JP2012021001A - TNFα活性が有害である疾患を治療するための低用量方法 - Google Patents
TNFα活性が有害である疾患を治療するための低用量方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】TNFα活性が有害である疾患を治療するための、例えば抗TNFα抗体を含むTNFαインヒビターの低用量での投与による治療方法。該抗体は高いアフィニティーおよび遅い解離速度論で可溶性hTNFαに結合し、TNFα活性が有害である疾患を治療する能力を有する組換えヒト抗体のようなヒト抗体が好んで用いられる。
【選択図】なし
Description
本願は、2002年10月24日に出願された米国仮出願第60/421262号の優先権を主張する。本願は、米国特許第6090382号、第6258562号および第6509015号に関連する。本願はまた、2001年3月7日に出願された米国特許出願第09/801185号、および2002年11月22日に出願された米国特許出願第10/302356号にも関連する。本願はまた、2002年6月5日に出願された米国特許出願第10/163657号、および2002年4月26日に出願された米国特許出願第10/133715号にも関連する。さらに、本願は、ともに2002年8月16日に出願された米国特許出願第10/222140号、および米国仮出願第60/403907号にも関連する。本願はまた、2002年7月19日に出願された米国仮出願第60/397275号、2002年9月16日に出願された米国仮出願第60/411081号、および2003年3月18日に出願された米国仮出願第60/455777号にも関連する。本願はまた、米国特許出願第10/622932号、第10/623039号、第10/623076号、第10/623065号、第10/622928号、第10/623075号、第10/623035号、第10/622683号、第10/622205号、第10/622210号、第10/622683号にも関連し、これらはいずれも2003年7月18日に出願されたものである。これらの特許および特許出願のそれぞれの内容全体は、本明細書中に参考として援用されている。
本発明は、少なくとも部分的には、TNFα活性が有害である疾患を治療するための、例えば抗TNFα抗体を含むTNFαインヒビターの低用量での投与方法に関する。
本発明は、少なくとも部分的には、TNFα活性(例えば、ヒトTNFα活性)が有害である疾患を治療するための低用量方法に関する。該方法は、該疾患が治療されるように、TNFαインヒビターの有効量を低用量で被験体に投与することを含む。本発明はまた、低用量のTNFαインヒビターを、他の治療剤と組合せて投与する方法、およびTNFαインヒビターと薬学的に許容される担体とを含んでなる医薬組成物に関する。
1つの実施形態においては、本発明は、TNFα活性が有害である疾患に罹患した被験体におけるTNFα活性を阻害するための低用量方法を提供する。TNFαは多種多様な疾患の病態生理学に関与している(例えば、Moeller,A.ら,(1990)Cytokine 2:162−169;Moellerら,米国特許第5,231,024号;Moeller,A,欧州特許公開番号260 610 Bl)。本発明は、そのような疾患に罹患した被験体におけるTNFα活性を阻害するための方法であって、該被験体におけるTNFα活性が阻害されるよう、本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターの低用量を該被験体に投与することを含んでなる方法を提供する。好ましくは、該TNFαはヒトTNFαであり、該被験体はヒト被験体である。あるいは、該被験体は、本発明の抗体が交差反応するTNFαを発現する哺乳動物でありうる。本発明の抗体は、低用量(後記で詳しく考察する)にて治療目的でヒト被験体に投与することができる。さらに、低用量の本発明の抗体は、獣医学的目的で又はヒト疾病の動物モデルとして、該抗体が交差反応するTNFαを発現する非ヒト哺乳動物(例えば、霊長類、ブタまたはマウス)に投与することが可能である。後者の場合、そのような動物モデルは、本発明の抗体の治療効力を評価する(例えば、投与の量および時間経過を試験する)のに有用であろう。
腫瘍壊死因子は、低血圧、心筋阻害、血管漏出症候群(vascular leakage syndrome)、器官壊死、毒性二次メディエーター放出の刺激および凝固カスケードの活性化を含む生物学的効果を伴った、敗血症の病態生理における確立された役割を有する(例えば、Moeller,A.ら,(1990)Cytokine 2:162−169;Moellerら,米国特許第5,231,024号;Moeller,A.,欧州特許公開番号260 610 B1;Tracey,K.J.およびCerami,A.(1994)Annu.Rev.Med.45:491−503;Russell,DおよびThompson,R.C.(1993)Curr.Opin.Biotech.4: 714−721を参照されたい)。したがって、本発明のヒト抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、敗血性ショック、内毒素ショック、グラム陰性敗血症および毒性ショック症候群を含む敗血症の任意の臨床状況において敗血症を治療するために使用することが可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は、種々の自己免疫疾患の病態生理で果す役割に関連づけられてきた。例えば、TNFαは、慢性関節リウマチにおける組織炎症の活性化および関節破壊の発生に関連づけられている(例えば、Moeller,A.ら,(1990)Cytokine 2:162−169;Moellerら,米国特許第5,231,024;Moeller,A.ら,欧州特許公開番号260 610 B1;TraceyおよびCerami,前掲;Arend,W.P.およびDayer,J−M.(1995)Arth.Rheum.38:151−160;Fava,R.A.ら,(1993)Clin.Exp.Immunol.94:261−266を参照されたい)。TNFαは、糖尿病における島細胞の死の促進およびインスリン抵抗性の仲介にも関連づけられている(例えば、TraceyおよびCerami,前掲;PCT公開番号WO 94/08609を参照されたい)。TNFαは、多発性硬化症における希突起膠細胞に対する細胞傷害性の仲介および炎症性斑の誘発にも関連づけられている(例えば、TraceyおよびCerami,前掲を参照されたい)。キメラおよびヒト化マウス抗hTNFα抗体は、慢性関節リウマチの治療のための臨床試験に付されている(例えば、Elliott,M.J.ら,(1994)Lancet 344:1125−1127;Elliot,M.J.ら,(1994)Lancet 344:1105−1110;Rankin,E.C.ら,(1995)Br.J.Rheumatol.34:334−342を参照されたい)。
腫瘍壊死因子は、種々の感染症において認められる生物学的効果の仲介に関連づけられている。例えば、TNFαはマラリアにおける脳炎症ならびに毛細血管血栓症および梗塞の仲介に関連づけられている。TNFαは髄膜炎における脳炎症の仲介、血液脳関門の破壊の誘発、敗血性ショック症候群の誘発および静脈梗塞の活性化にも関連づけられている。TNFαは後天性免疫不全症候群(エイズ)における悪液質の誘発、ウイルス増殖の刺激および中枢神経系損傷の仲介にも関連づけられている。したがって、本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、細菌性髄膜炎(例えば、欧州特許出願公開番号EP 585 705を参照されたい)、大脳マラリア、エイズおよびエイズ関連症候群(ARC)(例えば、欧州特許出願公開番号EP 230 574を参照されたい)ならびに移植に続発するサイトメガロウイルス感染(例えば、Fietze,E.ら,(1994)Transplantation 58:675−680を参照されたい)を含む感染症の治療において使用することが可能である。本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターは、感染(例えば、インフルエンザ)による発熱および筋肉痛ならびに感染に続発する(例えば、エイズまたはARCに続発する)悪液質を含む感染症に伴なう症状を軽減するために使用することも可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は、同種移植拒絶および移植片対宿主疾患(GVHD)の主メディエーターとして、ならびに腎臓移植の拒絶を阻害するためにT細胞受容体CD3複合体に対するラット抗体OKT3を使用した場合に観察されている有害な反応の仲介に関連づけられている(例えば、Eason,J.D.ら,(1995)Transplantation 59:300−305;Suthanthiran,M.およびStrom,T.B.(1994)New Engl.J.Med.331:365−375を参照されたい)。したがって、本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、同種移植および異種移植の拒絶を含む移植拒絶を阻害するために、ならびにGVHDを阻害するために使用することが可能である。該抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターは単独で使用することが可能であるが、より好ましくは、それを、同種移植に対する免疫応答を阻害する又はGVHDを阻害する1以上の他の物質と組合せて使用する。例えば、1つの実施形態においては、本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターを、OKT3誘導反応を阻害するためにOKT3と組合せて使用する。もう1つの実施形態においては、本発明の抗体、抗体部分、他のTNFαインヒビターを、免疫応答の調節に関与する他の標的、例えば細胞表面分子CD25(インターロイキン2受容体α)、CD11a(LFA−1)、CD54(ICAM−1)、CD4、CD45、CD28/CTLA4、CD80(B7−1)および/またはCD86(B7−2)に対する1以上の抗体と組合せて使用する。さらにもう1つの実施形態においては、本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαを、シクロスポリンAまたはFK506のような1以上の一般的な免疫阻害剤と組合せて使用する。
腫瘍壊死因子は悪性疾患における悪液質の誘発、腫瘍増殖の刺激、転移能の増強および細胞傷害性の仲介に関連づけられている。したがって、本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、悪性疾患の治療、腫瘍増殖もしくは転移の阻害、および/または悪性疾患に続発する悪液質の軽減に使用することが可能である。該抗体、抗体部分、他のTNFαインヒビターは、全身的に又は腫瘍部位へ局所的に投与することが可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は、白血球−内皮活性化の刺激、肺細胞に対する細胞傷害性の誘発および血管漏出症候群の誘発を含む成人呼吸窮迫症候群(ARDS)の病態生理に関連づけられている。したがって、本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、成人呼吸窮迫症候群(例えば、PCT公開番号WO 91/04054)、ショック肺、慢性肺炎症疾患、肺サルコイドーシス、肺線維症、珪肺症(asilicosis)、喘息、慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)および特発性肺線維症(UIPまたは腸肺疾患)を含む種々の肺疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。該抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターは、全身的に又は例えばエアゾールとして肺表面に局所的に投与することが可能である。本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターは、小節IIにおいて更に詳しく説明するとおり、肺疾患の治療に有用な1以上の他の治療剤と共に投与することも可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は炎症性腸疾患の病態生理に関連づけられている(例えば、Tracy,K.J.ら,(1986)Science 234:470−474; Sun,X−M.ら,(1988)J.Clin.Invest.81:1328−1331;MacDonald,T.T.ら,(1990)Clin.Exp.Immunol.81:301−305を参照されたい)。キメラマウス抗hTNFα抗体はクローン病の治療のための臨床試験に付されている(van Dullemen,H.M.ら,(1995)Gastroenterology 109:129−135)。本発明のヒト抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎の2つの症候群を含む特発性炎症性腸疾患のような腸疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、小節IIにおいて更に詳しく説明するとおり、腸疾患の治療に有用な1以上の他の治療剤と共に投与することも可能である。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、心臓の虚血(例えば、欧州特許出願公開番号EP 453 898を参照されたい)および心不全(心筋の虚弱)(例えば、PCT公開番号WO 94/20139を参照されたい)を含む種々の心臓疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えばアルツハイマー病、坐骨神経痛、末梢性ニューロパチーおよび神経障害性疼痛を含む神経学的疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は、種々の代謝性疾患において観察される生物学的効果の仲介に関連づけられている。例えば、本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、悪液質を治療するために使用することが可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は、種々の肝臓疾患において観察される生物学的効果の仲介に関連づけられている。本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは,例えばC型肝炎、硬化性胆管炎、自己免疫肝炎および慢性肝不全を含む肝臓疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。
腫瘍壊死因子は、種々の腎臓疾患において観察される生物学的効果の仲介に関連づけられている。本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば進行性腎不全を含む腎臓疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。本発明の抗体は、例えば連鎖球菌感染後糸球体腎炎およびIgA腎症を含む糸球体腎炎を治療するために使用することも可能である。
1.炎症性関節疾患
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば成人スチル病、若年性慢性関節リウマチ、スチル病、ライター症候群および脊椎関節症を含む炎症性関節疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。本発明の抗体は、脊椎関節症を治療するために使用することも可能である。脊椎関節症の具体例には、例えば強直性脊椎炎、乾癬性関節炎および未分化脊椎関節症が含まれる。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば皮膚/多発性筋炎、強皮症、混合結合組織疾患、再発性多発性軟骨炎および脈管炎を含む炎症性結合組織疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。脈管炎の具体例には、ウェジナー肉芽腫症、側頭動脈炎(GCA)およびリウマチ性多発性筋痛、高安動脈炎、結節性多発性動脈炎、顕微鏡的多発性血管炎、チャーグ−シュトラウス症候群、川崎症候群が含まれる。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば乾癬、尋常性天疱瘡、ヤーリッシュ−ヘルクスハイマー反応、壊疽性膿皮症、ならびに薬物反応、例えば多形紅斑およびスチーブンス−ジョンソン症候群を含む炎症性皮膚および粘膜疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、ブドウ膜炎および自己免疫難聴を含む感覚器官の炎症性疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。本発明の抗体は、コレステリン腫を伴う又は伴わない慢性中耳炎、慢性耳炎および小児耳炎を含む、耳に関連した炎症性疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。臨床研究は、TNFαを含むサイトカインが、コレステリン腫を伴う慢性中耳炎の患者においてアップレギュレーションされることを示している(Yetiserら(2002)Otology and Neurotology 23:647−652)。本発明の抗体は、中耳炎に関連した炎症およびコレステリン腫を治療するために使用することが可能である。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば家族性周期熱、前立腺炎、フェルティー症候群、シェーグレン症候群、急性膵炎、慢性膵炎および精巣炎を含む、他の器官系の炎症性/自己免疫疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば偽性痛風、骨関節炎、歯周病、およびプロテーゼ、例えば人工股関節(金属大腿骨頭など)の緩み、または骨溶解を含む、変性骨および関節疾患に関連した種々の疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、例えば卒中および心筋梗塞を含む、再潅流障害に関連した種々の疾患を治療するために使用することが可能である。
本発明の抗体および抗体部分は、TNFα活性が有害である種々の他の疾患を治療するために使用することも可能である。TNFα活性が関連した病態生理を有し従って本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターを使用して治療されうる他の疾病および疾患の具体例には、炎症性骨疾患および骨吸収疾患(例えば、Bertolini,D.R.ら,(1986)Nature 319:516−518;Konig,A.ら,(1988)J.Bone Miner.Res.3:621−627;Lerner,U.H.およびOhlin,A.(1993)J.Bone Miner.Res.8:147−155;ならびにShankar,G.およびStern,P.H.(1993)Bone 14:871−876を参照されたい)、肝炎、例えばアルコール性肝炎(例えば、McClain,C.J.およびCohen,D.A.(1989)Hepatology 9:349−351;Felver,M.E.ら,(1990)Alcohol.Clin.Exp.Res.14:255−259;ならびにHansen,J.ら,(1994)Hepatology 20:461−474を参照されたい)、ウイルス性肝炎(Sheron,N.ら,(1991)J.Hepatol.12:241−245;およびHussain,M.J.ら,(1994)J.Clin.Pathol.47:1112−1115)および劇症肝炎;凝固疾患(例えば、van der Poll,T.ら,(1990)N.Engl.J.Med.322:1622−1627;およびvan der Poll,T.ら,(1991)Prog.Clin.Biol.Res.367:55−60を参照されたい)、熱傷(例えば、Giroir,B.P.ら,(1994)Am.J.Physio.267:H118−124;およびLiu,X.S.ら,(1994)Burns 20:40−44を参照されたい)、再潅流損傷(例えば、Scales,W.E.ら,(1994)Am.J.Physio.267:G1122−1127;Serrick,C.ら,(1994)Transplantation 58:1158−1162;およびYao,Y.M.ら,(1995)Resuscitation 29:157−168を参照されたい)、ケロイド形成(例えば、McCauley,R.L.ら,(1992)J.Clin.Immunol.12:300−308を参照されたい)、瘢痕組織形成;発熱;歯周病;肥満および放射線毒性が含まれる。
本発明の抗体、抗体部分および他のTNFαインヒビターは、被験体への低用量投与に適した医薬組成物に含有させることが可能である。典型的には、該医薬組成物は、本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターと、薬学的に許容される担体とを含む。本明細書中で用いる「薬学的に許容される担体」は、生理的に許容されうる任意の溶媒、分散媒、コーティング、抗細菌および抗真菌剤、等張および吸収遅延剤などを包含する。薬学的に許容される担体の具体例には、水、食塩水、リン酸緩衝食塩水、デキストロース、グリセロール、エタノールなどの1以上およびそれらの組合せが含まれる。多くの場合、等張剤、例えば糖、多価アルコール、例えばマンニトール、ソルビトールまたは塩化ナトリウムを該組成物中に含有させるのが好ましい。薬学的に許容される担体は更に、該抗体抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターの貯蔵寿命または有効性を増強する少量の補助物質、例えば湿潤または乳化剤、保存剤または緩衝剤を含みうる。
治療剤との「組合せ」なる表現は、本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターの低用量と該治療剤との共投与、最初に本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターの低用量の投与およびそれに続く該治療剤の投与、ならびに最初に該治療剤の投与およびそれに続く本発明の抗体、抗体部分または他のTNFαインヒビターの低用量の投与を含む。具体的な治療剤は、一般には、後記のとおり、治療される個々の疾患に基づいて選ばれる。
慢性関節リウマチ(RA)のトランスジェニック(Tg197)マウスモデルを使用した多発性関節炎の予防における低用量のD2E7、インフリキシマブ(infliximab)およびエタネルセプト(etanercept)の効力を判定するための研究を行った。インフリキシマブはヒト−マウスキメラ抗体であり、エタネルセプトはp75 TNF受容体構築物である。D2E7は、ヒト免疫グロブリン遺伝子ライブラリーから誘導された完全ヒト抗体である。トランスジェニックマウスTg197はヒトTNF遺伝子を含有し、ヒト慢性関節リウマチに類似した疾患を自然に発症する(Keffer,J.ら,1991,EMBO J.10:4025)。慢性関節リウマチを含む関節炎疾患の徴候には、体重増加の低下、関節歪曲および腫脹、関節変形および強直ならびに運動阻害が含まれる。組織病理学的所見には、滑膜の過形成、白血球浸潤、パンヌス形成、関節軟骨および骨破壊が含まれる。抗TNF剤の投与は多発性関節炎の発生を用量依存的に妨げる。
、インフリキシマブ(レミカド(Remicade))およびエンタネルセプト(エンブレル(Enbrel))は、慢性関節リウマチに関して承認されている2つの抗TNF薬である。レミカドはヒト−マウスキメラIgG1抗体であり、エンブレルは、p75 TNF受容体の細胞外ドメインとIgG1分子の定常領域とから構成される融合タンパク質である。D2E7は、ヒト免疫グロブリン遺伝子ライブラリーから選択されたIgG1κクラスの完全ヒト抗体である。3つ全ての抗TNF剤が、比較的類似した強度でヒトTNFに結合する。TNFに対するD2E7、レミカドおよびエンブレルの固有アフィニティーはそれぞれ8.6×10−11、9.5×10−11および15.7×10−11M(Kd値)である。TNFへの結合の速度論は抗体D2E7およびレミカドに関しては類似している。一方、エンブレルはTNFに速く結合し、TNFから速く解離する。したがって、エンブレル:TNF複合体の16分間の半減期は、レミカドおよびD2E7:TNF複合体のそれぞれ184分間および255分間の半減期よりかなり短い。
慢性関節リウマチに一般に関連している症状の軽減に対するD2E7、レミカドおよびエンブレルの低用量法の効果を研究するためのモデルとして、Tg197マウスを使用した。ヒトTNFトランスジェニックマウスはPCRにより同定し確認した。1週齢から、Tg197マウスの別々の同腹子を、異なる研究群に割り当てた。ヒトTNF遺伝子に関してヘテロ接合であるTg197マウスにはD2E7、レミカドまたはエンブレルを毎週腹腔内投与した。各薬物処理群は、単一の同腹子からのマウスよりなるものであった。対照群にはリン酸緩衝食塩水希釈剤を投与し、該対照群は、4匹の同腹子からのマウスよりなるものであった。各群の動物の体重を、投与前に毎週記録した。以下のとおり、各群には毎週1回のi.p.注射を行った。
0 関節炎は認められない;
1 軽度の関節炎(関節歪曲);
2 中等度の関節炎(腫脹、関節変形);
3 重度の関節炎(屈曲の際の強直および著しい運動阻害)。
該研究の5週および10週の時点で血液を集めた。血清を準備し、ヒトTNFのレベルをMedgenixヒトTNF ELISAキットで測定した。TNFレベルは、処理群の各マウスについて測定した。該研究の結果を図6に示す。このグラフには、各処理群について、TNFレベルの平均±標準誤差が示されている。各グラフにおいては、基準値を示す目的で、2ng/mL TNFレベルに実線が引かれている。未処理群においては、血清huTNFレベルは低く、5週および10週でそれぞれ0.1および0.2ng/mLであった。抗TNF剤の毎週の投与は該血清中のTNFの隔離(sequestration)をもたらした。血清huTNFのレベルはD2E7処理マウスまたはレミカド処理マウスでは類似していた。平均huTNFレベルは投与量の関数として2ng/mLから0.1ng/mLへと減少した。一方、エンブレル処理マウスは、遥かに高い血清huTNFを示し、20ng/mLのレベルに達した。
10週間の処理の後、すべてのマウスを犠死させた。各処理群の2匹のマウスから右および左の後脚を摘出した。脚を10% 中性緩衝ホルマリンで固定し、ついで脱灰した。各脚サンプルからの3つの連続的な断片をスライド上にマウントし、記号が付されたそれらのスライドを、病理学者による独立した評価に送った。
当業者は、通常の実験のみを用いて、本明細書に記載の発明の具体的な実施形態の多数の等価物を認識し又は確認しうるであろう。そのような等価物は特許請求の範囲に含まれると意図される。本出願の全体において引用されている全ての参考文献、特許および特許出願の内容は、参考として本明細書に援用されている。米国特許第6,090,382号および第6,258,562 Bl号ならびに米国特許出願第09/540,018号および第09/801,185号の全体は、参考として本明細書に援用されている。
Claims (1)
- TNFα活性が有害である疾患の治療方法であって、該疾患が治療されるよう、低用量の療法にてTNFαインヒビターの有効量を被験体に投与することを含んでなる方法。
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