EP4509701A1 - Moteur à vapeur froide opposée et procédé de fonctionnement - Google Patents
Moteur à vapeur froide opposée et procédé de fonctionnement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP4509701A1 EP4509701A1 EP23191346.8A EP23191346A EP4509701A1 EP 4509701 A1 EP4509701 A1 EP 4509701A1 EP 23191346 A EP23191346 A EP 23191346A EP 4509701 A1 EP4509701 A1 EP 4509701A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- membrane
- cavity
- chamber
- heat exchanger
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
Definitions
- the invention relates to energy transformation machines, and, more specifically, to machines that convert thermal energy into mechanical energy.
- thermodynamic energy transformation machines using low-temperature from 0°C to 90°C, thermal energy as the main or additional energy source
- heat pump does not generate mechanical energy.
- Prevailing heat engines and generators in the industry transform only thermal energy of relatively high temperatures, from a few hundred to a thousand and more degrees Celsius into mechanical or other type of energy.
- Chemical energy from burning fuel is used as main energy source.
- Low-temperature thermal energy is usually released into the environment as waste.
- Almost all modern heat engines work according to the direct Carnot cycle, i.e. work in a temperature range that is very far from temperature of a used material, energy carrier, and phase transitions.
- the energy source is burning hydrocarbon fuel. In principle, it is a hot expanding gas of which only a small part of the energy is used as a mechanical energy. Rest of the energy is emitted in the form of thermal energy. Steam turbines in thermal and nuclear power plants work similarly.
- Heat pumps as mechanisms are special in that they consume several times less energy than they collect from the environment and serve to the user.
- heat of material phase transitions is purposefully used - the material is cyclically changed from liquid phase to gas phase and back. This is done by changing pressure in circuits in which refrigerant circulates.
- the refrigerant gas When the refrigerant gas is compressed by the compressor, it heats up, but changes its aggregate state from gaseous to liquid, condenses, and at a higher temperature gives thermal energy to the user. After losing thermal energy, the liquid phase of the refrigerant passes to another expansion circuit.
- the refrigerant boils and evaporates: it changes its aggregate state from liquid to gas and absorbs the heat required for phase transformation from the environment, the medium in which the expansion circuit is placed. Temperature of this medium can be significantly lower than that of the environment to which the condensation thermal energy is transferred. Many modern heat pumps have a coefficient of transformation (COP) of 4 or even higher. This means that the device provides the user with 4 times more thermal energy than the electricity consumed by its compressor.
- COP coefficient of transformation
- the heat pump supplies thermal energy to the consumer as a product.
- European patent No. EP3457052 discloses a device designed to transform waste or natural low-temperature energy accumulated in nature not only into thermal but also into mechanical energy.
- An atmospheric pressure cold steam engine is described for generating mechanical energy using ambient thermal energy or excess low temperature thermal energy released during manufacturing processes.
- the working principle of the atmospheric pressure cold steam engine is based on the ability of materials to absorb or release thermal energy when they change from liquid to gas phase and vice versa.
- Main structural unit in which mechanical energy is generated is a cavity with a membrane.
- the engine is named atmospheric because mechanical energy generated by condensation of liquid in a membrane cavity is generated by the atmospheric pressure acting on the membrane.
- the invention does not have the above-mentioned disadvantages related to the small angle of rotation of the motor shaft in the generation of mechanical energy, and includes additional advantages.
- the invention is an opposed cold steam engine.
- the invention comprises: a first refrigerant and a second refrigerant, a thermal energy absorbing first circuit with the first refrigerant; a first refrigerant compressor; a second heat exchanger of the first refrigerant; expansion valve of the first refrigerant; a heat exchanger of injected fraction of the second refrigerant; circuit of the second refrigerant; a reservoir of the second refrigerant; valves of condensate of the second refrigerant; a membrane; the membrane accommodating and operation chamber; two membrane chamber cavities; cyclically opening valves of the second refrigerant inlet to cavities of the membrane chamber; the second refrigerant condensate discharge-separation reservoir; a crankshaft with a flywheel; valves of second refrigerant nozzles; nozzles of the second refrigerant; the second refrigerant nozzle pump.
- Structure of the opposed cold steam engine according to the invention allows to avoid using atmospheric pressure or another accumulator to generate mechanical energy.
- the gas phase of the refrigerant liquid, the vapor is not used as a means of storing potential energy by overcoming atmospheric pressure, but as a means of doing mechanical work of expansion. Therefore, it becomes possible to carry out both steam filling on one side of the membrane and condensation on the other side of the membrane in half a revolution of the shaft, i.e.,180°. Through 360°, i.e. two power generation cycles, a complete revolution occur.
- the area of the membrane is affected by the refrigerant vapor pressure, which can be made from 10% to 50% higher than the atmospheric one, while obtaining a greater pressure difference on the opposite sides of the membrane.
- the membrane is cyclically affected from both sides, i.e. the engine is a two-cycle engine - mechanical energy is generated by a 360° rotation of the shaft, and the pressure difference becomes greater than the difference between the atmospheric pressure and the pressure of the condensing liquid. These factors increase the power by more than 100%.
- Fig. 1 shows principal scheme of the opposed cold steam engine according to the invention.
- the opposed cold steam engine comprises a first refrigerant and a second refrigerant, absorbing thermal energy in a first circuit (1) with the first refrigerant; a first refrigerant compressor (2); a second heat exchanger (3) of the first refrigerant; a first refrigerant expansion valve (4); a heat exchanger (5) of injected fraction of the second refrigerant; a circuit (1') of the second refrigerant; a reservoir (6) of the second refrigerant; second refrigerant condensate valves (7, 9); cyclically opening valves (15.1, 15.2) for the second refrigerant inlet to membrane chamber cavities; a second refrigerant condensate discharge-separation reservoir (8); a membrane housing and operation chamber (11'); two membrane chamber (11') cavities (10.1, 10.2); the membrane (11); a crankshaft with a flywheel (12); valves of the second refrigerant nozzles
- Operation of the opposed cold steam engine comprises two main working stages and two different refrigerants circulating in these stages.
- first refrigerant and “the second refrigerant” will be used assuming that the first refrigerant circulates in the first working stage and the first circuit (1), while the second refrigerant circulates in the second working stage and the second circuit (1').
- the first refrigerant such as R410, R32, R290 or others common for compressor heat pumps, boils and evaporates due to pressure reduced by the compressor (2).
- the first circuit (1) uses thermal energy of its own and that of the surrounding structures, i.e., the first circuit (1).
- thermal energy from this medium passes to structures of the first circuit (1), and these, due to their thermal conductivity, transmit heat to the first refrigerant circulating in the first circuit (1).
- the first refrigerant in the gaseous phase, entering the compressor (2), is compressed to the pressure at which condensation takes place.
- the common refrigerant R32 can be used as the first refrigerant.
- the compressed vapor of the first refrigerant enters the second heat exchanger (3) of the first refrigerant.
- the first refrigerant when condensed into a liquid, significantly reduces its volume, thermal energy concentrates, temperature rises, and thermal energy is transferred to the second refrigerant reservoir (6) through walls of the second heat exchanger (3) of the first refrigerant. Cycle of the first refrigerant ends when the first refrigerant returns to the first circuit (1) through the expansion valve of the first refrigerant (4) and the heat exchanger (5) of the second refrigerant injection fraction.
- the absorption of thermal energy takes place at lower temperatures than the transfer thereof. Elements that have to absorb thermal energy from the heat source must be maximally conductive to heat, and elements that have a different temperature compared to the environment must be thermally insulated.
- the amount of energy consumed by the compressor (2), as in conventional compressor heat pumps, is on average 4 times lower than the amount of energy absorbed in the first circuit (1) and concentrated in the second heat exchanger (3) of the first refrigerant and transferred to the reservoir (6) of the second refrigerant.
- the second stage of work begins in the reservoir (6) of the second refrigerant.
- Properties of the second refrigerant - boiling point, heat capacity, specific heat of vaporization, vapor pressure in the working temperature range - are such that the second refrigerant boils and evaporates after absorbing concentrated thermal energy of the first refrigerant in the second heat exchanger (3) during the first cycle.
- the vapors of the second refrigerant rise towards the cyclically opening valves (15.1, 15.2).
- These cyclically opening valves (15.1, 15.2) open cyclically depending on the position of the membrane (11) in the membrane chamber (11').
- the membrane (11) is connected to the crankshaft with a flywheel (12), so the membrane in the chamber (11') can move cyclically from one extreme position to another (from the left end to the right end and back).
- Fig. 1 shows position of the membrane (11) in the membrane chamber (11') when, after the membrane (11) passes the right extreme position, the second cyclically opening valve (15.2) opens and the vapor of the second refrigerant fills the second cavity (10.2) of the membrane chamber (11') , located behind the membrane (11).
- the vapor of the second refrigerant in the second cavity (10.2) presses the membrane (11) and performs mechanical work.
- a pressure difference occurs because in the first cavity (10.1) of the membrane chamber (11') in front of the membrane at the same time an opposite process takes place - condensation of vapor of the second refrigerant.
- Condensation in the first cavity (10.1) of the membrane chamber (11') is induced by injecting the same second refrigerant, or, partially, its components, through the first nozzle (14.1) for injecting the second refrigerant into the membrane chamber (11').
- the said fractions have different boiling temperatures and are rectified during the process.
- the condensate from the first cavity (10.1) of the membrane chamber (11') is discharged to the condensate collection reservoir (8) through the valve (9) for the condensate outflow from the membrane chamber (11').
- the second refrigerant is separated - the heavier fraction, such as water, goes to the heat exchanger (5) of the second refrigerant injection fraction, and the lighter fraction, which evaporates more easily, such as ammonia, to the reservoir (6).
- the first cyclically opening valve (15.1) opens and steam fills the first cavity (10.1) of the membrane chamber (11'). And at the same time, on the right side, in the second cavity (10.2) of the membrane chamber (11'), condensation takes place.
- the first cavity (10.1) of the said membrane chamber (11') and the second cavity (10.2) of the membrane chamber (11') are tightly separated from each other by means of the membrane (11).
- the pressure difference between the opposed sides of the membrane (11) When generating mechanical energy, it is important to have the pressure difference between the opposed sides of the membrane (11) as large as possible.
- One side of the membrane (11) is affected by the vapor pressure of the second refrigerant, which can be significantly higher than the atmospheric pressure.
- the pressure of the condensing steam of the second heat exchanger acts, which may be lower than atmospheric, but not necessarily. The pressure difference generates mechanical power.
- the opposed cold steam engine according to the invention can generate more mechanical energy than the atmospheric pressure cold steam engine for the same membrane area.
- the conditions for the formation of a significantly larger pressure difference on the opposite sides of the membrane (11) occur because the mechanical work is performed by the pressure of the refrigerant prepared in the second refrigerant reservoir (6), and not atmospheric pressure or another energy accumulator.
- the vapor pressure of an ammonia-water solution at the beginning of the membrane cavity filling cycle is about 170 kPa
- at the end of the filling cycle is about 120 kPa
- the average pressure is about 140 kPa, which is 40 percent higher than the atmospheric pressure.
- the pressure of the condensing vapors of the second refrigerant is only 5-10 percent higher than the atmospheric pressure in the cold steam engine. This results in a greater pressure difference on the opposite sides of the membrane (11) and more mechanical energy per 180° shaft rotation.
- the solution of ammonia and water is presented here only as an example of substances well known to everyone, and using other, more purposefully selected substances, it is possible to obtain several times higher pressure differences on the opposite sides of the membrane in the opposed engine than in the atmospheric pressure cold steam engine.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23191346.8A EP4509701A1 (fr) | 2023-08-14 | 2023-08-14 | Moteur à vapeur froide opposée et procédé de fonctionnement |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23191346.8A EP4509701A1 (fr) | 2023-08-14 | 2023-08-14 | Moteur à vapeur froide opposée et procédé de fonctionnement |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP4509701A1 true EP4509701A1 (fr) | 2025-02-19 |
Family
ID=87571708
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP23191346.8A Pending EP4509701A1 (fr) | 2023-08-14 | 2023-08-14 | Moteur à vapeur froide opposée et procédé de fonctionnement |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP4509701A1 (fr) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2547399A1 (fr) * | 1983-06-13 | 1984-12-14 | Ancet Victor | Pompe a chaleur a coefficient de performance eleve |
| US20150377496A1 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2015-12-31 | Drexel University | Heat Pump Water Heater |
| EP3457052A1 (fr) | 2017-09-06 | 2019-03-20 | Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas | Moteur à vapeur froide atmosphérique et son procédé de fonctionnement |
-
2023
- 2023-08-14 EP EP23191346.8A patent/EP4509701A1/fr active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2547399A1 (fr) * | 1983-06-13 | 1984-12-14 | Ancet Victor | Pompe a chaleur a coefficient de performance eleve |
| US20150377496A1 (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2015-12-31 | Drexel University | Heat Pump Water Heater |
| EP3457052A1 (fr) | 2017-09-06 | 2019-03-20 | Vilniaus Gedimino technikos universitetas | Moteur à vapeur froide atmosphérique et son procédé de fonctionnement |
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