EP1608848A2 - Verfahren und anlage zur gekoppelten kraft-, wärme- und/oder kälteerzeugung aus schadstoffbeladenen heissgasen mit integrierter gasreinigung - Google Patents
Verfahren und anlage zur gekoppelten kraft-, wärme- und/oder kälteerzeugung aus schadstoffbeladenen heissgasen mit integrierter gasreinigungInfo
- Publication number
- EP1608848A2 EP1608848A2 EP04714715A EP04714715A EP1608848A2 EP 1608848 A2 EP1608848 A2 EP 1608848A2 EP 04714715 A EP04714715 A EP 04714715A EP 04714715 A EP04714715 A EP 04714715A EP 1608848 A2 EP1608848 A2 EP 1608848A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- hot gas
- transformer
- compressor
- working medium
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 19
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- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 17
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- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 claims description 8
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- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IPLONMMJNGTUAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;bromide;hydrate Chemical compound [Li+].O.[Br-] IPLONMMJNGTUAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B27/00—Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy
- F25B27/02—Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy using waste heat, e.g. from internal-combustion engines
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F02G5/00—Profiting from waste heat of combustion engines, not otherwise provided for
- F02G5/02—Profiting from waste heat of exhaust gases
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
- Y02A30/27—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies
- Y02A30/274—Relating to heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC] technologies using waste energy, e.g. from internal combustion engine
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/52—Heat recovery pumps, i.e. heat pump based systems or units able to transfer the thermal energy from one area of the premises or part of the facilities to a different one, improving the overall efficiency
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for coupled power, heat and / or cold generation from pollutant-laden hot gases, in which the thermal energy contained in the hot gas is used at different temperature levels and at least partially used to drive a closed circuit in which a working fluid in a thermal Multi-component compressors are compressed, at least as a partial flow is overheated by supplying thermal energy from the hot gas, and the pressure is expanded under the drive of at least one expansion machine for generating power, the compression of the working medium in the thermal multi-material compressor being carried out in such a way that the working medium at a lower process pressure in an absorber, giving off heat Solution integrated with the
- Working medium concentrated solution is compressed to an upper process pressure, the working medium is expelled in an expeller from the concentrated solution while supplying heat from the hot gas, and the resulting diluted solution is returned to the lower one
- Process pressure is relaxed and returned to the absorber, and at least a partial flow of the working medium is passed to an increased process pressure in at least one heat transformer integrated in the closed circuit.
- the invention also relates to a plant with which this method can be carried out.
- the primary purpose of this method is the flexible and needs-based provision of electricity, heating and / or cooling from solid fuels, in particular solid biomass, in the power range of significantly less than 1 MW electrical power (based on the electrical power achievable with this method).
- the process can be combined with a combustion and / or a gasification plant for solid biomass.
- the hot gas driving the process in this case is the hot flue gas from the biomass firing, the hot product gas from the biomass
- ORC process The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC process), which is currently supported by market launch programs, is an alternative to the steam engine. It is a largely conventional thermal power process, but the working fluid is an organic solvent. Due to the special properties of this tool, the ORC process can be used to implement steam power processes that appear to be technically and economically competitive or advantageous electrically compared to the steam engine, especially in the power range from 200 to 1,500 kW. Due to the comparatively low process temperatures, the achievable electrical efficiencies of the ORC process are physically limited.
- the energy contained in the solid biomass can often only be used insufficiently in the currently known technologies for energy generation from solid biomass, since these systems are mostly connected to heat consumers whose return temperatures are too high for extensive use of the sensitive and latent gases contained in the flue gas Are warmth. Especially in the case of biomass with a high water content, considerable amounts of energy often remain unused in the flue gas stream. It should also be noted that with conventional biomass technologies, refrigeration is not directly integrated into the system, but is only possible by supplementing the energy system with additional subsystems (e.g. an absorption refrigerator).
- additional subsystems e.g. an absorption refrigerator
- the present invention relates to a method for coupled power, heat and / or cold generation from pollutant-laden hot gases with process-integrated gas cleaning, in which the thermal energy contained in the hot gas is used at different temperature levels and at least partially for
- working medium (individual substance or mixture of substances; hereinafter simply referred to as "working medium") is compressed in a thermal multi-substance compressor and, for example afterwards, is completely or partially overheated by supplying thermal energy from the hot gas and is relaxed with the drive of at least one expansion machine, which preferably drives a generator for generating electrical energy.
- At least a partial flow of the working fluid flows through at least one heat transformer, in which the working fluid, for example in a condenser, below Heat emission is condensed as completely as possible, then expanded, for example in a throttle, and evaporated as completely as possible, for example in an evaporator, and the waste heat flows of a hot gas condenser used for combined gas purification and heat recovery and / or external heat flows are imminent.
- the cycle is closed by the renewed compression of the working medium, which has been relaxed to the lower process pressure, for example by an expansion machine and / or a heat transformer.
- the present method and the associated system thus uniquely enable low-pollutant, energy-efficient and highly flexible generation of power, electricity, heat and / or cold from polluted hot gases in general and from solid biomass in particular.
- the hot gas condenser can be any suitable hot gas condenser.
- System can also be designed as a hot gas scrubber.
- the heat transformer can also be designed as a resorber.
- the working fluid is incorporated into a multicomponent solution at an upper process pressure while releasing heat in an absorber (this does not necessarily include the same multicomponent mixture as in the multicomponent denser), the solution enriched with the working fluid is throttled to a lower process pressure and the working fluid becomes then in an expeller with the supply of heat from expelled from the outside of the solution again.
- the solution thus diluted is transported back to the absorber of the heat transformer, for example by means of a pump.
- the particular advantage of a heat transformer designed in this way is that the temperature of the heat absorption and dissipation in the heat transformer can be influenced solely by varying the concentration ratios in the resorber.
- the heat transformer of the present method or the present system is the steam jet refrigerator.
- the pressure energy of the vaporous and possibly overheated working medium at an upper process pressure is converted into flow energy in the driving nozzle of a jet compressor.
- working fluid vapor is drawn in from an evaporator by pulse exchange. The working fluid that evaporates in the local evaporator at low pressure absorbs heat
- Heat transformer on In the diffuser adjoining the mixing chamber, the flow energy of the driving and evaporated working fluid is converted back into pressure energy.
- the total flow of working fluid leaves the heat transformer in vapor form at a reduced process pressure level and can, for example, be passed directly into the absorber and / or at least partially condensed in a condenser.
- the working fluid introduced into the evaporator is removed from the circuit at a suitable point (eg after a condenser) and expanded to the evaporator pressure, for example by means of a throttle.
- the compression of the working medium expanded from the flow through the power process and / or heat transformer to the lower process pressure in the thermal multi-substance takes place in such a way that the working medium is integrated into a solution at a lower process pressure in an absorber while releasing heat, the solution being concentrated with the working medium, for example by means of a Pump compresses to a higher process pressure, the working fluid in an expeller while supplying heat from the hot gas and / or possibly others
- Heat sources are expelled from the concentrated solution and the resulting diluted solution - if necessary. via the detour of a further compression and the subsequent expulsion in a second expeller by supplying heat from the hot gas - e.g. is relieved to the lower process pressure via a throttle and returned to the absorber for the renewed absorption of working fluid.
- the parallel connection of several expellers heated by hot gas and / or other heat sources at different pressure levels is also conceivable, e.g. be fed from a single absorber with concentrated solution and return their diluted, throttled solution back into this absorber.
- it usually makes sense to exchange heat between concentrated and dilute solutions, e.g. to enable by means of a heat exchanger. The same applies to a resorber used as a heat transformer.
- the hot gas contains sufficient condensable constituents, both by cooling the hot gas in the hot gas condenser and dusty gaseous air pollutants and possibly odorants are partially washed out of the hot gas.
- the condensate sludge is removed from the process.
- a washing liquid and, if necessary, the condensate e.g. after appropriate treatment such as sedimentation or filtration
- the cooling of the condensate and / or the washing liquid is carried out by giving off heat to a process-integrated heat transformer and / or to external consumers.
- the condensate sludge is removed from the process.
- thermo multi-fuel compressor unit consisting of absorber, pump, expeller and throttle
- power process unit consisting of superheater and a downstream expansion machine
- heat transformer unit consisting of a condenser, a throttle and an evaporator
- Gas condenser is designed as a gas scrubber, in that the hot gas driving the cycle is injected with a washing substance and / or if necessary. processed condensate is subcooled and partially washed out.
- the extended heat dissipation e.g. heat transfer of the working fluid emerging from the turbine to a heating circuit; or heat extraction from the hot multi-component solution of the expeller, e.g. for high-temperature heating purposes).
- an absorption machine for compressing steam in an open circuit in which the steam located at a low pressure level is compressed to a useful higher pressure level by means of a thermal multi-fuel compressor.
- Thermal multicomponent compressors absorb the steam at low pressure through a liquid absorber solution, giving off heat. The heat given off is used to evaporate feed water.
- the liquid absorber solution with the absorbed steam is compressed to a higher pressure by means of a pump and the steam is expelled at this higher pressure level while absorbing heat from hot exhaust gases from an internal combustion machine coupled to the absorption machine.
- the method presented here as an invention for coupled power, heat and / or cold supply from polluted hot gases with integrated hot gas cleaning differs from the methods of such publications in particular in that it is not only the energy generation (which is further increased by process-integrated supercooling of the hot gas) a heat transfer medium, but - if the heat transfer medium is limited to pollutants
- Hot gases - the cleaning of the heat transfer medium is achieved for the first time.
- This significant, previously unrealized additional function of the method is achieved according to the invention in that the hot gas in a hot gas condenser due to the heat given off to the
- Evaporator and / or external consumers are subcooled and partially washed out.
- An additional gas scrubbing can be carried out according to the invention with the condensate from the hot gas which may have been processed and / or with additional scrubbing substances if the amount of condensate is too low and / or the cleaning action of a scrub based solely on the condensation is insufficient.
- the after the Heat transfer for example to superheaters and expellers, heat still contained in the hot gas as waste heat from the gas condensation or gas scrubbing is additionally integrated into the process and thus made available to potential consumers at an elevated temperature level (by means of heat decoupling from the expeller and heat transformer).
- the printing step DE 3824046 AI is gaining in importance.
- the heat of a hot gas is used to clean exhaust air containing solvents by means of an absorption process, while recovering the solvent.
- Exhaust air with high solvent concentrations is initially cooled and the majority of the solvent is recovered by condensation. Further purification takes place by adsorption in an adsorber. The desorpti ⁇ n of the loaded adsorber takes place at higher temperatures. Most of the desorbed solvent is recovered by condensation at low temperatures.
- a heat pump is used for cooling and heating, with the use of a compression heat pump by utilizing the overheating heat of the working material of the heat pump in the compressor and when using a
- Absorption heat pump is heated by utilizing the exhaust gas heat of the expeller, the heat transfer stream used for desorption to temperatures that are significantly above the condensation temperature of the working fluid of the heat pump.
- the steam jet cooling machine optionally used in the present method is per se state of the art.
- DE 0010162934 AI describes a technique for the direct coupling of a steam jet refrigerator to a parabolic trough collector system.
- the expansion machine becomes a largely commercial one
- Plant technology used This can e.g. are a hot gas turbine, a gas expansion turbine, a steam turbine, a screw motor or a steam motor, which optionally drive a generator for generating electricity.
- a multi-component compressor is connected in series to a power process and a heat transformer, a partial flow of the working medium can be branched off after the condensation in the condenser of the heat transformer and directly at an intermediate pressure level e.g. the concentrated stream of
- Multi-fuel compressors are supplied to vary the extent of the evaporator performance in the heat transformer.
- a multicomponent mixture known from use in commercial refrigeration machines or heat pumps is used. This can be, in particular, the substance pairs ammonia / water, water / lithium bromide and water / lithium chloride.
- the multicomponent mixture used e.g. ammonia-water
- the rectifier e.g. from the capacitor or absorber
- Heat transformer a partial flow of the working fluid condensate or the multicomponent solution back to the expeller of the multicomponent compressor and brought there in intensive contact with the expelled steam flow.
- the rich solution of the multi-component compressor can be brought into intensive contact with the escaping steam flow. This increases the desired proportion of working fluid in the steam flow.
- a resorber heat transformer it is conceivable to allow an additional solvent exchange between the two systems to regulate the multicomponent concentrations in the multicomponent compressor on the one hand and in the resorber heat transformer on the other hand.
- Another efficiency-enhancing process or system variant consists in the generation of power e.g. to use a recuperator with which the
- Work equipment is preheated before it enters the superheater or intermediate superheater by heat exchange with the work equipment emerging from an expansion machine (recuperator).
- the efficiency of a thermal multicomponent compressor can be increased by the concentrated solution and the dilute solution of the multicomponent compressor being used, for example, via a heat exchanger in Heat exchange can be brought together.
- the concentrated solution is heated before entering the expeller and the diluted solution is cooled before entering the absorber.
- Another embodiment of the method or the associated system which increases efficiency is to implement the expansion of the dilute solution in the thermal multi-fluid compressor not by means of a throttle but by means of an expansion machine.
- the diluted solution at least as a partial stream, e.g. in the heat exchange with the hot gas, to evaporate and overheat, to combine with a partial flow of the compressed working medium and to relax together in at least one expansion machine.
- it is possible to use at least a partial stream of the diluted solution e.g. using a pump to further compress, separately overheat and then relax in at least one separate expansion machine to generate power or electricity.
- Variants are limited to multi-component mixtures that can be largely evaporated without leaving any residue (e.g. ammonia-water mixtures).
- a function-expanding embodiment of the method mentioned or the associated system consists in the variable change in the concentration ratios of the substance mixture in the multi-substance Compressor and / or in the heat transformer designed as a resorber. This change may be necessary to account for the very different temperature and / or pressure conditions that are necessary for time-varying operation of the system (e.g. once
- Heat generation and another time for cooling are necessary in the cycle.
- the change in the mixing ratio can be implemented, for example, by means of control interventions and / or by using a storage container which supplies or removes additional working fluid from the closed circuit.
- technical solutions are also possible in which the mixture of substances circulating in the multi-component compressor and / or in the heat transformer designed as a resorber, i.e. the concentrated and / or the diluted solution are temporarily stored.
- the system is hermetically sealed, that the expansion machines are operated without lubricants, that a device for partial or complete replacement of the working fluid and / or the solvent used in the multi-component compressor and / or in the resorber is provided, that a device for Cleaning of the working fluid and / or a solvent used in the multi-fluid compressor and / or resorber is provided, that a device for removing foreign or interfering substances from the heat transformer is provided, and / or that aggregates (e.g. corrosion inhibitors) are added to the multi-fluid solution become.
- aggregates e.g. corrosion inhibitors
- the installation of a degassing device for the absorber and condenser of a heat transformer is possible because here, among other things, Enrich gaseous impurities or fission products of the working fluid or working fluid mixture and could impair the function of the system.
- the degassing substances e.g. NH3, H20, N2, H2
- the degassing substances could e.g. continuously withdrawn from the absorber and condenser as a partial stream and added to an upstream furnace or gasification with or without the use of downstream catalysts as an even dose as a denitrification agent (SCR or SNCR denitrification).
- SCR or SNCR denitrification denitrification agent
- Components from the circuit is integrated and that, for example, a device for discharging condensate, for example in the absorber of the multi-component compressor, is integrated in an evaporator of a heat transformer.
- a device for discharging condensate for example in the absorber of the multi-component compressor
- evaporator of a heat transformer can be used individually or in combination.
- suitable devices are provided in the hot gas duct for the heat transfer from the hot gas to the superheater (s), expellers, evaporators and other heat consumers.
- the heat transfer can take place, for example, by means of suitable heat exchangers or via additional intermediate circuits (for example using water or Thermool).
- the expeller can be designed, for example, as a flame tube smoke tube (pressure) boiler. Appropriate devices are known to the person skilled in the art.
- the (high-temperature) heat energy for the superheater or superheaters is taken from the hot gas, downstream of it the (lower-temperature) heat energy for the or the expellers of a multi-fuel compressor and only then does the hot gas condensation or scrubbing take place, giving off low-temperature heat.
- Hot gas duct z. B. to extract heat from the hot gas and release it to external consumers are possible everywhere.
- the present method In conjunction with biomass firing, the flue gases of which serve as polluted hot gas, the present method, including all of its variants and the associated systems, is particularly suitable for the combined generation of power, electricity, heat and / or cold from solid biomass in the power range of less than 1 MW electrical power suitable.
- a particular advantage of the present method and the present system is that as a result of the process-integrated flue gas condensation or scrubbing compared to conventional ones
- Solid fuel combustion reduced pollutant levels e.g. dust and acidic gaseous components
- flue gas condensation or washing is u. a. in that at least a portion of the latent heat in the flue gas is coupled into the process and, through heat transformation to a higher temperature level, also for use, for. B. can be accessed at normal temperature levels for heating purposes.
- the flue gas is partially dried by the condensation, which can result in a reduced formation of steam at the chimney, especially after mixing the condensed or washed hot gas with ambient air. In individual cases, this can have a positive effect on the operating license.
- the odor pollution in the vicinity of a biomass plant according to the invention could also be reduced by the gas scrubbing.
- the condensate obtained in the present method and the present plant can be used in a particularly useful manner.
- Another exemplary option is the recycling of the condensate sludge as fertilizer.
- Figure 2 shows an example of a configuration of the hot gas condenser or scrubber
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method or of the present installation, in which a heat transformer is designed as a resorber;
- FIG. 4 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method or of the present installation, in which a heat transformer is designed as a steam jet cooling machine;
- FIG. 5 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method or the present system in a series connection of a thermal multi-material compressor, a power process and a heat transformer;
- FIG. 6 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method or of the present system in the case of an interconnection of a two-stage thermal multicomponent compressor, a power process and a heat transformer
- FIG. 7 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method and of the present system in the case of a combined series and parallel connection of a multi-component compressor, a heat transformer and two power processes
- FIG. 8 shows an example of an embodiment of the present which is expanded by a recuperator and additional heat extraction points
- FIG. 9 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method and the present system, in which the depleted solution is partially removed from the multi-component compressor and evaporated and the expansion machine is flowed through by an overheated mixture of working fluid and depleted solution;
- Figure 10 shows an example of an embodiment of the present method and the present system, which includes a working fluid storage and a
- FIG. 11 shows an example of the use of the thermal energy of the flue gas from a biomass firing in the present system or the present method.
- WAYS OF IMPLEMENTING THE INVENTION The present method and the present system are explained below in terms of their function using the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 1 to 11.
- the pressures prevailing in the process vary considerably depending on the multicomponent mixture used and the temperature level of the heat transformation and can, for example in the case of ammonia-water mixtures, be in the order of 10 5 to 50 * 10 5 Pa and above, while the pressures in the case of water-lithium bromide Mixtures in the range of 10 2 to 5 * 10 s Pa are to be expected.
- FIG. 1 the structure of a system is shown schematically by way of example, in which a heat transformer 13 is connected in parallel to a multicomponent compressor 1 and to a power process 11.
- the working medium coming from the gas expansion turbine 3a as an expansion machine is cooled in the absorber 7 of the multi-fuel compressor 1 and absorbed into the solution of the multi-fuel compressor while heat is given off 23 (for example at 70 ° C. to a heating network).
- the multi-substance solution concentrated after absorption of the working medium is compressed to the upper process pressure with the dilute reflux from the expeller 8 and then reaches the expeller 8.
- the compression is carried out by means of suitable pumps 9
- Expeller 8 is the working fluid by supplying heat from the hot gas 31 at a temperature level of z. B. 100-250 ° C from the multi-component solution.
- An additional heat exchanger circuit was installed as an example.
- the multicomponent solution diluted in this way is then expanded in a continuous process via throttles 10 back to the lower process pressure and passed back into the absorber 7 via the heat exchanger 19.
- a partial flow of the working fluid expelled from the expeller 8 is heated in the superheater 2 by heat exchange with the hot gas flow 31 (e.g. to 450 ° C.).
- the working medium After the working medium has been overheated in the superheater 2, it is passed into the gas expansion turbine 3a and there expanded from the upper to the lower process pressure.
- the gas expansion turbine 3a drives a generator 15 and thereby generates electrical
- the working fluid emerging from the turbine 3a is fed back into the absorber 7 in order to dissolve there again and then be compressed. The cycle begins again.
- the partial flow of the working fluid expelled from the expeller 8 which does not flow through the gas expansion turbine 3a is conducted into the condenser 4 of a heat transformer 13. There it is condensed with the release of heat 24 (e.g. at 90 ° C to an external heating network), expanded via the throttle 5, evaporated again in the evaporator 6 at the lower process pressure level (e.g. at 30 ° C) and finally returned to the absorber 7.
- the heat for the evaporation process in the evaporator 6 is from the
- FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a hot gas condenser 27 as an example of an embodiment of the present system.
- Z. B. a removal of heat 20 from the hot gas 31 as soon as it enters the hot gas condenser (for example for heat extraction in a heating network at 90 ° C.).
- Heat extraction 21 for example for preheating the combustion air from an incineration plant upstream of the process, is also possible at this point if necessary.
- Both heat decouplings reduce the hot gas temperature, lower the condensation cooling required in the hot gas condenser or scrubber 27 and thus increase the overall efficiency of the process.
- a further heat removal 33 from the hot gas is possible, for example, by a recooler. This could, for example, in the event of cold generation in summer
- the hot gas condenser shown by way of example in FIG. 2 can be designed in different variants. A basic distinction must be made between hot gas condensation and hot gas scrubbing.
- the hot gas condensation is selected, for example, if a return to the external consumers 20 21 is simply due to the subcooling and heat being given off by the hot gas.
- cooler 33, ambient air 43 and / or the evaporator 6 of a heat transformer 13 (see FIG. 1) an adequate condensation-based washing out of pollutants from the hot gas is successful.
- the hot gas 31 is passed into the hot gas condenser 27, in which it is cooled to the lowest possible temperature level (for example 40 ° C.) with the aid of heat exchangers.
- the cooling some constituents - for example water - condense out of the hot gas and partially wash out any dust and other pollutants and / or odors contained in the hot gas.
- the resulting condensate sludge is removed from the reactor, for example, via a removal point 36 and, if necessary, further processed (for example, sedimented, filtered or neutralized) before it is used or disposed of further.
- further processed for example, sedimented, filtered or neutralized
- the cleaned hot gas 32 After flowing through an optional droplet and aerosol separator 41, the cleaned hot gas 32 finally leaves the reactor cooled and partially dried. To reduce the formation of steam at the chimney outlet, it is possible to mix the partially condensed hot gas 32 with any preheated ambient air 40 when it exits the reactor.
- the hot gas condensation is carried out as hot gas scrubbing. Basically, this is based on a very similar system design, however, the hot gas 31 is additionally or alternatively to the heat extraction 25 already explained by the injection of cooled condensate and / or a washing substance into the Hot gas stream cooled down (quench). This intensifies the mass and heat exchange in the hot gas.
- the resulting condensate sludge is collected, if necessary processed (e.g. filtered or sedimented), for example via a heat exchanger 35 by giving off heat to the evaporator 6 of a heat transformer 13 and / or external heat consumers (see FIG.
- FIG. 2 shows the implementation of a bypass line for an exemplary embodiment of the present method and the present plant
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an embodiment of the present system or of the present method, in which a heat transformer 13 is designed as a resorber.
- the working medium is incorporated in an absorber 7b into a multi-substance solution at an upper process pressure, which is not identical to the multi-substance solution of the thermal multi-substance solution. must be 1.
- the working fluid is absorbed to the outside, giving off heat 24.
- the solution then concentrated with the working medium is expanded to a lower process pressure, for example via a throttle 10b, and is expelled from the multicomponent solution there in an expeller 8b while absorbing heat from the outside. In the present example, this heat comes exclusively from the hot gas condenser or scrubber 27.
- the solution which is then depleted is pumped back up to the upper operating pressure, for example by a pump 9b, in order to take up working fluid there again.
- the expelled working medium finally flows to the absorber 7 of the multi-fuel compressor 1.
- FIG. 4 shows a further example of an embodiment of the present system or of the present method, in which the heat transformer 13 is designed as a steam jet cooling machine.
- the heart of this heat transformer 13 is the
- Steam jet pump 46 which in the example shown is flowed through by the vaporous working medium leaving the expeller 8 at an upper process pressure and thereby causes a suction effect.
- the use of superheated steam e.g. possible from superheater 2. Due to the suction effect generated, one condensed in the condenser 4b, for example. Partial flow of the working fluid is sucked in via a throttle 5b and takes up external heat flows 24 in the evaporator 6 of the heat transformer
- this heat of vaporization comes exclusively from the hot gas condenser or scrubber 27
- the working fluid mixture emerging from the steam jet pump is passed into the thermal multi-material compressor 1 after the partial flow sucked in for evaporation purposes has been branched off at a lower process pressure.
- FIG. 5 shows an example of an embodiment of the present system or of the present method, in which a heat transformer 13 is connected in series to a multi-fuel compressor 1 and to a power process 11.
- a heat transformer 13 is connected in series to a multi-fuel compressor 1 and to a power process 11.
- Expansion machine used a steam engine 3b.
- the flow of working fluid emerging from the steam engine 3b is passed into a condenser 4, where it largely condenses with the release of thermal energy 24 to an external heating network at, for example, 100 ° C.
- this condensed partial stream is split up in a ratio of 60:40, the larger portion at this intermediate pressure level being fed directly, for example, to the concentrated solution of the multi-component compressor 1.
- the multi-component compressor 1 functions in the same way as has already been explained in connection with the configuration of FIG.
- the remaining portion of 40% of the condensed working fluid which is assumed here by way of example, is further expanded via a throttle 5 and fed to an evaporator 6.
- the evaporator 6 absorbs the waste heat from the hot gas condensation or scrubbing in the same way as in the embodiment in FIG. 1.
- the working fluid evaporated in the evaporator is finally fed to an absorber 7 and from there compressed again to the upper process pressure level.
- the upper pressure level can be the one shown here Series connection should always be selected higher than in parallel connection, since the pressure specified by the heat transformation (e.g. by the temperature conditions in external heating networks), e.g. in the condenser 4 of the heat transformer 13, is equal to the upper process pressure in the parallel connection, but only equal to an intermediate pressure in the series connection is.
- the upper process pressure can primarily be based on the needs of expansion.
- a bypass line 22 is indicated in FIG. 5, via which a decoupling of the power process 11 and the heat transformer 13 is possible and, as a result, the system can be operated temporarily only for heat or cold generation.
- the upper process pressure is again the same as the condenser pressure.
- FIG. 6 shows an example of an embodiment of the present system or of the present method, in which a two-stage expulsion was implemented.
- the starting point is again the example of the system according to FIG. 1.
- the dilute solution emerging from the expeller 8 is again here using a
- Pump 9c is compressed and passed to a second expeller 8c.
- This second expeller 8c operated at maximum process pressure working fluid is expelled from the hot gas 31 by heat transfer, which is initially completely overheated and flows through a gas expansion turbine 3a for generating power.
- the partially relaxed working fluid emerging from the turbine becomes then cooled and condensed and the heat released in the process is used to drive off the expeller 8 operated at a medium process pressure level.
- the working fluid expelled from this expeller 8 is mixed together with the condensed working fluid from the gas expansion turbine, which is further relaxed by throttle 10c, and introduced into the heat transformer 13. Thanks to the use of the two expellers and the in-process use of the condensation heat, the heat transformer now has a significantly increased flow of working fluid at its disposal.
- FIG. 7 shows an example of an embodiment of the present system or of the present method, in which the heat transformation 13 is connected in series with the multi-material compressor and a first stage of the power process 11 and in parallel with a second stage of the power process 11.
- this is a system design in series connection (see FIG. 5), in which a partial flow of the working medium flow is removed before the condenser of the heat transformer 13, heated in an intermediate superheater 2b and in a separate expansion machine (e.g. a gas expansion turbine 3a) is expanded to the lower process pressure. The remaining partial flow of the working fluid flows through the heat transformer 13 in the usual way.
- a separate expansion machine e.g. a gas expansion turbine 3a
- FIGS. 1, 3 to 7 apply to the present exemplary embodiment.
- additional measures can be provided, for example to increase efficiency or expand functionality. These are explained in the following examples (FIGS. 8 to 10) on the basis of extended configurations of FIG. 1, and of course they can also be transferred to the configurations of FIGS. 3 to 7.
- FIG. 8 shows such an example, in which a recuperator 14 is integrated in the power process 11, which increases the efficiency of the expansion process through internal heat recovery.
- the working fluid emerging from the expeller 8 is here by the
- Recuperator 14 passed, in which it is preheated by the hot working fluid emerging from the gas expansion turbine 3a in countercurrent before it is further heated in the superheater 2.
- the working fluid emerging from the gas expansion turbine 3a is in the
- Recuperator 14 precooled as a result of the heat exchange and thereby reaches the absorber 7 cooled.
- FIG. 8 contains yet another embodiment for an efficiency-increasing measure.
- the throttle 10 of the thermal multicomponent compressor 1 is replaced by a turbine 42 and mechanically coupled to the pump 9, for example. This reduces the energy required to drive the thermal multi-fuel compressor.
- the optional provision of cooling power for external consumers is made possible.
- the evaporator 6 of a heat transformer 13 is primarily or exclusively with waste heat e.g. fed from an external cooling network 29.
- the consumer usually requires lower evaporator temperatures (e.g. around 0 to 5 ° C for air conditioning purposes or - 20 to -60 ° C for industrial cooling purposes) than are necessary solely for hot gas condensation or scrubbing (here are sufficient usually evaporation temperatures in the range of 10 to 40 ° C; see Figure 1.3 to 7).
- FIG. 10 shows an exemplary device for temporarily changing the mixing ratio in the multi-component compressor.
- a fluid reservoir 26 was provided here by way of example, via which working medium condensed between the condenser 4 and the evaporator 6 can be withdrawn from the circuit and fed back between the evaporator 6 and the absorber 7.
- the inflow to or from the fluid reservoir 26 can be opened or closed by adjusting elements.
- the concentration ratio of the mixture of substances circulating in the multi-component compressor 1 can be changed and thus the pressure and temperature conditions that arise during operation can be changed more extensively, particularly on the evaporator 6, than would be possible without this additional device ,
- the concentrated or diluted solution could also be temporarily stored in the multi-component compressor 1 in order to influence the concentration ratios in the mixture of substances.
- the temperatures in the heat transformer could also be changed via the pressure ratio, but alternatively or additionally also via the substance concentrations in the resorber 45.
- the statements made above regarding the change of the substance mixture in the multi-substance compressor 1 therefore apply analogously.
- the temperature in the heat transformer can be changed by adjusting the pressure in the condenser 4 (possibly equal to the process pressure in the absorber of the multi-component compressor) and / or in the evaporator 6.
- the waste heat 25 of the hot gas condenser 27 can in principle also be fed in via a heat transformer in the case of the provision of cold.
- the waste heat 25 of the hot gas condenser 27 would be as extensive as possible, e.g. preferred to a cooling system (see FIG. 2).
- a further special feature of the method is the cold recuperator, which can be added for reasons of efficiency.
- the working medium after flowing through an evaporator 6 is passed through an additional heat exchanger 28, in which it exchanges heat with the working medium flow which previously flows out of the condenser 4.
- this additional heat exchange 28 there is fundamentally the possibility of increasing the proportion of condensate of the working medium after throttle 5 and thus increasing the specific cooling capacity of the working medium in the evaporator 6.
- FIG. 11 shows, by way of example, the combination of a system according to FIG. 1 with a firing device 16 for solid biomass, including flue gas duct 17 and flue gas chimney 18.
- the hot flue gas from the furnace is the hot gas driving the process.
- the heat coupling between the flue gas, the superheater 2 and the expeller 8 of the system described in FIG. 1 is only indicated schematically here.
- the heat transformer 13, the evaporator 6 of which receives its energy in the example shown exclusively from the flue gas condenser or scrubber 27, is also only hinted at in this figure.
- such a system could be designed as a compact container system, into which the biogenic fuel is introduced at one point and where there are standard connections for the final energies provided by this method, electricity, heat and / or cold.
- Thermal multi-component compressor superheater b intermediate superheater a expansion machine (with parallel connection of the power unit, multi-fuel condenser and heat transformer) b expansion machine (with series connection of the power unit, multi-fuel compressor and heat transformer) condenser b condenser (steam jet cooling machine) throttle evaporator absorber b absorber (resorber) expeller b c ejector (double-effect) pump b pump (resorber) c pump (double-effect) 0 throttle 0b throttle (resorber) 0c throttle (double effect) 1 power process 2 condensate return to intermediate pressure level 3 heat transformer 4 recuperator 5 generator 6 biomass firing 7 flue gas duct 8 exhaust stack Heat exchanger for concentrated and diluted solution. Coupling of heat from the hot gas to external consumers. Coupling of heat from the hot gas
- Process upstream firing system Bypass line Heat transfer from the absorber Heat transfer from the heat transformer Heat transfer from the hot gas condenser or scrubber to the working fluid Working fluid storage hot gas condenser, if necessary with gas scrubber From heat from the hot gas to external recooling plants Heat exchanger for hot gas cooling Heat exchanger for cooling condensate or washing substance Condensate (sludge) or detergent extraction Condensate or detergent return incl. Pump and atomizer washing substance for hot gas washing dry gas cleaning stage admixture of ambient air to the cleaned
- Hot gas aerosol and droplet separator Expansion machine to relax the multicomponent solution Heat exchanger for preheating ambient air Evaporator for poor solution Resorber steam jet pump
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Abstract
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DE10308585A DE10308585B4 (de) | 2003-02-27 | 2003-02-27 | Verfahren und Anlage zur gekoppelten Kraft-, Wärme- und/oder Kälteerzeugung aus schadstoffbeladenen Heißgasen mit integrierter Gasreinigung |
DE10308585 | 2003-02-27 | ||
PCT/DE2004/000351 WO2004077586A2 (de) | 2003-02-27 | 2004-02-26 | Verfahren und anlage zur gekoppelten kraft-, wärme- und/oder kälteerzeugung aus schadstoffbeladenen heissgasen mit integrierter gasreinigung |
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ITTV20050171A1 (it) * | 2005-11-08 | 2007-05-09 | Termotecniche Fraccaro O T F S | Dispositivo per il riscaldamento, la produzione di energia elettrica ed il raffrescamento di locali. |
DE102012102943A1 (de) * | 2012-04-04 | 2013-10-10 | Benteler Automobiltechnik Gmbh | Wärmetauscheranordnung sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Verbrennungseinrichtung |
WO2017090046A1 (en) * | 2015-11-24 | 2017-06-01 | Goldshtein Lev | Method and system of combined power plant for waste heat conversion to electrical energy, heating and cooling |
CN105715377B (zh) * | 2016-03-28 | 2023-09-05 | 上海汉钟精机股份有限公司 | 分布式发电供热与分散式制冷耦合系统 |
CN108049946B (zh) * | 2018-01-31 | 2023-06-16 | 华电电力科学研究院有限公司 | 一种燃气内燃机氮氧化物高效控制系统及控制方法 |
DE102020205166B3 (de) | 2020-04-23 | 2021-05-06 | Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung e.V. | Wärmetauschvorrichtung mit Sorptionseinrichtung |
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US4803958A (en) * | 1987-09-08 | 1989-02-14 | Erickson Donald C | Absorption heat pumped cogeneration engine |
US4819437A (en) * | 1988-05-27 | 1989-04-11 | Abraham Dayan | Method of converting thermal energy to work |
DE3824046A1 (de) * | 1988-07-15 | 1990-02-08 | Sep Tech Studien | Kontinuierliches verfahren zur reinigung loesungsmittelhaltiger abluft mit rueckgewinnung des loesungsmittels |
JPH03107507A (ja) * | 1989-09-20 | 1991-05-07 | Hitachi Ltd | 吸収式ランキンサイクル発電熱回収システム |
DE19650183C2 (de) * | 1996-12-04 | 2003-07-17 | Technologie Beratungs Inst Gmb | Abwärmeverwertungsanlage für höher temperierte Abwärme |
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2003
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2004
- 2004-02-26 WO PCT/DE2004/000351 patent/WO2004077586A2/de active Search and Examination
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WO2004077586A2 (de) | 2004-09-10 |
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