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EP1427053A1 - Directional coupler - Google Patents

Directional coupler Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1427053A1
EP1427053A1 EP03300244A EP03300244A EP1427053A1 EP 1427053 A1 EP1427053 A1 EP 1427053A1 EP 03300244 A EP03300244 A EP 03300244A EP 03300244 A EP03300244 A EP 03300244A EP 1427053 A1 EP1427053 A1 EP 1427053A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coupler
capacitors
lines
terminals
iso
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Granted
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EP03300244A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1427053B1 (en
Inventor
Hilal Ezzeddine
François DUPONT
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STMicroelectronics SA
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STMicroelectronics SA
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01PWAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/18Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers
    • H01P5/184Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port consisting of two coupled guides, e.g. directional couplers the guides being strip lines or microstrips
    • H01P5/185Edge coupled lines
    • H01P5/186Lange couplers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of couplers which are used to take part of a transmitted signal by a transmission line for, inter alia, measurement or enslavement.
  • the invention relates more particularly the domain of radio frequency couplers between an amplifier transmitter and antenna, especially applied to telephony mobile.
  • Figure 1 illustrates very schematically the general structure of a distributed coupler 1, i.e. transmission lines of the type to which this applies invention as opposed to localized element couplers inductive and capacitive.
  • the coupler 1 is inserted between an amplifier 2 (PA) for amplifying a Tx signal to be transmitted, and an antenna 3 resignation.
  • the role of the coupler 1 is to extract, between CPLD and ISO terminals of a secondary line 12, a proportional signal to the signal passing on a main line 11 of transmission, i.e. between IN and DIR terminals, respectively connected at the output of amplifier 2 and at the input of antenna 3.
  • the signal G extracted by the coupler 1 is used by a circuit 4 (DET), for example to control the power of amplifier 2 or to switch it off if necessary protection, for example if the antenna disappears 3.
  • DET a circuit 4
  • LNA low noise amplifier
  • the coupler in Figure 1 is a bidirectional coupler in that it detects a signal on the line transmission 11 in both directions: a direct signal (FWD) transiting from IN to DIR will be coupled to the CPLD output and a reverse signal (REV) flowing from DIR to IN will be coupled to ISO output.
  • FWD direct signal
  • REV reverse signal
  • a distributed coupler of the type shown in Figure 1 is characterized by its coupling and its directivity.
  • the coupling characterizes the difference between the amplitude of the signal main running on line 11 and the signal amplitude taken from line 12.
  • the directivity characterizes the difference between the amplitude of the FWD signal which results in a signal coming out of the CPLD terminal, and the amplitude of the REV signal flowing from DIR to IN which results in a signal coming out of the ISO terminal.
  • the greater the difference in amplitudes between the terminals CPLD and ISO the higher the directivity of the coupler high and the easier it is to detect a possible problem of antenna 3 resulting in a reflection of the signal carried by line 11.
  • the maximum amplitude of the coupled line would be present on the CPLD terminal and zero potential would be present on the ISO terminal.
  • the potential of the ISO terminal is not zero, but is generally attenuated in the range of -30 dB by compared to the potential of the DIR terminal.
  • the CPLD terminal reproduces an attenuated signal in the range of -15 to -20 dB by relative to the signal passing from the IN terminal to the DIR terminal.
  • the directivity of a conventional coupler is in the range of -10 to -15 dB (-30 - (- 20)) to -30 - (- 15)).
  • FIG. 2 represents a classic example of a coupler 10 with improved directivity.
  • This distributed type coupler has two conductive lines 11 and 12 and two capacitors Cp connecting the IN and CPLD terminals respectively and the terminals DIR and ISO.
  • Such capacitors increase the directivity of the coupler by bringing the values of the line impedances from each other.
  • one drawback prohibitive of such a solution is that at frequencies of several hundred MHz, the values of the capacitors are very weak, (around femtofarad). In practice, such values make realization almost impossible in the measurement where the values of the capacitors Cp approach the parasitic capacitance values which cannot then be neglected.
  • the characteristics of the coupler deteriorate strongly as soon as we deviate from the chosen values, depending of the coupler bandwidth, for capacitors Cp.
  • the present invention aims to provide a coupler with distributed lines with improved directivity.
  • the invention aims in particular to propose a coupler radio frequencies not requiring the use of capacitors very low values (of the order of fF).
  • the invention also aims to propose a coupler whose space is minimized.
  • this invention provides a distributed type coupler comprising a first conductive line carrying a main signal between two end terminals, a second coupled conductive line at the first and between two terminals from which a signal flows sampled, proportional to the main signal, and two capacitors connecting the two terminals of each of the lines.
  • the lines are the same length.
  • the capacitors have the same values.
  • the lines are dimensioned in ⁇ / 4 for a central frequency of band higher than the frequency band for which is intended for the coupler.
  • each conductive line consists of at least two sections parallel between its end terminals, the sections of the two lines being intertwined.
  • the capacitor electrodes are made in the same two metallization levels than those in which are made the conductive lines.
  • the capacitors have values between 0.1 and 10 pF, the center frequency of the coupler being between a few tens of MHz and a few tens of GHz.
  • a feature of the present invention is provide capacitors, no longer to connect the ends respective one line at the ends of the other line but to connect the respective ends of the same line.
  • capacitors have values appreciably higher makes the coupler (including its directivity) less sensitive compared to variations in values of capacitors following technological dispersions or reason for the presence of parasitic capacities which in turn remain of the order of femtofarad.
  • FIG. 3 represents a coupler 20 according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • Line 11 constitutes the line main of IN and DIR terminals.
  • Line 12 corresponds to the line coupled with CPLD and ISO terminals.
  • a first capacitor Cs connects the IN and DIR terminals while a second capacitor Cs connects the CPLD and ISO terminals.
  • Lines 11 and 12 have the same lengths and the capacitors Cs both have the same value.
  • conductive lines and capacitors depends on the application and more particularly of the center frequency of the desired bandwidth for the coupler.
  • sections 11 and 12 have lengths corresponding to ⁇ / 4, where ⁇ represents the length of the central frequency of the band.
  • capacitors Cs reduces the width of the strip but already improves the directivity.
  • they allow undersize ⁇ due to the offset they bring on the center frequency.
  • Figure 4 shows a second embodiment preferred of a coupler 30 distributed according to the invention.
  • a structure is used known as the Lange coupler in which the two conductive sections 11 'and 12' are prohibited.
  • sections are provided each comprising two branches 111 and 112, respectively 121 and 122 parallel and nested with the branches of the other line.
  • each section is, from an electrical point of view, consisting of two parallel sections 111 and 112, respectively 121 and 122, between terminals IN and DIR, respectively CPLD and ISO.
  • 114 and 124 perpendicular extensions of the runways conductive connect one end of sections 112 and 122, by example at terminals IN and ISO, respectively.
  • Sections (bridges) conductors 113 and 123 connect the free ends respective sections 112 and 122 at terminals DIR and CPLD respectively.
  • connections 113 and 123 are made by vias (not shown) and conductive tracks in a second level of metallization in relation to the metallization level in which tracks 111, 112, 114, 121, 122 and 124 are produced.
  • the terminals IN and DIR are linked to each other by capacitors Cs.
  • An advantage of this embodiment is that the realization of the capacitors takes advantage of the fact that the lines conductive are already carried out in two metallization levels distinct. Therefore, one can use these two metallization levels and the dielectric that separates them for forming the integrated capacitors Cs specific to the invention.
  • the dimensioning corresponds to individual sections 111, 112, 121 and 122 of length ⁇ / 4 for a center frequency corresponding to the wavelength ⁇ .
  • Such a coupler is generally used to increase the coupling by reducing parasitic capacities.
  • the Lange coupler for a frequency substantially greater (i.e. with a length ⁇ / 4 substantially lower), and find the operating frequency desired. In this case, the coupling is reduced and the directivity of the coupler.
  • a coupler according to the invention is chosen according to the application. To account for this that the capacitors Cs must have higher values with parasitic capacities, a coupler of the invention is more particularly dedicated to frequencies between a few tens of MHz and a few tens of GHz. The capacitors They then have values between 0.1 and 10 picofarads.
  • An advantage of the present invention is that the addition of capacitors Cs slightly increases the coupling while considerably increasing the directivity (by more than 10 dB). In addition, insulation is improved and losses only slightly increase (less than 0.5 dB).
  • the surface occupied by such a coupler is substantially the same as for a conventional coupler, the surface necessary for the realization of the capacitors being compensated by reducing the lengths of the conductive sections.
  • the present invention is capable of various variations and modifications that will appear to humans art.
  • the dimensions to be given to the different conductive sections of the coupler as well as to the capacitors are within the reach of the skilled person depending on the application to from the functional indications given above.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Microwave Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
  • Transceivers (AREA)

Abstract

The distributed coupler has a first and second (111,121) line conductor coupling input signals (IN, DIR) to two outputs (ISO,CPLD). There are capacitors (Cs) connected across the input and output lines.

Description

La présente invention concerne le domaine des coupleurs qui servent à prélever une partie d'un signal véhiculé par une ligne de transmission à des fins, notamment, de mesure ou d'asservissement. L'invention concerne plus particulièrement le domaine des coupleurs radiofréquences entre un amplificateur d'émission et une antenne, notamment appliqués à la téléphonie mobile.The present invention relates to the field of couplers which are used to take part of a transmitted signal by a transmission line for, inter alia, measurement or enslavement. The invention relates more particularly the domain of radio frequency couplers between an amplifier transmitter and antenna, especially applied to telephony mobile.

La figure 1 illustre de façon très schématique la structure générale d'un coupleur 1 distribué, c'est-à-dire à lignes de transmission du type auquel s'applique la présente invention, par opposition à des coupleurs à éléments localisés inductifs et capacitifs.Figure 1 illustrates very schematically the general structure of a distributed coupler 1, i.e. transmission lines of the type to which this applies invention as opposed to localized element couplers inductive and capacitive.

Le coupleur 1 est intercalé entre un amplificateur 2 (PA) d'amplification d'un signal Tx à émettre, et une antenne 3 d'émission. Le rôle du coupleur 1 est d'extraire, entre des bornes CPLD et ISO d'une ligne secondaire 12, un signal proportionnel au signal transitant sur une ligne principale 11 de transmission, c'est-à-dire entre des bornes IN et DIR, respectivement reliées en sortie de l'amplificateur 2 et en entrée de l'antenne 3.The coupler 1 is inserted between an amplifier 2 (PA) for amplifying a Tx signal to be transmitted, and an antenna 3 resignation. The role of the coupler 1 is to extract, between CPLD and ISO terminals of a secondary line 12, a proportional signal to the signal passing on a main line 11 of transmission, i.e. between IN and DIR terminals, respectively connected at the output of amplifier 2 and at the input of antenna 3.

Le signal G extrait par le coupleur 1 est exploité par un circuit 4 (DET), par exemple pour asservir la puissance de l'amplificateur 2 ou pour l'éteindre en cas de besoin de protection, par exemple en cas de disparition de l'antenne 3.The signal G extracted by the coupler 1 is used by a circuit 4 (DET), for example to control the power of amplifier 2 or to switch it off if necessary protection, for example if the antenna disappears 3.

Il s'agit là d'un exemple d'application à la téléphonie mobile où la consommation la plus importante provient de la chaíne d'émission et où on souhaite généralement minimiser la consommation des circuits. En réception, un téléphone mobile exploite un amplificateur à faible bruit (LNA), dont le gain est généralement fixe et pour lequel un coupleur n'est par conséquent pas nécessaire.This is an example of application to the mobile telephony where the largest consumption comes from of the emission chain and where we generally wish to minimize the consumption of the circuits. In reception, a mobile phone operates a low noise amplifier (LNA), the gain of which is generally fixed and for which a coupler is not therefore not necessary.

Le coupleur de la figure 1 est un coupleur bidirectionnel en ce sens qu'il détecte un signal présent sur la ligne de transmission 11 dans les deux sens : un signal direct (FWD) transitant de IN vers DIR sera couplé vers la sortie CPLD et un signal inverse (REV) transitant de DIR vers IN sera couplé vers la sortie ISO. En pratique, on redresse les tensions présentes sur les bornes CPLD et ISO pour générer le signal G de correction de gain.The coupler in Figure 1 is a bidirectional coupler in that it detects a signal on the line transmission 11 in both directions: a direct signal (FWD) transiting from IN to DIR will be coupled to the CPLD output and a reverse signal (REV) flowing from DIR to IN will be coupled to ISO output. In practice, we rectify the tensions present on the CPLD and ISO terminals to generate the G signal from gain correction.

Un coupleur distribué du type de celui représenté en figure 1 est caractérisé par son couplage et sa directivité. Le couplage caractérise la différence entre l'amplitude du signal principal circulant sur la ligne 11 et l'amplitude du signal prélevé sur la ligne 12. La directivité caractérise la différence entre l'amplitude du signal FWD qui se traduit par un signal sortant de la borne CPLD, et l'amplitude du signal REV circulant de DIR vers IN qui se traduit par un signal sortant de la borne ISO. Plus la différence d'amplitudes entre les bornes CPLD et ISO est élevée, plus la directivité du coupleur est élevée et plus il est alors facile de détecter un éventuel problème de l'antenne 3 se traduisant par une réflexion du signal véhiculé par la ligne 11. En effet, en cas de problème sur l'antenne (par exemple, de disparition de celle-ci), la puissance qui ne peut pas sortir est réfléchie, ce qui entraíne une augmentation du signal sur la borne ISO. En détectant le potentiel de la borne ISO par rapport à un seuil, on peut détecter un problème sur l'antenne et couper alors l'amplificateur d'émission pour éviter de l'endommager, celui-ci ne supportant généralement pas de recevoir une puissance réfléchie.A distributed coupler of the type shown in Figure 1 is characterized by its coupling and its directivity. The coupling characterizes the difference between the amplitude of the signal main running on line 11 and the signal amplitude taken from line 12. The directivity characterizes the difference between the amplitude of the FWD signal which results in a signal coming out of the CPLD terminal, and the amplitude of the REV signal flowing from DIR to IN which results in a signal coming out of the ISO terminal. The greater the difference in amplitudes between the terminals CPLD and ISO, the higher the directivity of the coupler high and the easier it is to detect a possible problem of antenna 3 resulting in a reflection of the signal carried by line 11. Indeed, in the event of a problem on the antenna (for example, disappearance thereof), the power that cannot come out is reflected, which results in an increase in the signal on the ISO terminal. By detecting the potential of the ISO terminal with respect to a threshold, we can detect a problem on the antenna and then cut the transmission amplifier to avoid damaging it usually not support receiving power reflected.

Dans un coupleur idéal et en fonctionnement normal, le maximum d'amplitude de la ligne couplée serait présent sur la borne CPLD et un potentiel nul serait présent sur la borne ISO. Toutefois, en pratique, le potentiel de la borne ISO n'est pas nul, mais il est généralement atténué de l'ordre de -30 dB par rapport au potentiel de la borne DIR.In an ideal coupler and in normal operation, the maximum amplitude of the coupled line would be present on the CPLD terminal and zero potential would be present on the ISO terminal. However, in practice, the potential of the ISO terminal is not zero, but is generally attenuated in the range of -30 dB by compared to the potential of the DIR terminal.

Par ailleurs, on cherche généralement un couplage faible pour éviter de prélever une trop grande partie de la puissance utile pour la détection. Généralement, la borne CPLD reproduit un signal atténué de l'ordre de -15 à -20 dB par rapport au signal transitant de la borne IN vers la borne DIR.In addition, one generally seeks a coupling low to avoid removing too much of the useful power for detection. Generally, the CPLD terminal reproduces an attenuated signal in the range of -15 to -20 dB by relative to the signal passing from the IN terminal to the DIR terminal.

Par conséquent, la directivité d'un coupleur classique est de l'ordre de -10 à -15 dB (-30-(-20)) à -30-(-15)).Therefore, the directivity of a conventional coupler is in the range of -10 to -15 dB (-30 - (- 20)) to -30 - (- 15)).

Or, notamment pour faciliter la détection d'un problème sur l'antenne, on recherche une directivité plus élevée.However, in particular to facilitate the detection of a problem on the antenna, a higher directivity is sought.

Pour améliorer la directivité, on peut agrandir le coupleur en rendant les tronçons conducteurs 11 et 12 proches d'une longueur de λ/4, où λ représente la longueur d'onde correspondant à la fréquence centrale de la bande passante souhaitée pour le coupleur. Toutefois, développer un coupleur distribué à une longueur de λ/4 conduit à un coupleur très encombrant et accroít les pertes d'insertion.To improve the directivity, you can enlarge the coupler by making the conductive sections 11 and 12 close with a length of λ / 4, where λ represents the wavelength corresponding to the center frequency of the bandwidth desired for the coupler. However, develop a coupler distributed at a length of λ / 4 leads to a very coupler bulky and increases insertion loss.

La figure 2 représente un exemple classique de coupleur 10 à directivité améliorée. Ce coupleur de type distribué comporte deux lignes 11 et 12 conductrices et deux condensateurs Cp reliant respectivement les bornes IN et CPLD et les bornes DIR et ISO. De tels condensateurs permettent d'accroítre la directivité du coupleur en rapprochant les valeurs des impédances de lignes l'une de l'autre. Toutefois, un inconvénient rédhibitoire d'une telle solution est qu'à des fréquences de plusieurs centaines de MHz, les valeurs des condensateurs sont très faibles, (de l'ordre du femtofarad). En pratique, de telles valeurs rendent la réalisation quasi impossible dans la mesure où les valeurs des condensateurs Cp se rapprochent des valeurs de capacités parasites qui ne peuvent alors pas être négligées. Or, les caractéristiques du coupleur se dégradent fortement dès que l'on s'écarte des valeurs choisies, en fonction de la bande passante du coupleur, pour les condensateurs Cp.FIG. 2 represents a classic example of a coupler 10 with improved directivity. This distributed type coupler has two conductive lines 11 and 12 and two capacitors Cp connecting the IN and CPLD terminals respectively and the terminals DIR and ISO. Such capacitors increase the directivity of the coupler by bringing the values of the line impedances from each other. However, one drawback prohibitive of such a solution is that at frequencies of several hundred MHz, the values of the capacitors are very weak, (around femtofarad). In practice, such values make realization almost impossible in the measurement where the values of the capacitors Cp approach the parasitic capacitance values which cannot then be neglected. However, the characteristics of the coupler deteriorate strongly as soon as we deviate from the chosen values, depending of the coupler bandwidth, for capacitors Cp.

Des exemples de coupleur du type de celui décrit en relation avec la figure 2 sont décrits dans le brevet américain 4937541 et dans la demande de brevet allemand 19749912.Examples of couplers of the type described in relationship to Figure 2 are described in the US patent 4,937,541 and in German patent application 19749912.

La présente invention vise à proposer un coupleur à lignes distribuées de directivité améliorée.The present invention aims to provide a coupler with distributed lines with improved directivity.

L'invention vise en particulier à proposer un coupleur radiofréquences ne nécessitant pas le recours à des condensateurs de valeurs très faibles (de l'ordre du fF).The invention aims in particular to propose a coupler radio frequencies not requiring the use of capacitors very low values (of the order of fF).

L'invention vise également à proposer un coupleur dont l'encombrement est minimisé.The invention also aims to propose a coupler whose space is minimized.

Pour atteindre ces objets et d'autres, la présente invention prévoit un coupleur de type distribué comprenant une première ligne conductrice véhiculant un signal principal entre deux bornes d'extrémité, une deuxième ligne conductrice couplée à la première et entre deux bornes de laquelle circule un signal prélevé, proportionnel au signal principal, et deux condensateurs reliant respectivement les deux bornes de chacune des lignes.To achieve these and other objects, this invention provides a distributed type coupler comprising a first conductive line carrying a main signal between two end terminals, a second coupled conductive line at the first and between two terminals from which a signal flows sampled, proportional to the main signal, and two capacitors connecting the two terminals of each of the lines.

Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les lignes sont de même longueur.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the lines are the same length.

Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les condensateurs sont de mêmes valeurs.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the capacitors have the same values.

Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les lignes sont dimensionnées en λ/4 pour une fréquence centrale de bande supérieure à la bande de fréquences pour laquelle est destiné le coupleur.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the lines are dimensioned in λ / 4 for a central frequency of band higher than the frequency band for which is intended for the coupler.

Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, chaque ligne conductrice est constituée d'au moins deux tronçons parallèles entre ses bornes d'extrémité, les tronçons des deux lignes étant entrelacés.According to an embodiment of the present invention, each conductive line consists of at least two sections parallel between its end terminals, the sections of the two lines being intertwined.

Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les électrodes des condensateurs sont réalisées dans les mêmes deux niveaux de métallisation que ceux dans lesquels sont réalisées les lignes conductrices.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the capacitor electrodes are made in the same two metallization levels than those in which are made the conductive lines.

Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les condensateurs ont des valeurs comprises entre 0,1 et 10 pF, la fréquence centrale du coupleur étant comprise entre quelques dizaines de MHz et quelques dizaines de GHz.According to an embodiment of the present invention, the capacitors have values between 0.1 and 10 pF, the center frequency of the coupler being between a few tens of MHz and a few tens of GHz.

Ces objets, caractéristiques et avantages, ainsi que d'autres de la présente invention seront exposés en détail dans la description suivante de modes de réalisation particuliers faite à titre non-limitatif en relation avec les figures jointes parmi lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 décrite précédemment représente, de façon schématique, un coupleur bidirectionnel du type auquel s'applique la présente invention dans un environnement de chaíne d'émission radiofréquence ;
  • la figure 2 décrite précédemment représente un exemple classique de coupleur radiofréquences directif ;
  • la figure 3 représente un mode de réalisation d'un coupleur directif selon la présente invention ; et
  • la figure 4 représente un autre mode de réalisation préféré d'un coupleur directif selon la présente invention.
  • These objects, characteristics and advantages, as well as others of the present invention will be explained in detail in the following description of particular embodiments given without limitation in relation to the attached figures, among which:
  • Figure 1 described above schematically shows a bidirectional coupler of the type to which the present invention applies in an environment of radiofrequency transmission chain;
  • FIG. 2 described previously represents a classic example of a directional radio frequency coupler;
  • FIG. 3 represents an embodiment of a directional coupler according to the present invention; and
  • FIG. 4 shows another preferred embodiment of a directional coupler according to the present invention.
  • Les mêmes éléments ont été désignés par les mêmes références aux différentes figures. Pour des raisons de clarté, seuls les éléments qui sont nécessaires à la compréhension de l'invention ont été représentés aux figures et seront décrits par la suite. En particulier, les signaux traversant le coupleur ainsi que l'exploitation faite des mesures par la ligne couplée n'ont pas été détaillés et ne font pas l'objet de la présente invention, celle-ci pouvant être mise en oeuvre quelle que soit l'application faite des signaux issus du coupleur. The same elements have been designated by the same references to the various figures. For reasons of clarity, only the elements that are necessary for the understanding of the invention have been shown in the figures and will be described thereafter. In particular, the signals passing through the coupler as well as the exploitation made of the measurements by the coupled line have not been detailed and are not the subject of this invention, which can be implemented whatever the application made of the signals coming from the coupler.

    Une caractéristique de la présente invention est de prévoir des condensateurs, non plus pour relier les extrémités respectives d'une ligne aux extrémités de l'autre ligne, mais pour relier les extrémités respectives d'une même ligne.A feature of the present invention is provide capacitors, no longer to connect the ends respective one line at the ends of the other line but to connect the respective ends of the same line.

    Une telle disposition permet, pour une même bande de fréquences, d'améliorer la directivité tout en utilisant des condensateurs de valeurs plus élevées que dans le cas classique de la figure 2.Such an arrangement allows, for the same band of frequencies, improve directivity while using capacitors with higher values than in the classic case in Figure 2.

    Le fait que les condensateurs aient des valeurs sensiblement plus élevées rend le coupleur (notamment sa directivité) moins sensible par rapport à des variations de valeurs des condensateurs suite à des dispersions technologiques ou en raison de présence de capacités parasites qui quant à elles restent de l'ordre du femtofarad.The fact that the capacitors have values appreciably higher makes the coupler (including its directivity) less sensitive compared to variations in values of capacitors following technological dispersions or reason for the presence of parasitic capacities which in turn remain of the order of femtofarad.

    La figure 3 représente un coupleur 20 selon un premier mode de réalisation de la présente invention. On retrouve deux lignes conductrices 11, 12 parallèles comme dans le mode de réalisation de la figure 2. La ligne 11 constitue la ligne principale de bornes IN et DIR. La ligne 12 correspond à la ligne couplée de bornes CPLD et ISO.FIG. 3 represents a coupler 20 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. There are two conductive lines 11, 12 parallel as in the mode of realization of figure 2. Line 11 constitutes the line main of IN and DIR terminals. Line 12 corresponds to the line coupled with CPLD and ISO terminals.

    Selon la présente invention, un premier condensateur Cs relie les bornes IN et DIR tandis qu'un deuxième condensateur Cs relie les bornes CPLD et ISO.According to the present invention, a first capacitor Cs connects the IN and DIR terminals while a second capacitor Cs connects the CPLD and ISO terminals.

    Les lignes 11 et 12 ont les mêmes longueurs et les condensateurs Cs ont tous deux la même valeur.Lines 11 and 12 have the same lengths and the capacitors Cs both have the same value.

    Le dimensionnement des lignes conductrices et des condensateurs dépend de l'application et plus particulièrement de la fréquence centrale de la bande passante souhaitée pour le coupleur. Dans un exemple simple, les tronçons 11 et 12 ont des longueurs correspondantes à λ/4, où λ représente la longueur d'onde de la fréquence centrale de la bande. Dans ce cas, l'adjonction des condensateurs Cs réduit la largeur de la bande mais améliore déjà la directivité. De plus, ils permettent de sous-dimensionner le λ en raison du décalage qu'ils apportent sur la fréquence centrale. The dimensioning of conductive lines and capacitors depends on the application and more particularly of the center frequency of the desired bandwidth for the coupler. In a simple example, sections 11 and 12 have lengths corresponding to λ / 4, where λ represents the length of the central frequency of the band. In that case, the addition of capacitors Cs reduces the width of the strip but already improves the directivity. In addition, they allow undersize λ due to the offset they bring on the center frequency.

    Selon un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, on profite de la présence des condensateurs pour diminuer la longueur des tronçons conducteurs 11 et 12 par rapport à la taille qu'ils auraient en λ/4 par rapport à la fréquence centrale de la bande passante souhaitée. Un tel mode de réalisation permet de diminuer le couplage (qui est maximum à λ/4), donc de réduire l'amplitude du signal mesuré sur la ligne couplée par rapport à la ligne principale. Cela minimise donc la consommation d'énergie (partie de signal) non directement utile à la transmission.According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, we take advantage of the presence of the capacitors to reduce the length of the conductive sections 11 and 12 relative to the size they would have in λ / 4 compared to the frequency central bandwidth desired. Such an embodiment reduces the coupling (which is maximum at λ / 4), therefore reduce the amplitude of the signal measured on the line coupled with respect to the main line. This therefore minimizes the energy consumption (part of signal) not directly useful at transmission.

    La figure 4 représente un deuxième mode de réalisation préféré d'un coupleur 30 distribué selon l'invention.Figure 4 shows a second embodiment preferred of a coupler 30 distributed according to the invention.

    Selon ce mode de réalisation, on utilise une structure connue sous le nom de coupleur de Lange dans laquelle les deux tronçons conducteurs 11' et 12' sont interdigités. Dans l'exemple de la figure 4, on a prévu des tronçons comprenant chacun deux branches 111 et 112, respectivement 121 et 122 parallèles et imbriquées avec les branches de l'autre ligne. Dans une telle structure, chaque tronçon est, du point de vue électrique, constitué de deux tronçons parallèles 111 et 112, respectivement 121 et 122, entre les bornes IN et DIR, respectivement CPLD et ISO. Des prolongements 114 et 124 perpendiculaires des pistes conductrices relient une extrémité des tronçons 112 et 122, par exemple aux bornes IN et ISO, respectivement. Des tronçons (ponts) conducteurs 113 et 123 relient les extrémités libres respectives des tronçons 112 et 122 aux bornes DIR et CPLD respectivement.According to this embodiment, a structure is used known as the Lange coupler in which the two conductive sections 11 'and 12' are prohibited. In the example in Figure 4, sections are provided each comprising two branches 111 and 112, respectively 121 and 122 parallel and nested with the branches of the other line. In such structure, each section is, from an electrical point of view, consisting of two parallel sections 111 and 112, respectively 121 and 122, between terminals IN and DIR, respectively CPLD and ISO. 114 and 124 perpendicular extensions of the runways conductive connect one end of sections 112 and 122, by example at terminals IN and ISO, respectively. Sections (bridges) conductors 113 and 123 connect the free ends respective sections 112 and 122 at terminals DIR and CPLD respectively.

    Dans une réalisation sous forme de circuit intégré, les liaisons 113 et 123 sont réalisées par des vias (non représentés) et des pistes conductrices dans un deuxième niveau de métallisation par rapport au niveau de métallisation dans lequel sont réalisées les pistes 111, 112, 114, 121, 122 et 124.In an embodiment in the form of an integrated circuit, connections 113 and 123 are made by vias (not shown) and conductive tracks in a second level of metallization in relation to the metallization level in which tracks 111, 112, 114, 121, 122 and 124 are produced.

    Selon l'invention, les bornes IN et DIR, respectivement CPLD et ISO, sont reliées l'une à l'autre par les condensateurs Cs. According to the invention, the terminals IN and DIR, respectively CPLD and ISO, are linked to each other by capacitors Cs.

    Un avantage de ce mode de réalisation est que la réalisation des condensateurs tire profit du fait que les lignes conductrices sont déjà effectuées dans deux niveaux de métallisation distincts. Par conséquent, on peut utiliser ces deux niveaux de métallisation et le diélectrique qui les sépare pour former les condensateurs intégrés Cs propres à l'invention.An advantage of this embodiment is that the realization of the capacitors takes advantage of the fact that the lines conductive are already carried out in two metallization levels distinct. Therefore, one can use these two metallization levels and the dielectric that separates them for forming the integrated capacitors Cs specific to the invention.

    Dans un coupleur de Lange classique, c'est-à-dire dépourvu des condensateurs Cs, le dimensionnement correspond à des tronçons individuels 111, 112, 121 et 122 de longueur λ/4 pour une fréquence centrale correspondant à la longueur d'onde λ. Un tel coupleur est généralement utilisé pour accroítre le couplage en diminuant les capacités parasites.In a classic Lange coupler, i.e. devoid of capacitors Cs, the dimensioning corresponds to individual sections 111, 112, 121 and 122 of length λ / 4 for a center frequency corresponding to the wavelength λ. Such a coupler is generally used to increase the coupling by reducing parasitic capacities.

    Selon l'invention, grâce aux condensateurs Cs, on peut dimensionner le coupleur de Lange pour une fréquence sensiblement supérieure (c'est-à-dire avec une longueur λ/4 sensiblement inférieure), et retrouver la fréquence de fonctionnement souhaitée. Dans ce cas, on diminue le couplage et on accroít la directivité du coupleur.According to the invention, thanks to the capacitors Cs, it is possible dimension the Lange coupler for a frequency substantially greater (i.e. with a length λ / 4 substantially lower), and find the operating frequency desired. In this case, the coupling is reduced and the directivity of the coupler.

    Les dimensions d'un coupleur selon l'invention sont choisies en fonction de l'application. Pour tenir compte de ce que les condensateurs Cs doivent avoir des valeurs supérieures aux capacités parasites, un coupleur de l'invention est plus particulièrement dédié à des fréquences comprises entre quelques dizaines de MHz et quelques dizaines de GHz. Les condensateurs Cs ont alors des valeurs comprises entre 0,1 et 10 picofarads.The dimensions of a coupler according to the invention are chosen according to the application. To account for this that the capacitors Cs must have higher values with parasitic capacities, a coupler of the invention is more particularly dedicated to frequencies between a few tens of MHz and a few tens of GHz. The capacitors They then have values between 0.1 and 10 picofarads.

    A titre de comparaison, on a réalisé sur carte de circuit imprimé un coupleur de Lange sans condensateur, et un coupleur de Lange selon l'invention avec des condensateurs Cs d'une capacité de 3,3 pF, avec des longueurs de tronçons adaptées à une fréquence de 820 MHz. On a obtenu des directivités respectives de 7 et 28 dB.For comparison, we carried out on a map of printed circuit a Lange coupler without capacitor, and a Lange coupler according to the invention with capacitors Cs with a capacity of 3.3 pF, with section lengths adapted to a frequency of 820 MHz. We got directivities 7 and 28 dB respectively.

    Un avantage de la présente invention est que l'ajout des condensateurs Cs augmente légèrement le couplage tout en augmentant considérablement (de plus de 10 dB) la directivité. De plus, l'isolation s'en trouve améliorée et les pertes d'insertion n'augmentent que très légèrement (moins de 0,5 dB).An advantage of the present invention is that the addition of capacitors Cs slightly increases the coupling while considerably increasing the directivity (by more than 10 dB). In addition, insulation is improved and losses only slightly increase (less than 0.5 dB).

    Dans une réalisation intégrée de la structure de la figure 4, la surface occupée par un tel coupleur est sensiblement la même que pour un coupleur classique, la surface nécessaire à la réalisation des condensateurs étant compensée par la diminution de longueurs des tronçons conducteurs.In an integrated realization of the structure of the Figure 4, the surface occupied by such a coupler is substantially the same as for a conventional coupler, the surface necessary for the realization of the capacitors being compensated by reducing the lengths of the conductive sections.

    Bien entendu, la présente invention est susceptible de diverses variantes et modifications qui apparaítront à l'homme de l'art. En particulier, les dimensions à donner aux différents tronçons conducteurs du coupleur ainsi qu'aux condensateurs sont à la portée de l'homme du métier en fonction de l'application à partir des indications fonctionnelles données ci-dessus.Of course, the present invention is capable of various variations and modifications that will appear to humans art. In particular, the dimensions to be given to the different conductive sections of the coupler as well as to the capacitors are within the reach of the skilled person depending on the application to from the functional indications given above.

    Claims (7)

    Coupleur de type distribué comprenant : une première ligne conductrice (11, 111) véhiculant un signal principal entre deux bornes d'extrémité (IN, DIR) ; une deuxième ligne conductrice (12, 121) couplée à la première et entre deux bornes (CPLD, ISO) de laquelle circule un signal prélevé, proportionnel au signal principal,    caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte en outre deux condensateurs (Cs) reliant respectivement les deux bornes de chacune des lignes.Distributed type coupler comprising: a first conductive line (11, 111) conveying a main signal between two end terminals (IN, DIR); a second conducting line (12, 121) coupled to the first and between two terminals (CPLD, ISO) from which a sampled signal circulates, proportional to the main signal, characterized in that it further comprises two capacitors (Cs) respectively connecting the two terminals of each of the lines. Coupleur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les lignes (11, 12 ; 111, 112, 121, 122) sont de même longueur.A coupler according to claim 1, wherein the lines (11, 12; 111, 112, 121, 122) are the same length. Coupleur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les condensateurs (Cs) sont de mêmes valeurs.A coupler according to claim 1, wherein the capacitors (Cs) have the same values. Coupleur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les lignes (11, 12 ; 111, 112, 121, 122) sont dimensionnées en λ/4 pour une fréquence centrale de bande supérieure à la bande de fréquences pour laquelle est destiné le coupleur.A coupler according to claim 1, wherein the lines (11, 12; 111, 112, 121, 122) are dimensioned in λ / 4 for a central band frequency higher than the band frequencies for which the coupler is intended. Coupleur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel chaque ligne conductrice est constituée d'au moins deux tronçons parallèles (111, 112 ; 121, 122) entre ses bornes d'extrémité (IN, DIR ; CPLD, ISO), les tronçons des deux lignes étant entrelacés.A coupler according to claim 1, in which each conductive line consists of at least two sections parallel (111, 112; 121, 122) between its end terminals (IN, DIR; CPLD, ISO), the sections of the two lines being intertwined. Coupleur selon la revendication 5, dans lequel les électrodes des condensateurs sont réalisées dans les mêmes deux niveaux de métallisation que ceux dans lesquels sont réalisées les lignes conductrices.A coupler according to claim 5, wherein the capacitor electrodes are made in the same two metallization levels than those in which are performed the conductive lines. Coupleur selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les condensateurs (Cs) ont des valeurs comprises entre 0,1 et 10 pF, la fréquence centrale du coupleur étant comprise entre quelques dizaines de MHz et quelques dizaines de GHz.A coupler according to claim 1, wherein the capacitors (Cs) have values between 0.1 and 10 pF, the center frequency of the coupler being between a few tens of MHz and a few tens of GHz.
    EP03300244A 2002-12-06 2003-12-08 Directional coupler Expired - Lifetime EP1427053B1 (en)

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    US7394333B2 (en) 2008-07-01

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