GB2241458A - Reinforcement element for tube joints and method of making same - Google Patents
Reinforcement element for tube joints and method of making same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- GB2241458A GB2241458A GB9021817A GB9021817A GB2241458A GB 2241458 A GB2241458 A GB 2241458A GB 9021817 A GB9021817 A GB 9021817A GB 9021817 A GB9021817 A GB 9021817A GB 2241458 A GB2241458 A GB 2241458A
- Authority
- GB
- United Kingdom
- Prior art keywords
- reinforcement element
- tubular
- blank
- internal reinforcement
- lobes
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 title claims description 48
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 210000001503 joint Anatomy 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005495 investment casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000276420 Lophius piscatorius Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B7/00—Connections of rods or tubes, e.g. of non-circular section, mutually, including resilient connections
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D35/00—Combined processes according to or processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
- B21D53/86—Making other particular articles other parts for bicycles or motorcycles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
- B62K—CYCLES; CYCLE FRAMES; CYCLE STEERING DEVICES; RIDER-OPERATED TERMINAL CONTROLS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CYCLES; CYCLE AXLE SUSPENSIONS; CYCLE SIDE-CARS, FORECARS, OR THE LIKE
- B62K19/00—Cycle frames
- B62K19/18—Joints between frame members
- B62K19/28—Means for strengthening joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
- B60G2204/40—Auxiliary suspension parts; Adjustment of suspensions
- B60G2204/44—Centering or positioning means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
- B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
- B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
- B60G2206/012—Hollow or tubular elements
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Motorcycle And Bicycle Frame (AREA)
- Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
- Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
- Standing Axle, Rod, Or Tube Structures Coupled By Welding, Adhesion, Or Deposition (AREA)
- Mutual Connection Of Rods And Tubes (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Abstract
The element 10 particularly for use internally in joining two bicycle frame members (3, 4 Fig 3), comprises a concave base 14 integral with a cylindrical portion slot to form tabs 12a etc. A flat blank (101 Fig 1) may have the concavity of the base 14 and the cylindrical form imposed on it in a single drawing operation. Alternatively the element is a casting. In use, the element is brayed to the frame members (2, 4,Fig 3) which may be in two steps - first braying the element to the tube (2) and then to the tube (4). There are stress-relieving holes 20 in the tabs 12a-d. <IMAGE>
Description
1 :2;? 0 C5 a TUBULAR REINFORCEMENT ELEMENT AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION is The present invention relates to a tubular reinforcement element between a hollow tubular member and another member. and also to a method of making such reinforcement elements. The invention is particularly applicable for reinforcing the connection of two hollow tubular members, such as in constructing the tubular frame of a bicycle, and is therefore described below with respect to this applicationj but it will be appreciated that the invention could advantageously be used in many other applications as well.
A common technique for joining together two hollow tubular members, such as in the construction of bicycle frames, is to use an external lug which includes a sleeve enclosing and bonded to the outer surface of one tubular member and formed with a peripheral flange bonded zo the outer of the other tubular member. The bonding of the external lug may be effected by welding or by brazing. While such a tubular joint construction provides relatively high mechanical strength, it is visible and may therefore detract from its external appearance. Moreover, it is expensive to produce.
German Patent 94,366 describes a methcd of connecting two tubular sections of a bicycle frame. The reinforcement member is an investment casting which is expensive to manufacture.
UK Patent 421687 relates to seat lugs for cycles, which are a conventional fully symmetrical draw cup with a flat bottom, with or without optional tabs obtained by cutting slots in the side wall of the lug.
COZE147UK10/90 According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubular reinforcement member for interconnecting a first hollow tubular member having an open end and a second tubular membery said tubular reinforcement element being made from a stamped blank and comprising a substantially cylindrical section extending from a concave end walli said cylindrical section being provided with a plurality of axially directed openings.
Such a construction facilitates production of the reinforcement element by a single stage, double action, deep drawing process or the like. It also increases the lengths of the edges of the internal lug, where joined to the two members, for the formation of fillets of the brazing material, thereby further enhancing the mechanical strength of the tubular joint.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubular reinforcement element according to said one aspect disposed between and connected to a said first tubular member and a said second tubular member.
Preferably the said element is provided with four said openings. Advantageously said openings are of slot-like form (in the finished element).
The provision of said openings allows for an increased length of the edges of the element that are to be joined to the two members, for the formation of fillets of the brazing materiali thereby further enhancing the mechanical strength of the tubular joint.
According to further features in the preferred embodiment of tthe invention described belgw, the other member has a curved external appearance, and the end wall of the internal reinforcement member has an outer curved surface COZE147UK10190 k 1 complementary to the curved external surface of the other member. The internal lug is jointed to the hollow tubular member and other member by brazing.
According to further features in the described embodiment the hollow tubular member is joined at an oblique angle to the other member, e.g. another hollow tubular member# as when constructing a bicycle frame. In such a casei the open end of the hollow tubular member receiving the reinforcement element is initially cut at a bias corresponding to the oblique angler and the end wall of the said reinforcement element is integrally formed with its side wall at the same oblique angle.
A tubular reinforcement element constructed in accordance with the above features exhibits a very high degree of mechanical strength because of the increased contact surface area provided by the said element for joining the two members together. In addition since the element is internali it is hidden from view, and therefore provides a neat, unbroken appearance.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of making a tubular reinforcement element:
from a stamped flat blank being forced through a drawing die to assume the require configuration.
In one described embodiment, the reinforced element is simultaneously joined to both the hollow tubular member and the other member by brazing after the said element has been inserted into the open end of the hollow tubular member. In a second described embodiment$ after said element has been inserted into the open end of the hollow tubular member, tht> side wall of said element is first joined to the hollow tubular member by brazing. Then the hollow tubular member is placed against the other membert and the end wall of the COZE147UK10/90 reinforcement element is bonded to the other member by brazing.
Further feaures and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention is herein described. by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a plan view illustrating the reinforcement element used in the tubular joint of Figs 3 and 4 when in its initial flat condition. showing sectorial relieving.
Figure 2 illustrates the reinforcement element of Fig. 1 in its drawn condition before insertion into the open end of one of the tubular members.
is a side elevational view. partly in section, illustrating one form of tubular joint constructed by utilising the reinforcement element according to this embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 4 is a top elevational view illustrating the tubular joint of Fig. 3.
Figure 3 DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
The reinforcement element illustrated in the drawings is particularly useful for joining together two tubular members, 2 and 41 for example, in the construction of a bicycle frame. As illustrated in Fig.3 tubular member 2 is joined at its open end to the outer face of tubular member 4 at an oblique angle.
COZE147UK10190 1 According to the present invention, tubular member 2 is joined to tubular member 4 by the use of a further member, hereinafter called reinforcement element and generally designated 10, to distinguish from the external lug commonly used in constructing bicycle frames and other simila devices.
In the tubular joint produced with the use of the reinforcement element 10, which is located internally of the open end of tubular member 2. It includes a side wall 12 of the same configuration as, and bonded to the inner face of, the open end of tubular membe.t, 2. and an end wall 14 integrally formed with, and extending across, side wall 12. End wall 14 is substantially flush with the open end of tubular member 2 and is bonded to the outer face of tubular member 4.
The construction of reinforcement- element 10, and one methnd of making it (by a deep-drawing like process) are more particularly described with respect to Figs 1 and 2. When the reinforcement element 10 is made by a deep-drawing like process, a flat blank 10' of tne required configuration is first stamped from a flat sheet.iietal as shown in Fig 1. The flat blank 10'is then form-drawn in a s:Lngle operation by a double-action drawing tool die to assume the configuration illustrated in Fig 2.
The flat blank illustrated in Fig 1 includes a central formation 14' which. in the drawn form of the element as illustrated in Fig 21 defines the end wall of the element. Blank 10' is a properly angled concave surface integral with a four slotted cylinder section, as illustrated in Fig. 2.
After the reinforcement element 10 illustrated in Fig. 2 has been formed as described above. it is inserted into the COZE147UK10/90 open end of tubular member 2, with the end wall 14 substantially flush with, and extending across, the open end of the tubular member. Tubular member 2 with its internal lug 10 is then placed firmly against the outer face of tubular member 4, and the whole assembly is then brazed by a conventional brazing process.
Alternatively, the brazing may be in a two-step procedure, wherein element 10 is first brazed to tubular member 2, and then is brazed to the outer face of tubular member 4.
The blank 10' is dimensioned so that. in its drawn form as illustrated in Fig. 2. the outer faces of the tabs 12a-12d defining the side wall 12 firmly engage the inner face of tubular member 2 so as to retain the element in place until bonded by the subsequent brazing operation.
It will thus be seen that the illustrated joint will exhibit a high degree of mechanical strength because of the increased contact surface provided by the reinforcement element 10 for joining together the two tubular members 2 and 4. Also, since the reinforcement element 10 is hidden from view. the tubular joint presents a neat, unbroken appearance.
Relieving by four bend oriented slots provides a further important advantage. It facilitates the drawing of the blank into the form of the internal lug illustrated in Fig. 2, by a single stroke dual stage drawing operation.
From the foregoing it will be apparent that the illustrated embodiment of the invention provide a tubular joint internal reinforcement element having one or more of the following features:
(1) said element comprises an axially four-slotted drical section integral with a concave end wall, COZE147UK10190 cylin- 1 (5) (10) (2) said element is formed from a flat stamped blank by a single stage. double action drawing processil (3) said blank comprises four sectional relieves (or cutouts), two relieves being arranged in a symmetrical form along the blanks longitudinal axis while the other two along its transversal axis.
(4) said flat blank comprises four tabs,two of which are on the longitudinal axis of symmetry while the other two are on the transverse axis, said element is joined in use to two hollow tubular members by brazingr (6) said concave end wall is formed with a central hole, (7) said flat stamped blank is made with a central nonround locating and polarizing tooling hole.
(8) said blank is made with stress distributing holes at the tips of solid sections of resulting tabs, (9) said sectorial relieves (or cut-outs) are formed with stress relieving holes at the juncture of the tabs with the tend wall portions said blank is adapted to form a variety of angled reinforcing elements and tube diameters to be used for the construction of bicycle frames.
The above-described embodiment also relates to a method of making a joint internal reinforcement element comprising the steps of:
(a) stamping a flat blank from a metal plate in a required configuration which includes a central formation in which a central locating tooling hole is provided and from which extend four ears or tabs that are defined by and located inbetween a plurality of sectorial relieves having rounded tips. a central non round locating tooling hole and a brazed assembly stress distributing holes at the tab tips.
(b) placing said blank in forming apparatus andforcing through a drawing die in single stroke, double-action COZE147UK10/90 process,, the first action forming a concave surface while the second action being the drawing of the relieved slotted cylinderi and (c) release of the joint reinforcement element from the drawing die.
While the reinforcement element 10 is described above as having been made by a deep-drawing like process, it will be appreciated hat it could be made by other processes, for 10 example an investment casting process or a conventional multi stage deep-drawing process. The reinforcement element may also be used in applications other than joining two tubular members together for producing a bicycle frame. Further variations, modifications and applications of the is invention will be apparent to the skilled reader.
COZE147UK10/90 -g-
Claims (16)
1 1. An internal reinforcement element for a tubular joint between two tubular members. said element comprising a concave end wall integral with a section of generally cylindrical form provided with a plurality of axially directed slots.
2. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element as claimed in Claim l# wherein said element is form drawn from a flat stamped blank, e.g. by a single stage double-action drawing process.
3. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element as claimed in Claim 2. wherein the outline of said blank is provided with four relieved areas to define said slots in the element form drawn from the blank, said relieved areas being arranged symmetrically, in pairs, about respectively longitudinal and transverse axes of the blank.
4. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element as claimed in Claim 3, wherein said relieved areas are such as to provide the flat blank with two tabs (or lobes) on the longitudinal axis and two tabs (or lobes) on the transverse axis.
5. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element as claimed in Claim 4, wherein said blank is provided with stress distributing holes at the tips of the said tabs or lobes.
6. A tubular brazed joint reinforcement element as claimed in any one of Claims 3 to 5# wherein said relieved areas are formed with stress relieving holes at their inner- most ends.
COZE147UK10190
7. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element as claimed in any one of Claims 2 to 6, wherein said flat stamped blank is provided with a central non-round locating hole for tooling.
8. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said end wall formed with a central hole.
9. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element claimed in any preceding claim. wherein said element joined to said hollow tubular members by brazing.
10. A tubular joint internal reinforcement element as claimed in any preceding claim and for use in construction of cycle frames.
as is as is A method of making an internal reinforcement element for a tubular joint between two tubulat members, the method 20 comprising the steps of:
(a) stamping a flat blank from a metal plate in a required configuration which includes a central formation in which a central locating tooling hole is provided and from which extend four ears or tabs that are defined by and located inbetween a plurality of sectorial relieves having rounded tips. a central non round locating tooling hole and a brazed assembly stress distributing holes at the tab tips.
(b) placing said blank in forming apparatus and forcing through a drawing die in single strokei double-action process, the first action forming a concave surface while the second action being the drawing of the relieved slotted cylinder# and (c) release of the joint reinforcement element from the drawing die.
COZE1 47UK1 0190
i 1 k -11
12. An internal reinforcement element for butt joining an end of a first tubular member to an exterior surface of a second tubular member, said internal reinforcement element being formed from a flat sheet metal blank having a plurality of lobes extending outwardly therefrom, said element having a longitudinal axis and an end wall, said end wall defining a form-drawn and generally radially extending cylindrical concavity, and a form-drawn axially slotted side wall of cylindrical form comprising a plurality of sections formed from said lobes.
13. An internal reinforcement element according to Claim 12 wherein said generally radially extending cylindrical concavity has an axis perpendicular to said longitudinal axis. and wherein said side wall of cylindrical form comprises at least two of said sections (12d-12c and 12a12b) separated by slots (16b and 16d) which intersect said generally radially extending cylindrical concavity.
14. An internal reinforcement element according to Claim 12 or Claim 13, wherein said side wall of cylindrical form comprises four of said sections formed from said lobes.
15. An internal reinforcing element according to Claim 12 wherein said generally radially extending cylindrical concavity has an axis which intersects said longitudinal axis at an angle inclined from 90o whereby at one end of said generally radially extending cylindrical concavity said side wall is inclined at an obtuse angle from said end wall and at the other end of said generally radially extending cylindrical concavity said side wall is inclined from said end wall at an acute angle, and wherein said cylindrical side wall comprises at least three sections formed from said lobes (12c-12b and 12a and 12d).
COZE147UK10190 X 1
16. A brazed butt joint between an end of a first tubular member and an exterior surface cf a second tubular member, said brazed joint being internally supported by an internal reinforcement element formed from a flat sh eet metal blank having a plurality of lobes extending outwardly therefrom said reinforcement element having a longitudinal axis and an end wall, said end wall defining a formdrawn and generally radially extending cylindrical concavity, and a form-drawn axially slotted cylindrical side wall section integral %ith said end wallf said side wall being of cylindrical form and comprising a plurality of sections formed from said lobes.
Published 1 991 at The Patent Office. Concept House. Cardiff Road. Newport. Gwent NP9 I RH. Further copies maybe obtained from Sales Branch. Unit 6. Nine Mile Point. Cw-mfelinfach. Cross Keys. Newport. NPI 7HZ. Printed by Multiplex techniques ltd. St Mary Cray. Kent
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US42478689A | 1989-10-20 | 1989-10-20 |
Publications (3)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| GB9021817D0 GB9021817D0 (en) | 1990-11-21 |
| GB2241458A true GB2241458A (en) | 1991-09-04 |
| GB2241458B GB2241458B (en) | 1993-02-24 |
Family
ID=23683867
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9021817A Expired - Fee Related GB2241458B (en) | 1989-10-20 | 1990-10-08 | Tubular reinforcement element and method of making same |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH03229006A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA2026119C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE4029884A1 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2653502B1 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2241458B (en) |
| IL (1) | IL95669A (en) |
| IT (1) | IT1254046B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102014106895A1 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2015-11-19 | LACNY GmbH Automotive Engineering | Bicycle with one-piece bicycle frame |
| CN104759771A (en) * | 2015-03-31 | 2015-07-08 | 北京首航艾启威节能技术股份有限公司 | Porous welding reinforcement piece |
| CN105033737A (en) * | 2015-07-14 | 2015-11-11 | 苏州柏德纳科技有限公司 | Connecting plate |
| CN105041790A (en) * | 2015-07-14 | 2015-11-11 | 苏州柏德纳科技有限公司 | Connecting block |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE105473C (en) * | ||||
| DE94366C (en) * | ||||
| FR706952A (en) * | 1930-12-03 | 1931-07-01 | How tubes are assembled, such as cycle frame tubes, and others | |
| GB579409A (en) * | 1944-04-25 | 1946-08-01 | J A Phillips & Company Ltd | Improvements relating to the frames of cycles and the like and to the manufacture of such frames |
| FR945496A (en) * | 1947-04-19 | 1949-05-05 | Bicycle frame | |
| DE1691558U (en) * | 1954-11-13 | 1955-01-20 | Wilhelm Schueren K G | STEERING HEAD DRAWN FROM SHEET AND WELDED TOGETHER, WITH A CONNECTOR FOR A CYLINDER LOCK, IN PARTICULAR FOR BICYCLES. |
| GB963891A (en) * | 1959-08-19 | 1964-07-15 | Raleigh Cycle Co Ltd | Jointing of metallic elements |
| DE1991805U (en) * | 1968-03-23 | 1968-08-14 | Holz Elektro Feinmechanik | FASTENING ELEMENT FASTENED BY A LOCKING PIN. |
| US3598433A (en) * | 1969-09-16 | 1971-08-10 | Anthony P Savickas | Molded plastic fitting |
| US4421687A (en) * | 1981-09-26 | 1983-12-20 | Takeda Chemical Industries, Limited | Macbecin derivatives |
-
1990
- 1990-09-12 IT IT08347490A patent/IT1254046B/en active
- 1990-09-12 IL IL9566990A patent/IL95669A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-09-21 DE DE4029884A patent/DE4029884A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-09-25 CA CA002026119A patent/CA2026119C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-10-08 GB GB9021817A patent/GB2241458B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-10-17 JP JP2278856A patent/JPH03229006A/en active Pending
- 1990-10-18 FR FR909013076A patent/FR2653502B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IL95669A (en) | 1995-03-15 |
| FR2653502B1 (en) | 1992-05-07 |
| IT1254046B (en) | 1995-09-06 |
| CA2026119A1 (en) | 1991-04-21 |
| JPH03229006A (en) | 1991-10-11 |
| GB9021817D0 (en) | 1990-11-21 |
| IL95669A0 (en) | 1991-06-30 |
| FR2653502A1 (en) | 1991-04-26 |
| CA2026119C (en) | 1994-10-18 |
| IT9083474A1 (en) | 1992-03-12 |
| IT9083474A0 (en) | 1990-09-12 |
| DE4029884A1 (en) | 1991-04-25 |
| GB2241458B (en) | 1993-02-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCNP | Patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee |
Effective date: 19971008 |