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EP2955788A1 - Systeme d'antenne destine a la communication satellite a large bande dans une gamme de frequence ghz a l'aide d'antennes a cornet a remplissage dielectrique - Google Patents

Systeme d'antenne destine a la communication satellite a large bande dans une gamme de frequence ghz a l'aide d'antennes a cornet a remplissage dielectrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2955788A1
EP2955788A1 EP15178569.8A EP15178569A EP2955788A1 EP 2955788 A1 EP2955788 A1 EP 2955788A1 EP 15178569 A EP15178569 A EP 15178569A EP 2955788 A1 EP2955788 A1 EP 2955788A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
antenna
dielectric
antenna system
horns
polarization
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP15178569.8A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dr. Jörg Oppenländer
Dr. Michael Wenzel
Dr. Alexander Mössinger
Michael Seifried
Dr. Christoph Häußler
Dr. Alexander Friesch
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Lisa Draexlmaier GmbH
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Lisa Draexlmaier GmbH
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2955788A1 publication Critical patent/EP2955788A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
    • H01Q21/064—Two dimensional planar arrays using horn or slot aerials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02—Waveguide horns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02—Waveguide horns
    • H01Q13/025—Multimode horn antennas; Horns using higher mode of propagation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/02—Waveguide horns
    • H01Q13/0275—Ridged horns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/02—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism
    • H01Q15/08—Refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens, prism formed of solid dielectric material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/24—Polarising devices; Polarisation filters 
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
    • H01Q19/06—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens
    • H01Q19/08—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using refracting or diffracting devices, e.g. lens for modifying the radiation pattern of a radiating horn in which it is located
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0025—Modular arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/0006—Particular feeding systems
    • H01Q21/0075—Stripline fed arrays

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an antenna system for broadband communication between earth stations and satellites, in particular for mobile and aeronautical applications.
  • the weight and size of the antenna system are very important because they reduce the payload of the aircraft and cause additional operating costs.
  • the problem therefore is to provide antenna systems that are as small and lightweight as possible, which nevertheless satisfy the regulatory requirements for transmitting and receiving operation when operating on mobile carriers.
  • envelopes envelopes or masks
  • envelopes envelopes or masks
  • the values specified for a certain distance angle may be used in the transmission mode of the antenna system not be exceeded. This leads to stringent requirements for the angle-dependent antenna characteristic.
  • the antenna gain must drop sharply. This can be achieved physically only by very homogeneous amplitude and phase assignments of the antenna. Typically, therefore, parabolic antennas are used which have these properties.
  • parabolic mirrors are poorly suited for most mobile applications, especially on airplanes, because of their size and because of their circular aperture.
  • the antennas are mounted on the fuselage and therefore may only have the lowest possible height because of the additional air resistance.
  • Antennas which are designed as sections of paraboloid ("banana-shaped mirror"), although possible, but have geometrie DIN only a very low efficiency.
  • Antenna fields which are constructed of individual radiators and have suitable feed networks, however, can be performed in any geometry and any length to aspect ratio without the antenna efficiency suffers. In particular, antenna fields of very low height can be realized.
  • horns are by far the most efficient single emitters in fields.
  • horns can be designed broadband.
  • grating lobes In the case of antenna fields which are constructed from horn radiators and are fed with pure waveguide networks, however, the known problem of significant parasitic sidelobes (so-called “grating lobes” or “grating lobes”) occurs in the antenna pattern. These grating lobes are caused by the fact that the beam centers (phase centers) of the antenna elements which form the antenna field, due to the dimension of the Hohleiternetztechnike by design too far away from each other. This can, in particular at frequencies above about 20 GHz, under certain Beam angles for positive interference of the antenna radiator and thus lead to the unwanted emission of electromagnetic power in unwanted solid angle ranges.
  • reception and transmission frequencies are also far apart in terms of frequency, and if the distance between the beam centers has to be designed according to the minimum useful wavelength of the transmission band, then the horns regularly become so small that the reception band can no longer be supported by them.
  • the minimum useful wavelength is only about 1cm. So that the radiation elements of the antenna field are dense, so no parasitic side lobes (grating lobes) occur, the aperture area of a square horn may only be about 1cm x 1cm. However, conventional horns of this size have only a very low performance in the reception band at approx. 18 GHz - 21 GHz, since they have to be operated close to the cut-off frequency because of the finite aperture angle. The Ka-receiving band can no longer support such horns or their efficiency decreases very much in this band.
  • the horns generally have to support two orthogonal polarizations, which further restricts the geometrical margin, since an orthomode signal converter, so-called transducers, becomes necessary at the horn output.
  • An embodiment of the orthomode signal converter in waveguide technology fails regularly because at higher GHz frequencies not enough space is available.
  • feed networks for fields of horns which are implemented in high-power technology, produce only very small dissipative losses.
  • the individual horns of the fields are fed by waveguide components and the entire feed network also consists of waveguide components.
  • the receiving and the transmitting band are far apart in terms of frequency, however, the problem arises that conventional waveguides can no longer support the then required frequency bandwidth.
  • the required bandwidth is more than 13 GHz (18 GHz - 31 GHz).
  • Conventional rectangular waveguides can not efficiently support such a large bandwidth.
  • grating-free free antenna diagrams can be achieved if the phase centers of the individual emitters are less than one wavelength of the maximum useful frequency.
  • the side lobes of the antenna diagram can be suppressed by parabolic amplitude assignments of such antenna fields (eg JD Kraus and RJ Marhefka, "Antennas: for all applications", 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill series in electrical engineering, 2002 ).
  • an antenna pattern which is optimally adapted to the regulatory mask for a given antenna size can be achieved (eg DE 10 2010 019 081 A1; Seifried, Wenceslas et. al.).
  • a horn antenna array is known in which in the Einzelhornstrahler a pyramidal dielectric can be introduced into the center to improve the directivity of the antenna.
  • GB 2 426 876 A shows an antenna system with multiple horns, the multi-layered is constructed, but so that no separation of different polarization supporting microstrip lines is connected.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a broadband antenna system in the GHz frequency range, in particular for aeronautical applications, which allows a regulatory compliant transmission operation over a wide bandwidth with maximum spectral power density and at the same time has a high antenna efficiency and low intrinsic noise in the receive mode ,
  • the antenna system consists of at least four horns, which are completely filled with a dielectric.
  • the effective wavelength in the horns increases and these are able to support much larger bandwidths than would be the case without filling.
  • dielectric fillings lead to parasitic losses through the dielectric, these losses remain comparatively small, especially in the case of very small horns. For example, e.g. For applications in the Ka band, a dielectric filling with a dielectric constant of about 2 is sufficient. With horns only a few centimeters deep, this leads to losses of ⁇ 0.2 dB when using suitable materials.
  • the dielectric per filled horn consists of at least three layered parts, wherein between each two parts of the dielectric one of the feeds of the horn is arranged.
  • the dielectric constant (permittivity number) of the dielectric with which the horn radiators are filled is chosen such that the dielectrically filled horn radiators can still be optimally operated in the lowest frequency useful band of the antenna system.
  • the condition for this is that the wavelength belonging to the lowest usable frequency in the Dielectric still sufficiently far above the lowest operating frequency, which is given by the geometric dimensions of the horn, is removed.
  • the dimension of the aperture of the horns is at least in one direction less than or equal to the wavelength ⁇ S a reference frequency, which lies in the transmission band of the antenna.
  • ⁇ E is the free space wavelength of the lowest usable frequency
  • ⁇ e . medium ⁇ e ⁇ . if ⁇ denotes the dielectric constant (permittivity number) of the dielectric at the corresponding frequency.
  • a horn only works satisfactorily if at least one aperture dimension is close to the wavelength of the lowest useful frequency, because only then does a regular antenna pattern of the single radiator result.
  • condition (3) applies to single insulated horns and is too strict for antenna systems composed of multiple horns, since the mutual electromagnetic couplings of the horns are not considered.
  • the individual radiators support a first and a second polarization and the two polarizations are mutually orthogonal.
  • the first and second polarization are linear polarizations.
  • the signals of the two orthogonal polarizations are carried in separate feed networks, which has the advantage that with the aid of corresponding components, such as e.g. Polarizers or 90 ° hybrid couplers, both linearly polarized signals and circularly polarized signals can be sent or received.
  • corresponding components such as e.g. Polarizers or 90 ° hybrid couplers
  • the antennas can have the smallest possible size and nevertheless a regulatory compliant transmission mode with maximum spectral power density is possible, it is also provided according to an advantageous development of the invention that at least a portion of the individual radiator is dimensioned so that the distance of the directly adjacent individual radiator Phase centers of the individual radiator is less than or equal to the wavelength of the highest transmission frequency at which no parasitic sidelobes (grating lobes) may occur (reference frequency in the transmission band).
  • At least four adjacent individual radiators are also located in different directly adjacent modules, then at least one direction is defined by the antenna field, so that for this direction the distance of the phase centers of the individual radiators is less than or equal to the wavelength of the highest transmission frequency, in which no parasitic side lobes ( grating-lobes) may occur.
  • grating lobes In this direction, preferably along a straight line through the antenna field, directly adjacent individual radiators are then close, so that no parasitic side lobes ("grating lobes") can occur in the corresponding section through the antenna pattern. Otherwise, these grating lobes would lead to a sharp reduction in the regulatory spectral power density.
  • Such rectangular modules can be assembled in a space-saving manner to antenna fields.
  • the rectangular modules can be fed in a relatively simple manner with binary microstrip networks.
  • the individual radiators In order to realize antennas with the lowest possible dissipative losses, it is advantageous to design the individual radiators as horn radiators, which belong to the lowest-loss antennas. Both horns with rectangular and with a round aperture can be used. If grating lobes are not to occur in any section through the antenna pattern, square aperture horns are advantageous, the size of the aperture opening then being chosen such that the spacing of the phase centers of directly adjacent horns is less than or equal to the wavelength of the highest transmission frequency as the reference frequency. in which no grating praise may occur.
  • the apertures of the horns and the steps are designed such that the horns function optimally both in the receiving and in the transmission band of the antenna.
  • the horns have a rectangular aperture whose two edge lengths are less than or equal to the free space wavelength of a reference frequency which lies in the transmission band of the antenna.
  • the area available for the antenna system is optimally utilized and a maximum antenna gain is achieved.
  • the horns are designed so that they have at least one rectangular cross section between the aperture (horn opening) and the horn end, for the longer edge k E applies k e ⁇ ⁇ e 2 ⁇ ⁇ .
  • ⁇ E denotes the free space wavelength of the lowest usable frequency
  • ⁇ the dielectric constant (permittivity number) of the dielectric filling. This ensures that the lowest usable frequency (typically the lowest reception frequency) is above the lower cut-off frequency ("cut-off" frequency) of the horn.
  • the horns also have at a deeper point over another rectangular cross-section, for the longer edge k T applies k T ⁇ ⁇ T 2 ⁇ ⁇ .
  • ⁇ T denotes the free space wavelength of the highest use frequency.
  • the individual radiators are designed as horn radiators in such a way that in the two polarization planes with symmetrical geometrical constrictions, i. Constrictions are equipped and fed separately at its output for each of the two orthogonal polarizations on the belonging to the respective polarization direction geometric constriction.
  • Such geometrical constrictions can greatly increase the bandwidth of the horns.
  • the horns are designed as stepped horns ("stepped horns"). By adjusting the width and length of the stages, as well as the number of stages, then the antenna can be optimally adapted to the respective usable frequency bands.
  • the horns are designed to support two orthogonal linear polarizations. With such horns, insulations far exceeding 40 dB can be achieved. Especially with signal codings with high spectral efficiency such isolation values are required.
  • a further improvement in the reception power in particular in the case of very small horn radiators, can be achieved by equipping the individual horn radiators with a dielectric cross-septum or a dielectric lens.
  • the insertion loss (S 11 ) in the receiving band can be significantly reduced by such structures, even if the aperture areas of the individual radiators are already so small that a free-space wave without these additional dielectric structures would already be almost completely reflected.
  • the horns of the antenna array are fed in parallel according to a further advantageous development of the invention. This is most effective when the microstrip lines and the waveguides are constructed as binary trees, since the number of power dividers needed in the general case of arbitrary values of the total number of individual radiators N and arbitrary values of the number of individual radiators in a module N i becomes so minimal.
  • the binary trees are in the general case neither completely nor completely symmetrical.
  • the feed networks of the antenna system can be designed as complete and fully symmetrical binary trees and all individual emitters can have equal length feeder lines, ie also similar attenuations.
  • microstrip lines are located on a thin substrate and are guided in closed metallic cavities, wherein the cavities are typically filled with air.
  • a substrate is typically referred to as being thin if its thickness is smaller than the width of the microstrip lines.
  • the production of densely packed antenna systems can be greatly facilitated by being constructed of multiple layers and by having the microstrip networks of the two orthogonal polarizations between different layers.
  • the modules of the antenna system can then be assembled from a few layers.
  • the layers of aluminum or similar electrically conductive materials which can be structured with the known structuring method (milling, etching, lasers, wire erosion, water cutting, etc.).
  • the microstrip line networks are patterned on a substrate by known etching techniques.
  • the cavities through which the microstrip lines are routed are structured directly with the metallic layers. If the cavities are designed as notches or depressions in the metal layers lying above and below the microstrip line, then the microstrip line lies together with its substrate in a cavity which consists of two half shells. The walls of the cavity can be electrically closed by providing the substrate with electrical vias. In such arrangements, "fences" by Vias can almost completely prevent the loss of electromagnetic power.
  • reception and transmission bands of the antenna are very far apart in terms of frequency, then it may be the case that standard hollow conductors (rectangular waveguides) can no longer support the required bandwidth.
  • the number and arrangement of constrictions depend on the design of the antenna system.
  • double-ridged waveguides are advantageous, which can have a significantly larger bandwidth than standard waveguide.
  • These Waveguides have a geometric constriction parallel to the supported polarization direction, preventing the formation of parasitic higher modes.
  • dielectrically filled waveguides are used for the waveguide supply networks.
  • Such waveguides require much less space than air-filled waveguide.
  • a part or a whole waveguide network may additionally consist of dielectric filled waveguides. Also a partial filling is possible.
  • LNA low noise amplifier
  • HPA high power amplifier
  • Such frequency diplexers separate the reception from the transmission band.
  • waveguide diplexers are advantageous because they can achieve a very high isolation and are also very low attenuation.
  • each module of the antenna array is equipped with a diplexer directly at its output or input.
  • At the input and output of these diplexers are then all signal combinations in pure form: polarization 1 in the receiving band, polarization 2 in the receiving band, polarization 1 in the transmission band and polarization 2 in the transmission band.
  • the modules can then be interconnected by four corresponding waveguide supply networks. This embodiment has the advantage that the waveguide supply networks do not have to be very broadband in terms of frequency since they each only have to be suitable for signals of the receiving or transmitting band.
  • the frequency diplexers are mounted only at the input or output of the waveguide networks. Such an embodiment saves space, but typically requires a broadband design of the waveguide networks.
  • both the intra-modular microstrip line networks and the inter-modular waveguide networks are designed to simultaneously support the transmit and receive bands.
  • the antenna is provided with frequency diplexers which are connected to a suitable radio frequency switching matrix, then dynamic switching between the orthogonal polarizations is possible (polarization switching).
  • Such embodiments are particularly advantageous when the antenna is to be used in satellite services, which work with the so-called “spot beam” technology.
  • spot beam coverage areas (cells) of relatively small area are formed on the earth's surface (typical diameter in the Ka band approx. 200km -300km).
  • frequency re-use adjacent cells are only distinguished by the polarization of the signals.
  • the antenna is used in satellite services where the polarization of the transmit signal is fixed and does not change temporally or geographically, it is advantageous if the first intra-modular microstrip line network and the associated inter-modular waveguide network point to the Receiving band of the Antennne, and the second intra-modular microstrip network and the associated inter-modular waveguide network are designed for the transmission band of the antenna system.
  • This embodiment has the advantage that the respective feed networks can be optimized for the respective usable frequency band, and thus a very low-loss antenna system of very high performance is created.
  • the feed networks are equipped with so-called 90 ° hybrid couplers.
  • 90 ° hybrid couplers are four-gates which have two orthogonal linearly polarized signals in two orthogonal circular convert polarized signals or vice versa. With such arrangements, it is then possible to send or receive also circularly polarized signals.
  • the antenna array for receiving and transmitting circularly polarized signals can also be equipped with a so-called polarizer.
  • these are suitably structured metallic layers ("layers") which lie in a plane approximately perpendicular to the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave.
  • the metallic structure acts in such a way that it acts capacitively in one direction and inductively in the orthogonal direction. For two orthogonally polarized signals, this means that a phase difference is imposed on the two signals. If the phase difference is now set to be just 90 ° when passing through the polarizer, then two orthogonal linearly polarized signals are converted to two orthogonal circularly polarized signals, and vice versa.
  • the polarizer advantageously consists of several layers, which are mounted at a certain distance (typically in the region of a quarter wavelength) from each other.
  • a particularly suitable embodiment of the polarizer is a multi-layer meander polarizer.
  • metallic meander structures of suitable dimensions are patterned on a typically thin substrate using the usual structuring methods.
  • the substrates structured in this way are then glued onto foam boards or laminated to form sandwiches.
  • foams are e.g. low-loss closed-cell foams such as Rohacell or XPS in question.
  • very high useful bandwidths and high cross-polarization isolations are achieved when the polarizer is not mounted exactly perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the electromagnetic wave in front of the antenna field, but slightly tilted.
  • the typical distance of the polarizer to the aperture surface of the antenna array is in the range of a wavelength of the useful frequency and the tilt angle to the aperture plane in the range of 2 ° to 10 °.
  • the antenna pattern of the antenna system in the transmission band must be below a regulatory mask and can only be transmitted with high spectral power densities for small antennas if the diagram is as close as possible to the mask, it can be used by Be advantageous to provide the antenna system with an amplitude assignment ("aperture amplitude tapering").
  • Parabole amplitude assignments of the aperture are particularly suitable in the case of flat aperture openings for this purpose.
  • Parabole amplitude assignments are characterized in that the power contributions of the individual radiators from the edge of the antenna field towards the center increase and z. B. results in a parabolic-like course.
  • Such amplitude assignments of the antenna field lead to a suppression of the side lobes in the antenna pattern and thus to a higher regulatory allowable spectral power density.
  • the amplitude occupancy of the antenna system is preferably designed to be at least along the direction through the antenna system in which the radiating elements are close. acts.
  • the beam elements are dense in the direction in which the distance of the phase centers of the individual radiators is less than or equal to the wavelength of the highest transmission frequency at which no significant parasitic side lobes (grating lobes) may occur.
  • Fig. 1 represents an exemplary embodiment of an antenna module of an antenna according to the invention.
  • the individual emitters 1 are designed here as rectangular horns, which can support two orthogonal polarizations.
  • the intra-modular microstrip line networks 2, 3 for the two orthogonal polarizations are located between different layers.
  • the dimensions of the individual radiators and the size of their aperture surfaces are chosen so that the distance of the phase centers of the individual beam elements along both major axes is smaller than ⁇ min , where ⁇ min denotes the wavelength of the highest useful frequency. This distance ensures that parasitic sidelobes, so-called “grating lobes", can not occur in any direction in the antenna diagram up to the highest usable frequency (reference frequency).
  • both microstrip line networks provide a 64: 1 power splitter as they combine the signals from 64 individual emitters.
  • An exemplary internal organization of the two microstrip transmission networks is in Fig. 2 shown.
  • modules have a smaller or larger number of horns include.
  • K / Ka-band antennas for example, 4 x 4 modules are optimal.
  • the microstrip line networks then provide a 16: 1 power splitter that merges the signals from 16 individual emitters.
  • the microstrip lines in this case are relatively short and their noise contribution therefore remains small.
  • an antenna with optimum performance parameters can be constructed by appropriate design of the module sizes.
  • the modules are only made as large as necessary in order to feed them with waveguides can. The parasitic noise contribution of the microstrip lines is thereby minimized.
  • the two microstrip line networks 2, 3 couple the merged signals into polarized-to-waveguide couplings 4, 5, respectively, according to polarization, as shown in FIG Fig. 1b is shown.
  • polarized-to-waveguide couplings 4, 5 By means of these waveguide couplings 4, 5, an arbitrarily large number of modules can be coupled efficiently and with low attenuation to form an antenna system according to the invention with the aid of waveguide networks.
  • Fig. 2 shows two exemplary microstrip line networks 2, 3 for feeding the individual radiator 1 of the 8 x 8 antenna module of Fig. 1 , Both networks are designed as binary 64: 1 power dividers.
  • the orthogonally polarized signals in the individual horns of the 8 x 8 module or coupled is input or output to the waveguide couplings 4a and 5a in waveguides. Since the two microstrip line networks 2, 3 are typically superimposed in two planes, waveguide feedthroughs 4b and 5b are also located on the corresponding board in order to create an opening and the connection to the waveguide couplings 4a and 5a, respectively.
  • the microstrip line networks 2, 3 can be made by any known method. Whereby low-loss substrates for antennas are particularly suitable.
  • Fig. 3 shows by way of example how different antenna modules 8 can be coupled to antenna systems according to the invention.
  • Antenna systems according to the invention consist of a number M of modules, where M must be at least two.
  • modules may e.g. also be arranged in a circle. Also, not all modules must have the same size (number of individual emitters).
  • the modules 8 are now connected to each other by means of the waveguide networks 9, 10.
  • the waveguide networks 9, 10 themselves each represent an M: 1 power divider, so that the two orthogonally polarized signals can be fed into the antenna system via the sum ports 13, 14 or be coupled out of the antenna system.
  • waveguides 9, 10 can be provided with a wide variety of waveguides, such as, for example, waveguide networks.
  • waveguide networks Conventional rectangular or round waveguides or broad-banded ridged waveguides are used. Dielectric filled waveguide are conceivable.
  • the individual radiators 1 are dimensioned (s. Fig. 1 ) that for at least one direction through the antenna array, the distance of the phase centers of the horns is less than or equal to the wavelength of the highest transmission frequency at which no grating lobes may occur.
  • the individual radiators 1 are supplied separately by microstrip lines for each of the two orthogonal polarizations (see FIG. Fig. 2 Microstrip-to-waveguide couplings 6, 7).
  • microstrip lines of one orthogonal polarization are connected to the first intra-modular microstrip line network 2 and the microstrip lines of the other orthogonal polarization are connected to the second intra-modular microstrip line network 3.
  • the first micro-strip intra-modular network 2 is coupled to the first inter-modular waveguide network 9 and the second micro-strip intra-modular network 3 is coupled to the second inter-modular waveguide network 10 such that the first inter-modular waveguide network 9 receives all of the one orthogonal signals Polarization at the first sum port 13 merges and the second inter-modular waveguide network 10 all signals of the other orthogonal polarization at the second summing port 14 merges.
  • microstrip line networks 2, 3 and the waveguide networks 9, 10 are constructed here as complete and fully symmetrical binary trees, so that all individual radiators 1 are fed in parallel.
  • the Figures 3c and 3d show a physical realization of a corresponding antenna system.
  • the modules 8 consist of individual radiators 1 and have two different sizes, ie the number of individual radiators 1 per module 8 is not the same for all modules 8.
  • the middle four modules 8 each have 8 individual emitters 1 more than the other four modules 8.
  • the height of the antenna system at the left and right edges is less than in the central area.
  • Such embodiments are particularly advantageous when the antenna system must be optimally adapted to an aerodynamic radome.
  • the modules 8 are fed separately with two waveguide networks 9 and 10 for each polarization.
  • the waveguide networks 9, 10 are located in two separate layers behind the modules and the modules are connected to the waveguide networks 9, 10 through the coupling points 11, 12, which are coupled to the waveguide couplings of the modules 4, 5 ,. Both waveguide networks 9, 10 are realized here as cutouts.
  • the receive frequency band is approximately 19GHz - 20GHz and the transmit frequency band is approximately 29GHz - 30GHz.
  • the aperture of the individual radiators 1 must not be more than 1 cm x 1 cm in size ⁇ min is 1 cm).
  • the primary individual radiators 1 are designed as ridged horns. Such horns may have a much wider than conventional horns frequency bandwidth.
  • the impedance matching of such toothed horns to the free space then takes place according to the method of antenna physics.
  • the toothed horns can be designed so that they can support two orthogonal polarizations. This is achieved, for example, by virtue of the fact that the horns are quadripartite-toothed ("quad-ridged").
  • the signals of the orthogonal Polarizations are supplied and removed by separate microstrip line networks 2, 3.
  • Fig. 4a schematically shows the detailed structure of a equipped with symmetrical geometrical constrictions horn with the example of a four-tooth horn horn 1.
  • the horn 1 consists of three segments (layers), which are located between the segments, the two microstrip lines networks 2.3.
  • the horns 1 are provided with symmetrical geometric constrictions 15, 16 corresponding to the orthogonal directions of polarization which extend along the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave.
  • Such horns are referred to as "toothed" horns.
  • Is shown in Fig. 4a an exemplary quadruple toothed single horn that can support broadband two orthogonal polarizations.
  • horns 1 can be realized, which can also support frequency far distant transmitting and receiving bands without significant losses in efficiency.
  • An example of this are K / Ka band satellite antennas.
  • the reception band lies at 18 GHz - 21 GHz and the transmission band at 28 GHz - 31 GHz.
  • the depth, width and length of the steps depend on the desired frequency bands and can be determined with numerical simulation methods.
  • the coupling or decoupling of the signals onto the microstrip network 2, 3 typically takes place at the narrowest point of the constrictions 15, 16 for the respective polarization direction, which allows a very broadband impedance matching.
  • Fig. 4d schematically shows a part of the longitudinal section through a toothed horn at the location of two opposing constrictions 16.
  • the constrictions 16 are executed stepped and the distance d i of opposite stages decreases from the aperture of the horn (above) to the horn end (down) down.
  • the horn itself is stepped (cf. Fig. 4a-c ), so that at each stage, the edge length a i of the horn opening in the corresponding cross section from the aperture of the horn to the horn end also decreases.
  • the distances d i and the associated edge lengths a i , or at least a part thereof, are now designed so that the associated lower limit frequency of the respective toothed waveguide section is below the lowest useful frequency of the horn. Only when this condition is met can the electromagnetic wave of the appropriate wavelength penetrate into the horn to waveguide-to-microstrip line coupling, where it can be coupled in and out.
  • the distances d i and the associated edge lengths a i are advantageously chosen so that a sufficient distance to the cutoff frequency remains and the attenuation does not become too high.
  • Fig. 5 3 schematically shows the structure according to the invention of a 2 ⁇ 2 antenna module consisting of four quadruple toothed horns 1, four outcouplings 17 on the microstrip line networks 2, 3, two microstrip line networks 2, 3 separated for each of the two orthogonal polarizations, and outcouplings of the microstrip line networks 2, 3 on the waveguide coupling 4, 5 has.
  • the constrictions as symmetrical teeth 15, 16 of the horns 1 are also shown.
  • the two orthogonally polarized signals pol 1 and pol 2 whose reception or radiation is supported by the horns 1 are fed through the extraction or injection points 17 in the corresponding microstrip line network 2, 3 and extracted from this.
  • microstrip line networks 2, 3 are designed as binary 4: 1 power dividers and couple the sum signals into the waveguides 4, 5.
  • the distance of the phase centers of two adjacent horns 1 in the vertical direction is smaller than ⁇ min , so that at least in this direction in the antenna diagram no unwanted parasitic sidelobes ("grating lobes") can occur and the horns are close in this direction.
  • phase centers of the horns 1 fall in the in Fig. 5 illustrated example with the beam centers of the horns 1 together. In general, however, this is not necessarily the case. However, the position of the phase center of a horn 1 of any geometry can be determined by numerical simulation methods.
  • microstrip lines For the coupling and decoupling of the signals supported by the toothed horns 1 microstrip lines are due to their known broadband in a special way. In addition, microstrip lines require very little space, so that high-efficiency, broadband horn antenna systems whose antenna patterns have no parasitic sidelobes ("grating lobes"), even for very high frequencies (for example, 30 GHz - 40 GHz) can be realized.
  • grating lobes parasitic sidelobes
  • the antenna modules are constructed of dielectrically filled horns 18.
  • the horns 18 filled with a dielectric 19 are arranged here by way of example in an 8 ⁇ 8 antenna field and are coupled to one another via the microstrip line networks 2 and 3.
  • the microstrip line networks 2, 3 couple the sum signals into the waveguide couplings 4, 5.
  • the dielectric packing (dielectric) 19 also consists of three segments, each defined by the microstrip line networks 2, 3.
  • the individual radiators 1 can support two widely spaced frequency bands, they are executed stepped in their interior, as in the sections Fig. 7b-c is shown by way of example.
  • the extraction or coupling of the highest frequency band is typically at the narrowest or lowest point by the microstrip network 3, which is farthest from the aperture of the single radiator 1.
  • the lower frequency band is switched on or coupled in at a further point to the aperture opening, by a microstrip line network 2.
  • the depth, width and length of the steps depend on the desired frequency bands and can also be determined with numerical simulation methods.
  • the horn 1 can also be designed so that both inputs and outputs can support both the transmit and the receive frequency band.
  • the dielectric filling body 19 is also designed to match exactly stepped.
  • the shape of the filling body 19 on the aperture surface depends on the electromagnetic requirements of the antenna pattern of the single radiator 1.
  • the filler 19 can be performed flat as shown at the aperture opening. However, others, e.g. curved inwards or outwards, versions possible.
  • dielectrics come a variety of known materials such as Teflon, polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, or polymethylpentene in question.
  • a dielectric having a dielectric constant of about 2 is sufficient (e.g., Teflon, polymethylpentene).
  • the horn antenna 18 is completely filled with a dielectric 19.
  • embodiments with only partial filling are also possible.
  • the advantage of using dielectrically filled horns is that the horns themselves have a much less complex internal structure than in the case of toothed horns.
  • Fig. 7d is an advantageous embodiment of a stepped executed dielectrically filled horn radiator, which has a rectangular aperture has shown schematically.
  • Fig. 7d shows the view of the horn from above (top view) with the aperture edges k 1 and k 2 , and the longitudinal sections through the horn along the lines AA 'and B-B'.
  • the horn is now designed so that there is a first rectangular cross-section through the horn, the opening of which has a long edge k E , and a second cross-section exists through the horn, the opening of which has a long edge k s .
  • the horn support the reception band.
  • the horn can also support the transmission band, and this is true even if receiving band and transmission band are far apart.
  • Such stepped horn radiators can also be operated without or only with partial dielectric filling and that the in Fig. 7d illustrated embodiment can be extended to any number of rectangular horn sections and thus to any number of Nutzb Sn.
  • the edge lengths k 1 and k 2 of the rectangular aperture of the horn are chosen so that both k 1 as well as k 2 are smaller or highest equal to the wavelength of the reference frequency, which is in the transmission band of the antenna.
  • the available space is then optimally utilized and a maximum antenna gain is achieved.
  • Fig. 8 shows an exemplary 2 x 2 antenna module, which consists of four dielectrically filled horns 18. As in Figure 7b-c shown here are the inputs or outputs in the microstrip network 2, 3 completely embedded in the dielectric 19. Otherwise, the module does not differ from the corresponding module of toothed horns, as in Fig. 5 is shown, the microstrip line networks 2, 3 are connected to the waveguide couplings 4, 5 respectively.
  • Fig. 9 is shown a further advantageous embodiment.
  • the module is equipped with a dielectric grid 20 extending over the entire aperture opening.
  • Such dielectric gratings 20 can greatly improve the impedance matching, particularly at the lower frequency band of the single radiators 1, by reducing the effective wavelength in the vicinity of the aperture openings of the single radiators 1.
  • Fig. 9 This is achieved by the fact that dielectric crosses are located above the centers of the aperture openings of the individual radiators.
  • dielectric grid 20 need not be regular or periodic.
  • the grating for the horns 1 at the edge of the antenna has a different geometry than for the horns 1 in the center.
  • edge effects could be modeled.
  • Fig. 10a-b represents an exemplary module, which is built in layer technology.
  • modules according to the invention can be produced particularly cost-effectively.
  • the reproducibility of the modules is guaranteed.
  • the first layer consists of an optional polarizer 21, which is used in circularly polarized signals.
  • the polarizer 21 converts linearly polarized signals into circularly polarized and vice versa, depending on the polarization of the incident signal.
  • circularly polarized signals are converted into linearly polarized signals, so that they can be received lossless from the horns of the module.
  • the radiated from the horns converted linearly polarized signals into circularly polarized signals and then emitted into the free space.
  • the next two layers form the front part of the horn radiation field, which comprises the primary horn structures 22 without coupling-in or coupling-out unit.
  • the following layers 23a, 2 and 23b form the coupling in and out of the first linear polarization from the horns of the field.
  • the microstrip line network 2 of the first polarization and its substrate are embedded in metallic carriers (layers) 23a, 23b.
  • the carriers 23a, 23b have recesses (notches) at the locations where a microstrip line runs (cf. Fig. 11d , Reference numeral 25).
  • microstrip line network 3 of the second, orthogonal polarization with its substrate is embedded in the carriers 23b, 23c.
  • the primary horn structures 22, supports 23a-c and waveguide terminations 24 are electrically conductive and can be inexpensively formed by the known methods of metalworking, e.g. made of aluminum (e.g., milling, laser cutting, water jet cutting, electroerodizing).
  • the layers from plastic materials, which are subsequently completely or partially coated with an electrically conductive layer (for example galvanically or chemically).
  • an electrically conductive layer for example galvanically or chemically.
  • the plastic layers e.g. also the known injection molding process can be used.
  • Such embodiments have the advantage over layers of aluminum or other metals that a significant weight reduction can result, which is particularly advantageous in applications of the antenna system on aircraft.
  • Fig. 11a-d 10 show the detail structure of the microstrip line networks 2, 3 embedded in the metallic carriers.
  • the recesses (notches) 25 are designed so that the microstrip lines 26 of the microstrip line networks 2, 3 run in closed metallic cavities. The microwave losses are thereby minimized.
  • the substrates (circuit board) of the microstrip lines 26 since with the finite thickness of the substrates (circuit board) of the microstrip lines 26 a gap remains between the metallic layers, could escape through the microwave power, it is provided to the substrates with metallic vias 27 at the edges of the notches, so that the metallic supports are galvanically connected, and so the cavities are completely electrically closed. If the plated-through holes 27 are sufficiently dense along the microwave lines 26, then microwave power can no longer escape.
  • the plated-through holes 27 are flush with the metallic walls of the cavity 25.
  • the electromagnetic properties of such a structure are similar to those of an air-filled coaxial line.
  • a very broadband microwave line is possible and parasitic higher modes are not capable of propagation.
  • the tolerance requirements are low.
  • the Hornstrahlereinkopplitch or -auskopplungen 6, 7 are integrated directly into the metallic carrier.
  • Fig. 12 shows the vacuum model of an exemplary 8 x 8 antenna module.
  • the horns 1 are densely packed and still leaves more than enough space for the microstrip line networks 2, 3, and for the waveguide terminations 28 of the individual radiator 1 and the waveguide couplings 4, 5.
  • a dielectric grating 20 is mounted in front of the aperture plane.
  • the waveguide networks which couple the modules together from toothed waveguides.
  • toothed waveguide a much larger Frequency bandwidth can have as conventional waveguide or can be designed specifically for different utility bands.
  • FIG Fig. 13 An exemplary network of dual-toothed waveguides is shown in FIG Fig. 13 shown schematically.
  • the rectangular waveguides are provided with symmetrical geometrical constrictions 29, which are supplemented by vertical constrictions 30 at the location of the power dividers.
  • the design of the toothed waveguides and corresponding power dividers can be done by the methods of numerical simulation of such components, depending on the requirements of the network.
  • the waveguides of the inter-modular waveguide networks are completely or partially filled with a dielectric.
  • Such fillings can significantly reduce the space requirement compared to unfilled waveguides with the same useful frequency. This results in very compact, space-optimized antennas, which are particularly suitable for applications on aircraft.
  • Both standard waveguides and waveguides with geometric constrictions can be filled with a dielectric.
  • the antenna is equipped with a multilayer meander polarizer.
  • Fig. 14 shows an example of a position of such a polarizer.
  • multilayer meander polarizers are used.
  • Fig. 14 several of the in Fig. 14 layers shown in parallel planes arranged one above the other. Between the layers there is a low-loss layer of foam material (eg Rohacell, XPS) with a thickness in the region of a quarter of a wavelength. With lower axle ratio requirements, however, fewer layers may be used. Likewise, more layers can be used if the axis ratio requirements are high.
  • a low-loss layer of foam material eg Rohacell, XPS
  • fewer layers may be used.
  • more layers can be used if the axis ratio requirements are high.
  • An advantageous arrangement is a 4-layer meander polarizer with the axial ratios of less than 1 dB can be achieved, which is usually sufficient in practice.
  • the design of the meander polarizers depends on the useful frequency bands of the antenna system and can be done with methods of numerical simulation of such structures.
  • the meandering lines 31 are in the embodiment of Fig. 14 at an angle of about 45 ° to the main axes of the antenna. This results in incident, linearly polarized along a major axis signals are converted into circularly polarized signals. Depending on which main axis the signals are linearly polarized, a left-circularly polarized or a right-circularly polarized signal is produced.
  • the meander polarizer is a linear device, the process is reciprocal, i. In the same way, left- and right-circularly polarized signals are converted into linearly polarized signals.
  • the polarizer 21 may be mounted in front of the aperture opening. This makes it possible in a relatively simple manner to use the antenna for both linearly polarized signals and for circularly polarized signals, without the need to change the internal structure for it.
  • the antenna is equipped with a parabolic amplitude assignment, which is realized by a corresponding design of the power divider of the feed networks. Since the antenna pattern must be below a mask prescribed by regulations, such amplitude assignments can achieve much higher maximum permitted spectral EIRP densities in the transmit mode than without such assignments. This is of great advantage, in particular for antennas with a small aperture area, since the maximum regulatory-compliant spectral EIRP density is directly proportional to the achievable data rate and thus to the cost of a corresponding service.
  • Fig. 15a such an amplitude assignment is shown schematically.
  • the power contributions of the individual horns fall from the center of the aperture to the edge.
  • this is exemplified by different degrees of blackening (dark: high performance contribution, bright: low contribution to performance).
  • the contributions to performance fall in both main axis directions (azimuth and elevation). This results in an approximately optimally matched to the regulatory mask antenna pattern for all angles of rotation ("skew").
  • amplitude occupancy only runs parabolically in the area around the antenna center, but increases again when approaching the edge, so that there is a closed curve around the antenna center and the power contributions of the individual radiators from the center of the antenna to each point of this curve fall off.
  • amplitude assignments may be of particular advantage for non-rectangular antennas.
  • EIRP SD maximum regulatory compliant spectral EIRP density
  • skew the angle of rotation about the main beam axis
  • the EIRP SD would be about 8 dB lower in the range of 0 ° skew to about 55 ° skew, and about 4 dB lower in the range of about 55 ° skew to about 90 ° skew.
  • Fig. 16-18 show the basic structure of a number of antenna systems according to the invention with different functional scope in the form of block diagrams.
  • the antenna system whose basic structure in Fig. 16 is particularly suitable for applications in the K / Ka band (reception band approx. 19.2GHz -20.2GHz, transmission band approx. 29GHz -30GHz) where the polarizations of the transmission and reception signals are fixed and orthogonal to each other (ie Polarization direction of the signals does not change).
  • a polarizer 21 is provided. This is followed by an antenna field 32, which is constructed either of four-toothed ("quad-ridged") horn radiators or of dielectrically filled horn radiators.
  • the Aperture openings of the individual horns typically have dimensions smaller than 1cm x 1cm in this frequency range.
  • the antenna array 32 is organized in modules, each individual radiator having two microstrip line couplings or outcouplings 33 separated by polarization, which in turn are connected to two microstrip line networks 36 separated by polarization.
  • the microstrip line network 36 of one polarization be placed on the transmit band and the microstrip line network 36 of the other polarization on the receive band.
  • the polarizer 21 is oriented so that the signals in the transmission band 34 are right-handed circular and the signals in the receiving band 35 are left-handed circularly polarized.
  • the signals separated by polarization and frequency band of the two microstrip line networks 36 of the individual modules are now coupled with microstrip line-to-waveguide couplings 37 in two waveguide networks 38.
  • the two waveguide networks 38 will be optimized for the corresponding band they are to support.
  • different waveguide cross sections are used for the receive band waveguide network and the transmit band waveguide network.
  • enlarged waveguide cross sections can be used, which greatly reduce the dissipative losses in the waveguide networks and thus can significantly increase the efficiency of the antennas.
  • a receive band frequency filter 39 is provided to protect the low noise receive amplifier, which is typically mounted directly on the receive band output of the antenna, from being overdriven by the strong transmit signals.
  • an optional transmission band filter 40 is also provided. This is e.g. required when a transmit band power amplifier (HPA), not shown, does not have a sufficient filter at its output.
  • HPA transmit band power amplifier
  • the in Fig. 16 shown construction of an antenna system according to the invention has another, especially for satellite antennas, very important advantage. Since the transmit band feed network and the receive band feed network are completely separated from each other both at the microstrip line level and at the waveguide level, it becomes possible to use different amplitude assignments for the two networks.
  • the receive band feed network is homozygously occupied, i. the power contributions of all of the antenna's horns are the same in the receive band and all power dividers at both the receive band microstrip line level and the receive band waveguide network level are balanced 3dB power dividers when the feed network is constructed as a complete and fully symmetric binary tree.
  • the transmit band feed network can be provided with a parabolic amplitude assignment independently of the receive band feed network in such a way that the regulatory compliant spectral EIRP density becomes maximum.
  • the essential features of satellite antennas are the G / T and the maximum regulatory compliant spectral EIRP density.
  • the G / T is directly proportional to the data rate that can be received via the antenna.
  • the maximum regulatory compliant spectral EIRP density is directly proportional to the data rate that can be transmitted with the antenna.
  • Fig. 17 the structure of an antenna system according to the invention is shown in the form of a block diagram, which allows simultaneous operation with all four possible polarization combinations of the signals.
  • the antenna system initially consists of an antenna array 41 of broadband, dual polarized horns, e.g. fourfold toothed horns, which are organized according to the invention in modules.
  • each horn receives or transmits two orthogonal linear polarized signals, which, however, also contain the full information when operating with circularly polarized signals.
  • the main difference to the embodiment in Fig. 16 consists in the fact that is not separated at the level of the feed networks in a receive band and a transmit band feed network, but the signals are separated only according to their different polarization.
  • All signals 42 of the same polarization are combined after the extraction 33 from the antenna field in the first microstrip network, all signals of the orthogonal polarization 43 in the second microstrip network.
  • the two microstrip line networks 36 are designed such that they support both the transmission band and the receiving band.
  • An optimization of the feed networks on one of the tapes is possible here only to a limited extent. However, all four polarization combinations are simultaneously available for this.
  • microstrip networks 36 of the present invention are typically already broadband by design (coaxial line like construction) to simultaneously support the receive and transmit bands
  • waveguide networks 44 must be used if very large bandwidths are required specially designed. This can be done by the in Fig. 13 described toothed waveguide done. However, it is also possible to use, for example, dielectrically filled waveguides.
  • the frequency diplexers 45, 46 are e.g. low attenuation waveguide diplexer.
  • two 90 ° hybrid couplers 47, 48 When operating with circularly polarized signals, two 90 ° hybrid couplers 47, 48, one for the receive 49 and one for the transmit band 50, are additionally provided, with the aid of which at the output of the frequency diplexers 45, 46 present linear polarized signals, circularly polarized signals can be combined.
  • the 90 ° hybrid couplers 47, 48 are, for example, low-attenuation waveguide couplers.
  • the antenna system can also be used for simultaneous operation with four different linearly and four different circularly polarized signals be used. Many other combinations and the corresponding antenna configurations are possible.
  • Fig. 18 the structure of an antenna system according to the invention in the form of a block diagram is shown, which has the same scope of functions as in Fig. 16 has shown antenna, but is organized differently.
  • a polarizer 21 is used instead of the 90 ° hybrid couplers 47, 48 of the design Fig. 17 ,
  • the feed networks 36, 44 process again two orthogonal polarizations separated from each other (in this case left-circular and whilzikular) and are each designed correspondingly broadband for the receiving band and the transmission band.
  • the frequency diplexers 45, 46 are then directly the four polarization combinations of circularly polarized signals simultaneously.
  • the frequency-diplexer 45 for the first circular polarization the signal in the receive and transmit band
  • the frequency diplexer 46 for the second (to the first orthogonal) circular polarization the signal in the receive and transmit band.
  • radomes by the radome material and the radome curvature may have polarization anisotropies which cause the axis ratio of circularly polarized signals to be greatly altered as it passes through the radome.
  • a structure of the antenna after Fig. 17 now allows the axis ratio of the circularly polarized signals, for example, in the transmit mode to be adjusted so that a subsequent, caused by the Radom trimgang polarization distortion is compensated. A degradation of the cross-polarization isolation thus does not take place effectively.

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EP15178569.8A 2012-07-03 2013-07-02 Systeme d'antenne destine a la communication satellite a large bande dans une gamme de frequence ghz a l'aide d'antennes a cornet a remplissage dielectrique Withdrawn EP2955788A1 (fr)

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EP13734662.3A Active EP2870660B1 (fr) 2012-07-03 2013-07-02 Système d'antennes pour communication satellite large bande dans la plage de fréquences ghz, doté d'un réseau d'alimentation

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EP13734661.5A Withdrawn EP2870659A1 (fr) 2012-07-03 2013-07-02 Système d'antennes pour communication satellite large bande, doté de cornets d'émission diélectriquement remplis
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US9660352B2 (en) 2017-05-23
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US9716321B2 (en) 2017-07-25
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US20150188238A1 (en) 2015-07-02
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US20150188236A1 (en) 2015-07-02
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