は、時間td2の0.01%以上10%以下であることを特徴とする車両。 - 請求項8乃至請求項10において、
時間td1は、0.1秒以上3分以下であることを特徴とする車両。
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US9643501B2 (en) | 2017-05-09 |
US9895984B2 (en) | 2018-02-20 |
US20140203738A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
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